Abstract: This article focuses on the study of geopolitical and strategic aspects of Russian Air and Space forces in Syria. The goal of this article is to define the role of Russian Federation in the fight against international terrorism and islamism in Syria.The methodological basis of this research includes the systemic, structural and functional, comparative political approaches, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation. The author notes that Russia's involvement in open conflict with frontline forces of international terrorism in Syria has opened a path to improving strategic partnerships with Iran, Iraq, Syria and other states for Moscow, as well as for the formation of a new system of international security in the Near and Middle East.

Keywords: diplomacy, international relations, U.S. foreign policy, world politics, Russia, geopolitics, interests, state, security, color revolutions

References:
Vneshnyaya politika Rossii v usloviyakh global'noy neopredelennosti: monografiya / pod red. P.A. Tsygankova. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Rusayns», 2015. – 280 s. ISBN 978-5-4365-0454-4 DOI 10.15216/978-5-4365-0454-4
Manoylo A.V. Gibridnye voyny i tsvetnye revolyutsii v mirovoy politike // Pravo i politika.-2015.-№7.-C. 918-929. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2015.7.15832. URL:http://www.nbpublish.com/go_to_article.php?id=3392
Karyakin V.V. Tsivilizatsionnaya antropologiya amerikanskogo ekspansionizma:
ot doktriny Monro k global'nomu liderstvu // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2013. - 4. - C. 487 - 468. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2013.4.9722.
Budaev A.V. Osnovnye podkhody k ispol'zovaniyu «myagkoy sily» v interesakh realizatsii vneshney politiki Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Trendy i upravlenie. - 2014. - 2. - C. 175 - 187. DOI: 10.7256/2307-9118.2014.2.11784.

References (transliteration):
Vneshnyaya politika Rossii v usloviyakh global'noy neopredelennosti: monografiya / pod red. P.A. Tsygankova. – M.: Izdatel'stvo «Rusayns», 2015. – 280 s. ISBN 978-5-4365-0454-4 DOI 10.15216/978-5-4365-0454-4
Manoylo A.V. Gibridnye voyny i tsvetnye revolyutsii v mirovoy politike // Pravo i politika.-2015.-№7.-C. 918-929. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2015.7.15832. URL:http://www.nbpublish.com/go_to_article.php?id=3392
Karyakin V.V. Tsivilizatsionnaya antropologiya amerikanskogo ekspansionizma:
ot doktriny Monro k global'nomu liderstvu // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2013. - 4. - C. 487 - 468. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2013.4.9722.
Budaev A.V. Osnovnye podkhody k ispol'zovaniyu «myagkoy sily» v interesakh realizatsii vneshney politiki Rossiyskoy Federatsii // Trendy i upravlenie. - 2014. - 2. - C. 175 - 187. DOI: 10.7256/2307-9118.2014.2.11784.

Abstract: The article focuses on clarifying the role of the French secret diplomacy and the French special services, which, since 1958, have made every effort to destroy the foundations of the sovereignty of the Republic of Guinea because it didn't wish to be a part of the French Commonwealth and declared a full national sovereignty. This article examines the social, political and economic factors that allowed a very small and poor African state to effectively oppose the French neo-colonialism. Using the method of historical reconstruction the author finds out the reasons for the destructive policy of France with regard to Guinea in the late 1950's - early 1970-ies. The author analyses the role of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries in providing real sovereignty to Guinea through the rebuilding its economy and financial system. The author concludes that due to the international situation prevailing in the world after the World War II, the "Françafrique" spy network failed to destroy the state security services in Portuguese Guinea as well as to kill the leader of the Guinean nation A.S. Toure. This highlights the role of the Guinean precedent in the collapse of the French colonial empire.

Keywords: Charles de Gaulle, democracy, Portugal, China, the Soviet Union, France, Guinea, Africa, "Françafrique", neo-colonialism

References:
Verschave F.X. Françafrique, le crime continue – http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique
Lasserre I. La France consolide sa présence à Djibouti – http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2011/12/22/01003-20111222ARTFIG00260-la-france-consolide-sa-presence-a-djibouti.php
Rémond R. Le retour de De Gaulle. Vol. 96 de la collection Questions au XXe siècle. Éditions Complexe, 1998.
Dozon Zh.-P. Franko-Afrikanskoe gosudarstvo – http://www.taospb.narod.ru/researches/dozon.htm
Vasil'ev A.P. General de Goll' i krushenie frantsuzskoy imperii // Natsional'nye interesy. 1999. № 2 (3). S. 47.
Winock M. La Fièvre hexagonale. Les grandes crises politiques de 1871 à 1968. Paris, Seuil, 1995.
Dozon Zh.-P. Franko-Afrikanskoe gosudarstvo – http://www.taospb.narod.ru/researches/dozon.htm
Verschave F.X. Françafrique, le crime continue – http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique
Cherkasov P.P. Raspad kolonial'noy imperii Frantsii. M., 1985. S. 19.
Poquin J.J. Les relations économiques extérieures des pays d Afrique Noir de lUnion Francais 1925-1955. P., 1955. P. 37
Verschave F.X. Françafrique, le crime continue – http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique
Zhak Fokkar i frantsuzskaya gryaznaya rabota – http://www.psdp.ru/rabota-cru/zhak-fokkar-i-francuzskaya-gryaznaya-rabota
Dozon Zh.-P. Franko-Afrikanskoe gosudarstvo – http://www.taospb.narod.ru/researches/dozon.htm
“Fransafrika”: vzlety i padeniya – http://ru.euronews.com/2010/07/13/sarkozy-s-french-african-rupture/
Verschave F.X. Noir silence. Paris, Arenes. 2007.
Rozin A. Afrikanskie epizody sovetskogo flota-Gvineya. http://alerozin.narod.ru/Guinea.htm
Birshteyn M., Kravchenko L., Preobrazhenskiy B., Shaginyan M. Gvineya. M., 1965. S. 9.
Lambot R. Gvineya – pervyy god Respubliki. (Putevye ocherki spetsial'nogo korrespondenta gazety «Yumanite».) M., 1960. S. 4.
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Faligot R.,, Jean Guisnel J., , Kauffer R. Histoire politique des services secrets français. De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours. Paris, La Découverte. 2012. P. 162.
Khabenskaya E.O. Otnosheniya Senegala s Respublikoy Gambiya // Konfliktologiya. 2014. № 1. S. 89-98.
Kherstant G. Obrazy Konakri // Afrikana Ru – http://africana.ru/lands/Guinea/image.htm
Schmidt E. Foreign Intervention in Africa. From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Cambridge, 2013. P. 174.
Guinea – http://www.gguinea.narod.ru/htm/rus/his/index.html
Lambot R. Gvineya – pervyy god Respubliki. (Putevye ocherki spetsial'nogo korrespondenta gazety «Yumanite».) M., 1960. S. 13.
Birshteyn M., Kravchenko L., Preobrazhenskiy B., Shaginyan M. Gvineya. M., 1965. S. 9.
Schmidt E. Foreign Intervention in Africa. From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Cambridge, 2013. P. 174.
Alekseev-Rybin N. Pyat'desyat let muchitel'noy svobody – http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/7238/
Meredith M. The State of Africa. London, Free Press. 2005. S. 68.
Gromyko A.A. Pamyatnoe. Kn. 2. // LitMir. Elektronnaya biblioteka – http://www.litmir.info/a/?id=93438
Verschave F.X. La Françafrique. Retranscription de conférences-débat données par F. X. Verschave, président de Survie de 1995 à 2005 – http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique.
Foccart J. Foccart parle. Entretiens avec Philippe Gaillard. V. 1. Jeune Afrique, Paris. 1995.
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Maurice Robert, pilier de la Françafrique, n’est plus. La lettre de Malango, 17 novembre 2005 – http://www.malango-actualite.fr/article/maurice_robert_pilier_de_la_francafrique_n%E2%80%99est_plus-5308.htm
Ministre de l'Afrique. Entretiens avec André Renault. Paris, Le Seuil, 2004.
Soudan F. L'ancien bras droit de Jacques Foccart est décédé le 9 novembre à 86 ans – http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/LIN04125mauritrebor0/
Faligot R.,, Jean Guisnel J., , Kauffer R. Histoire politique des services secrets français. De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours. Paris, La Découverte. 2012. P. 162.
Grossin E. Général d'armée Paul Grossin (1901-1990) // Le Curieux Vouzinois. 2008, juillet. № 78.
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Chaumien C. Le Maquis de Viens – http://cvrduvaucluse.canalblog.com/archives/2014/11/22/30999000.html
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Bernert Ph. SDECE, Service 7. Presses de la Cité, Paris. 1980. P. 57.
Faligot R.,, Jean Guisnel J., , Kauffer R. Histoire politique des services secrets français. De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours. Paris, La Découverte. 2012. P. 162.
Faligot R.,, Jean Guisnel J., , Kauffer R. Histoire politique des services secrets français. De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours. Paris, La Découverte. 2012. P. 216.
Guinea: Cloudy Days in Conakry – http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877145,00.html
Nosov V. Sonflictologist – http://www.conflictologist.org/main/operacija-mar-verde-portugalija-gvineja.htm
Serra P. Historias secretas do serviço de informaçoes militares. Dom Quixote, Lisbonne, 1998.
Tur'inskaya Kh.M. Gvineya-Bisau: plemennaya identichnost' i politicheskiy protsess // Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P.G. Demidova. Seriya: Gumanitarnye nauki. 2012. № 4/2 (22/2), oktyabr'–dekabr'. S. 26–29.
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Filippov V.R. Konflikt v Gvinee: faktory riska // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. 2011. № 8. S. 51-57.
Manoylo A.V. Siriyskiy tupik «Arabskoy vesny». // Vestn. Mosk. Un-ta. Ser. 12. Politicheskie nauki. 2013. №6. S. 49-56
Arslanov K.M. Vliyanie germanskogo i frantsuzskogo pravovogo
opyta na razvitie sovremennogo rossiyskogo
zakonodatel'stva // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya / Journal of foreighn legislation and comparative law. - 2014. - 5. - C. 781 - 788.
N.V. Kaminskaya Avtonomiya i samoupravlenie:
teoreticheskiy analiz i praktika
Evropeyskikh stran. // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. - 2011. - 2. - C. 14 - 18.

References (transliteration):
Verschave F.X. Françafrique, le crime continue – http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique
Lasserre I. La France consolide sa présence à Djibouti – http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2011/12/22/01003-20111222ARTFIG00260-la-france-consolide-sa-presence-a-djibouti.php
Rémond R. Le retour de De Gaulle. Vol. 96 de la collection Questions au XXe siècle. Éditions Complexe, 1998.
Dozon Zh.-P. Franko-Afrikanskoe gosudarstvo – http://www.taospb.narod.ru/researches/dozon.htm
Vasil'ev A.P. General de Goll' i krushenie frantsuzskoy imperii // Natsional'nye interesy. 1999. № 2 (3). S. 47.
Winock M. La Fièvre hexagonale. Les grandes crises politiques de 1871 à 1968. Paris, Seuil, 1995.
Dozon Zh.-P. Franko-Afrikanskoe gosudarstvo – http://www.taospb.narod.ru/researches/dozon.htm
Verschave F.X. Françafrique, le crime continue – http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique
Cherkasov P.P. Raspad kolonial'noy imperii Frantsii. M., 1985. S. 19.
Poquin J.J. Les relations économiques extérieures des pays d Afrique Noir de lUnion Francais 1925-1955. P., 1955. P. 37
Verschave F.X. Françafrique, le crime continue – http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique
Zhak Fokkar i frantsuzskaya gryaznaya rabota – http://www.psdp.ru/rabota-cru/zhak-fokkar-i-francuzskaya-gryaznaya-rabota
Dozon Zh.-P. Franko-Afrikanskoe gosudarstvo – http://www.taospb.narod.ru/researches/dozon.htm
“Fransafrika”: vzlety i padeniya – http://ru.euronews.com/2010/07/13/sarkozy-s-french-african-rupture/
Verschave F.X. Noir silence. Paris, Arenes. 2007.
Rozin A. Afrikanskie epizody sovetskogo flota-Gvineya. http://alerozin.narod.ru/Guinea.htm
Birshteyn M., Kravchenko L., Preobrazhenskiy B., Shaginyan M. Gvineya. M., 1965. S. 9.
Lambot R. Gvineya – pervyy god Respubliki. (Putevye ocherki spetsial'nogo korrespondenta gazety «Yumanite».) M., 1960. S. 4.
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Faligot R.,, Jean Guisnel J., , Kauffer R. Histoire politique des services secrets français. De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours. Paris, La Découverte. 2012. P. 162.
Khabenskaya E.O. Otnosheniya Senegala s Respublikoy Gambiya // Konfliktologiya. 2014. № 1. S. 89-98.
Kherstant G. Obrazy Konakri // Afrikana Ru – http://africana.ru/lands/Guinea/image.htm
Schmidt E. Foreign Intervention in Africa. From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Cambridge, 2013. P. 174.
Guinea – http://www.gguinea.narod.ru/htm/rus/his/index.html
Lambot R. Gvineya – pervyy god Respubliki. (Putevye ocherki spetsial'nogo korrespondenta gazety «Yumanite».) M., 1960. S. 13.
Birshteyn M., Kravchenko L., Preobrazhenskiy B., Shaginyan M. Gvineya. M., 1965. S. 9.
Schmidt E. Foreign Intervention in Africa. From the Cold War to the War on Terror. Cambridge, 2013. P. 174.
Alekseev-Rybin N. Pyat'desyat let muchitel'noy svobody – http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/7238/
Meredith M. The State of Africa. London, Free Press. 2005. S. 68.
Gromyko A.A. Pamyatnoe. Kn. 2. // LitMir. Elektronnaya biblioteka – http://www.litmir.info/a/?id=93438
Verschave F.X. La Françafrique. Retranscription de conférences-débat données par F. X. Verschave, président de Survie de 1995 à 2005 – http://survie.org/francafrique/article/la-francafrique.
Foccart J. Foccart parle. Entretiens avec Philippe Gaillard. V. 1. Jeune Afrique, Paris. 1995.
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Maurice Robert, pilier de la Françafrique, n’est plus. La lettre de Malango, 17 novembre 2005 – http://www.malango-actualite.fr/article/maurice_robert_pilier_de_la_francafrique_n%E2%80%99est_plus-5308.htm
Ministre de l'Afrique. Entretiens avec André Renault. Paris, Le Seuil, 2004.
Soudan F. L'ancien bras droit de Jacques Foccart est décédé le 9 novembre à 86 ans – http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/LIN04125mauritrebor0/
Faligot R.,, Jean Guisnel J., , Kauffer R. Histoire politique des services secrets français. De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours. Paris, La Découverte. 2012. P. 162.
Grossin E. Général d'armée Paul Grossin (1901-1990) // Le Curieux Vouzinois. 2008, juillet. № 78.
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Chaumien C. Le Maquis de Viens – http://cvrduvaucluse.canalblog.com/archives/2014/11/22/30999000.html
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Bernert Ph. SDECE, Service 7. Presses de la Cité, Paris. 1980. P. 57.
Faligot R.,, Jean Guisnel J., , Kauffer R. Histoire politique des services secrets français. De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours. Paris, La Découverte. 2012. P. 162.
Faligot R.,, Jean Guisnel J., , Kauffer R. Histoire politique des services secrets français. De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à nos jours. Paris, La Découverte. 2012. P. 216.
Guinea: Cloudy Days in Conakry – http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877145,00.html
Nosov V. Sonflictologist – http://www.conflictologist.org/main/operacija-mar-verde-portugalija-gvineja.htm
Serra P. Historias secretas do serviço de informaçoes militares. Dom Quixote, Lisbonne, 1998.
Tur'inskaya Kh.M. Gvineya-Bisau: plemennaya identichnost' i politicheskiy protsess // Vestnik Yaroslavskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. P.G. Demidova. Seriya: Gumanitarnye nauki. 2012. № 4/2 (22/2), oktyabr'–dekabr'. S. 26–29.
Gossé H. Guerre secrète contre la Guinée – http://www.kababachir.com/2015/03/31/guerre-secrete-contre-la-guinee/
Filippov V.R. Konflikt v Gvinee: faktory riska // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. 2011. № 8. S. 51-57.
Manoylo A.V. Siriyskiy tupik «Arabskoy vesny». // Vestn. Mosk. Un-ta. Ser. 12. Politicheskie nauki. 2013. №6. S. 49-56
Arslanov K.M. Vliyanie germanskogo i frantsuzskogo pravovogo
opyta na razvitie sovremennogo rossiyskogo
zakonodatel'stva // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya / Journal of foreighn legislation and comparative law. - 2014. - 5. - C. 781 - 788.
N.V. Kaminskaya Avtonomiya i samoupravlenie:
teoreticheskiy analiz i praktika
Evropeyskikh stran. // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. - 2011. - 2. - C. 14 - 18.

Abstract: A border conflict occurred in 1989 between Senegal and Mauritania, it grew into an armed conflict, and later, into a prolonged crisis. The Senegal-Mauritania 1989–1991 crisis had long-standing political, economic, and sociocultural background. The main reason for the conflict was the lack of resolution of territorial disputes between the two countries, reaching from colonial times. The conflict between two countries sparked ethnic and racial tensions between African and Arab population in Senegal — and aggravated an existing one in Mauritania. The methodological basis of this research consists of systemic, structural-functional, comparativehistorical, comparative-political, geopolitical, cultural-civilizational approaches, and the methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modeling and observation. Along with the escalation of the Senegal-Mauritania conflict, mass riots have taken place, and fighting between two ethnic groups broke out, resulting in hundreds dead and thousands forced to become refugees. The harshest consequences of the Senegal-Mauritania conflict are humanitarian. Thousands of afro-Mauritian refugees that fled their homes during the conflict still cannot return to Mauritania, and thousands more who returned cannot restore their homes, their land, and their status, and even citizenship.

Keywords: Conflict studies, foreign politics, Senegal, Mauritania, political instability, conflict, slavery, interests, values, security.

References:
Sadovskaya L.M. Net mira v Kazamanse // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. M., 2012. №
Vitukhina G.O., Nizskaya L.O., Smirnov E.G. Respublika Senegal. Spravochnik. M., 2011. S. 93-108.
Konflikty v Afrike: prichiny, genezis i problemy uregulirovaniya (etnopoliticheskie i sotsial'nye aspekty). M., 2013. S. 7-11.
The World Factbook-Mauritania // Central Intelligence Agency-https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html
Podgornova N.P. Mavritaniya mezhdu proshlym i budushchim. M., 2014. S. 43-44.
Mauritania: A Country Study. Ed. by R.E. Handloff. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1988-http://countrystudies.us/mauritania
Fall A.S. Conflict in the Senegal River Valley // Cultural Survival Quarterly. 1998. Issue 22.4-http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/conflict-senegal-river-valley
Filippov V.R. Kolonializm: vtoroe prishestvie // RSMD (Rossiyskiy Sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam). 23.07.2012-http://russiancouncil.ru/inner/index.php?id_4=633#top
Kneib B. Roots of Conflict Between Senegal and Mauritania // ICE Case Studies, November 5, 2002-http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/senegal-mauritania.htm
K otnosheniyam mezhdu Mavritaniey i Senegalom // ITAR-TASS (INOTASS, Nuakshot). 29.04.1989.
Obstanovka v Dakare normalizuetsya // ITAR-TASS (INOTASS, Dakar). 29.04.1989.
V Mavritanii razgromleny doma i magaziny senegal'skikh torgovtsev // ITAR-TASS (INOTASS). 29.04.1989.
Le Sud. Dakar, 1990. 30 Janvier.
Analiticheskiy doklad Human Rights Watch (HRW). 1989-http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1989/WR89/Mauritan.htm
Carayol R. Négro-mauritaniens: retour sur vingt-cinq ans de solitude // Jeune Afrique. 2014. 16 Mai-http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/JA2781p060.xml0/senegal-immigration-mauritanie-refugies-mauritanie-senegal-negro-mauritaniens-retour-sur-vingt-cinq-ans-de-solitude.html
Islamskaya entsiklopediya-http://islamist.ru
Barri B. Aktual'nye voprosy vneshney politiki Respubliki Senegal v 90-e gody. Diss. … k.i.n. IAfr. RAN. Moskva, 1999.
La Croix. Paris, 1990. 16 Janvier
Le Figaro. 1990. 19 Mai.
Mauritania-Senegal: New cattle migration accord cools long-standing flashpoint // IRIN: Humanitarian News and Analysis-http://www.irinnews.org/report/58931/mauritania-senegal-new-cattle-migration-accord-cools-long-standing-flashpoint
Delovaya Mavritaniya. T. II. Spetsvypusk. M., 2009. S. 18 // Polpred.com-http://polpred.com/free/country/2111_demo.pdf
Manoylo A.V. Rol' tsvetnykh revolyutsiy v demontazhe sovremennykh politicheskikh rezhimov // Natsional'naya bezopasnost' / nota bene. - 2014. - 3. - C. 406 - 414. DOI: 10.7256/2073-8560.2014.3.12058.
Karpovich O.G. Konflikty tsivilizatsiy: aktual'nye problemy // Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya. - 2014. - 1. - C. 62 - 67. DOI: 10.7256/2305-560X.2014.1.9000.

References (transliteration):
Sadovskaya L.M. Net mira v Kazamanse // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. M., 2012. №
Vitukhina G.O., Nizskaya L.O., Smirnov E.G. Respublika Senegal. Spravochnik. M., 2011. S. 93-108.
Konflikty v Afrike: prichiny, genezis i problemy uregulirovaniya (etnopoliticheskie i sotsial'nye aspekty). M., 2013. S. 7-11.
The World Factbook-Mauritania // Central Intelligence Agency-https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html
Podgornova N.P. Mavritaniya mezhdu proshlym i budushchim. M., 2014. S. 43-44.
Mauritania: A Country Study. Ed. by R.E. Handloff. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1988-http://countrystudies.us/mauritania
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