Review: The object of this research is the political communication in the context of information space changes; while the subject is the personal freedom that can be realized in discussion. The goal of this work lies in comprehending the nature of personal freedom in political communication. The author reveals the social and ethical grounds of freedom as the basic values of relationship; gives phenomenological description of freedom in political communications; determines the terms for implementing communication freedom in the modern society; analyzes the external and internal freedom; considers the link correlation between communication system and power relations. For explication of freedom, the author refers to the communicative-activity approach, concept of positive and negative freedom of I. Berlin, and pragmatic interpretation of freedom by H. Arendt. It is revealed that the limitations of freedom are enrooted in media environment, which is characterized by the panoptic nature of human presence, ambiguity of ethical standards regarding the use of personal data. The conclusion is made that political communication is the factor of the establishment of subjectivity. The scientific novelty lies in application of the pragmatic concept of Hanna Arendt in interpretation of the current process of interaction in media environment.

Keywords: Hannah Arendt, Roger Berkowitz, morality, power, subject, discourse, political communication, freedom, Isaiah Berlin, rationality

Review: The subject of this research is the modern historical epistemology. It is a new, but solidly established direction in studying the origin and evolution of scientific knowledge, characterized by application of the historical approach towards epistemological issues. The article outlines the basic subject fields of research interest of the representatives of historical epistemology, reconstructs the genesis of this discipline, suggests possible substantiations of this event, draws parallels between the historical epistemology and cultural anthropology, as well as demonstrates the relevance and demand of the historical epistemology among the theoreticians of scientific cognition. In methodological aspect, the author looks beyond the traditional correspondence of the historical epistemology with other disciplines dedicated to the study of science (history of epistemology, history and philosophy of science) and aimed at determination of the subject field of historical epistemology that are often reduce to the doubts regarding the need for its existence. On the contrary, the goals and orientations of historical epistemology are viewed in a broad culturological context concerning their congruity with the general sociocultural and worldview trends of modernity (multiculturalism, Interdisiplinarity, tolerance, etc.). The scientific novelty consists in discovering potential of the historical epistemology to alternative solution of the traditional scientific tasks; similarity with other social disciplines, which opens opportunities for future interdisciplinary studies; as well is correspondence of the historical epistemology to the general trends of modernity that allows viewing it as a laboratory for the development of the new humanistic, culturological and sociological strategies.

Keywords: historical a priori, value, contemporaneity, cultural anthropology, scientific practice, historicism, historical epistemology, contingency, objectivity, crisis in epistemology

Review: The subject of this research is the problem of ontological status of the freedom of will. Major attention is given to the question of the existence of metaphysical freedom of will. The author examines the impact upon solving the issue of the existence of metaphysical freedom of will produced by the gained currency in modern philosophy method of substantiation of the freedom of will, associated with understanding of the freedom of will as freedom essential for moral responsibility. An attempt is made to clarify is such method is capable of affecting the solution of the problem of ontological status of the freedom of will. It is suggested to use the strategy of the burden of proof in the context and with consideration of peculiarities inherent to the category of metaphysical freedom of will. The author formulates the basic principles and criteria that the coherent in theoretical-methodological aspect solution of this problem must correspond with. The article introduces the concepts of the objective realism, objective perspective of consideration of human, postponed in time perceptive from the first person perspective, and postponed in time facts. The significance of such characteristic of human as death is determined as peculiar for solution of the question of metaphysical freedom of will in theoretical-methodological regard. The author demonstrates the heuristic meaning of representation on the postponed in time facts for solution of the issue on the existence of soul and possible ways of understanding the moral responsibility; as well as indicates the possibility of using of the ontology of singular things as the alternative to physicalist ontology in solving this question. A conclusion is made that the perception of the existence of metaphysical freedom of will should not be considered as one that has lost its theoretical significance.

Keywords: ontology, concrete particulars, naturalism, realism, consciousness, responsibility, metaphysical free will, free will, metaphysics, physicalism

Review: This article is dedicated to the determination of grounds of doxology of Mats Rosengren – Swedish philosophy, who tries to restore doxa in the theory of cognition, and considers the possibility of structuring the “Protagorean gnoseology”. Doxology is the version of naturalizes constructivist theory of cognition developing on the basis of rhetorical form of philosophical anthropology, which formulates the realistic version of the subject of cognitive activity. From the doxological perspective, cognition is the transformation by human collectives of the world and themselves; the prerequisite for such transformation is the mastery of objectified results of its prior activity. It is demonstrated that the expression of doxological position and doxological line of thought is the neo-sophistic interpretation of Protagoras’ thesis – “Man is the measure of all things”. According to this interpretation, man is the humanity, rather than an individual; the measure common to all people is logos that forms the nature of man and world as a whole. The scheme of the functional circle of logos and doxa underlies the doxological interpretation of cognitive activity. The conceptual prerequisites of Mats Rosengren’s doxological line of thought are reflected in the works of P. Bourdieu, L. Fleck, E. Cassirer and C. Castoriadis that demonstrate that in fact the ways of perception, thinking and action alongside the methods of production, objectification and mastery of the experience of human collectives can interdependently frame each other.

Keywords: homo mensura principle, descriptive epistemology, epistemological constructivism, naturalizing epistemology, doxology, social epistemology, rhetorical philosophy, immanentism, coherentism, Swedish philosophy

Review:  This paper analyzes the concept of language developed in Gelug School and discusses its specific features. The majority of the Buddhist schools state that language can express only the relative truth. As for the absolute truth, it can be cognized directly in the meditative state when any duality is absent, including the symbolic linguistic structures. However, the Gelug School accentuates the point that it is impossible to explain the techniques of realization of the absolute without the use of language. That is why the concept of language was developed in the Gelug School, according to which not all verbal structures are obstacles to enlightenment. The followers of the Gelug School subdivide concepts into two types. The first type includes the concepts that have arisen as a result of ascribin  (Tib. sgro ‘dogs) the false qualities to the objects. The second type is deprived of the false ascribing; it is formed in the process of using the special type of philosophical discourse – prasangika, which is the factor for emerging of the “middle view” (Tib. dbu lta), the proper view of things. This allows the follower of prasanga to efficiently use the verbal structures for (1) adequate cognition on the conceptual level and (2) transition towards the direct attainment of the absolute truth, which as a result leads to gaining freedom and achieving the state of Buddha. 

Keywords: Madhyamaka,, Gelug, Tibetan Buddhism, text, verbal structures, the philosophy of language, the philosophy of Buddhism, soteriology, religious practice, prasangika