Review: The object of this research is the cultural values as a specific phenomenon that is especially relevant for the modern humanitarian thought. The concept of “value” has been studied since the period of Antiquity. However, it still does not have a universal definition. The added to the term predicate “cultural” amplifies the meaning of the considered concept. In this publication, the examined phenomenon is explained by the combination of the material object and the ideals (universalities) of spiritual content. Methodological foundation includes the objective-absolutistic approach that allows viewing the values as the certain atemporal, translated ideals; as well as the axiological approach that interprets culture as an integrated set of values. The scientific novelty lies in reconsideration of classification methods of the object at hand. In particular, the author concludes that the cultural values can be divided into not only panhuman and culture-specific, but also secular and religious ideals, ways of interpretation and acquisition, communicators (translators) and recipients (consumers) that also differ in their nature.

Keywords: value transmitting, universals, ideals, religious culture, secular culture, national character, cultural identity, cultural values, values, cultural and historical experience

Review: This article examines the role and peculiarities of Russian cosmism in the system of scientific picture of the world in the late XIX – mid XX centuries. The author reviews the projective picture of the world of the Russian cosmic scientists N. F. Fyodorov, K. E. Tsiolkovsky, V. I. Vernadsky, as well as determines the link between the Russian cosmism and the realities of modern scientific picture of the world. The goal of this work is to substantiate the demand for the ideas of Russian cosmists for positive solution of the global challenges. The problem of evolution of the scientific picture of the world is coupled with the question on further qualitative development of human essence as a sentient and active being that apprehends and influences the evolutionary processes of Earth and Cosmos, in other words, wholeness of the world. Due to the fact that this article is intended for vast audience, the author signifies the concept and historical alternativeness of the scientific picture of the world, defines the role and peculiarities of Russian cosmism within the system of the scientific picture of the world, and considers the projective pictures of the world of the Russian cosmists. The scientific novelty consists in the analysis of correlation between the ideas of Russian cosmism and the realities of the modern scientific picture of the world towards successful solution of the global challenges. As a result of the conducted research, the author defines the relevance of ideas of the Russian cosmism for the modern scientific picture of the world; signifies the key vectors of “fluctuation” of modern society as a system; determines the theoretical and practical grounds for positive development of the scientific picture of the world at the present stage.

Keywords: global challenges, Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich, Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich, Fedorov Nikolai Fedorovich, scientific picture of the world, Russian cosmism, synergetics, universal evolutionism, digital society, order out of chaos

Review: The subject of this article is the comparison of the philosophy of freedom in its relation to the philosophy of state and society in the Russian and Western European classical liberalism. This comparative analysis in aimed ad identification of specificity of the Russian liberalism as a peculiar tradition within the framework of pan-European liberal movement. Based on interpretation of the concept of freedom within the framework of European liberalism, the author highlights the three traditions of European liberalism: Anglo-French that reduces freedom to its external manifestations; German that focuses on the dialectics of external and internal freedom; and Russian tradition of the liberal philosophy of freedom. The main conclusion lies in the proof of succession between the liberal philosophy of John Locke, Enlighteners and John Stuart Mill, which leads to the author’s assumption that the pinnacle of educational understanding of freedom is the liberalism of J. S. Mill. The author’s contribution to the study of problematic of the history of liberal philosophy is the determination in the philosophy – the chief theoretician of the Russian liberalism of the XIX century – B. N. Chicherin of the two new meanings of the concept of freedom, which are absent in the German philosophy of tradition that Chicherin leans upon: the social freedom and the freedom reproved in the absolute personal nature that may be referred to as spiritual. The article concretizes the interrelation between the philosophy of freedom and the philosophy of state: the Western liberal philosophy of state is interpreted as a mechanicalism, while the Russian interpretation of state is understood as teleological.

Keywords: liberalism, teleology, mechanism, freedom, Chicherin, Gradovsky, Mill, Kant, Locke, Russian liberalism

Keywords: sociality, modernity, world system, theory, concept, approach, thinking, criticism, contradictions, solutions

Keywords: power, vision, observation, subject of power, modern society, space, panopticon, panaudion, Michel Foucault, Athanasius Kircher

Review: This work examines the experience of developing the concepts and teachings about human in anthropology not from the standpoint of their content, but rather the conceptual structure, method and way of development. The author conducts a conceptual inventory of these ways and methods. The article introduces a certain conceptual construct consisting of the ontological paradigm, basic principles, ontology of the world, logical procedure and conceptual-terminological structure. Using this construct, the author provides the versions of reflexive analysis of what means to analyze the anthropological teachings about human, as well as determines five reflexive ways of analysis of such teachings: inventory of the concepts, description of logical discourses, typology of sciences, metaphoric work, presentation of author’s opinion. The author applies the method of reflexive analysis and methodological inventory of the ways and methods of framing the anthropological discourse of anthropological concepts of the XX century. The contribution lies in introduction of methodological grounds and principles of structuring the anthropological discourse in framing the anthropological concepts, which gives a chance for overcoming the various types of reductions and overgeneralization in in terms of conceptual work in anthropological field. This methodological framework helps the author to develop the authorial concept of anthropological guidance.

Keywords: logical discourse, navigation, paradigmatic orientation, human ontology, method, anthropology, utterance, ontological setting, orientation, author

Keywords: speculative fiction, science fiction, fantasy, absurdity, philosophy of absurdity, media reality, media rationality, mesia philosophy, media culture, philosophy of literature

Keywords: virtual reality, psychoanalysis, cinema, television, ideology, novel, illusion, an unbearable observer, a self-fulfilling vicious circle, conditions of human existence