Review: This article examines the history of the creation of game theory as a phenomenon of culture and art. Contribution of theorists and artists of the twentieth century in the formation of game theory, its place in modern art criticism and philosophy. The significance and influence of the personality of Marcel Duchamp, surrealist artists in creating a modern understanding of the game in art and in life. The subject of the research in this article is such concepts as the game and its place in art criticism in general, and the role and significance of the chess game in particular, using the example of the creativity and activity of Marcel Duchamp. The author's view on understanding the problem of the mutual influence of the chess game and artistic creativity is proposed. An attempt is made to explain the motivation for choosing a game as an artistic principle and method. How important is the use of the game in creating an artistic image, the creative image of the artist is also significant. The methodology of the study is based on the basic principles of the game theory of Roger Caillois and Johan Huising in relation to the chess strategy of Marcel Duchamp. The novelty of this work lies in drawing attention to the role and significance of the chess game on creativity, the influence on the aesthetic, artistic and philosophical views of the artist.

Keywords: ready-made, Dada, Tarot, surreal games, taxonomy, Johan Huizinga, Roger Caillois, Marcel Duchamp, chess game, Man Ray

Review: The purpose of this publication is to analyze the economic, social and cultural phenomena that first appeared in the "era of revolutions" that occurred in the XIX - early XX centuries. It seems that the modern European trend towards tolerance, which is the basis of current social and cultural changes, including in our country, has certain intellectual grounds. The subject of the study was the ideosphere of the XIX – early XX century, including philosophical, economic, psychological concepts that gave rise to modern trends in these areas. The result of this study was the determination of the reasons that caused the change of the ideological paradigm in Europe. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time the intellectual foundations of the formation of tolerance as an actual socio-cultural phenomenon are analyzed. The article consistently proves that among the first such grounds it is possible to determine the emergence of machine production and, as a result, the appearance of a mass person with a culture corresponding to him, performing a compensatory and entertaining function. The most important cultural foundation is mainly the intellectual "background" created by the teachings of F. Nietzsche, K. Marx, Z. Freud. A significant role in the formation of a new morality was played by the ideas of Anglo-American pragmatism, which included the denial of religion and its values, giving it a utilitarian character. During the subsequent historical period and at the present time, these views have become the basis for the creation of the so-called "individual faith", in which religion ceases to be the guide of human life, but only serves the needs of the individual. The desacralization of religion leads to the study of different aspects of sexuality, which opens up the possibility for modern "games" with gender. The concept of "natural law" should also be attributed to the intellectual factors of the formation of modern European tolerance.

Keywords: desacralization of religion, European tolerance, intellectual foundations, values, religion, individual faith, the proletariat, culture, natural law, ideosphere