Review: In contrast to the previous optimistic forecasts of the ruling elite in the late USSR and in the new Russia about how our country's relations with the West will develop positively after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist system in Eastern Europe, Russia's successful entry into the Western community; after the triumphalist sentiments in the West itself regarding the "collapse of communism", the after the victory in the cold war and the role of Russia, which has lost its role as a superpower, subordinate to the interests of the Western community, the real reality of international relations turned out to be completely different. At the turn of the century, as a result of NATO's aggression against Yugoslavia, the approach of troops and weapons of this bloc to our borders, open support in the West for separatist movements and wars on the territory of the Russian Federation, the process of disillusionment with previous illusions began.   It sharply intensified after Vladimir Putin's Munich speech in 2007, Russia's recognition of the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and especially the conflict in Ukraine and the reunification of Crimea, which actually led to the beginning of a new cold war. Gradually, the ruling elites of Russia and the West began to realize that the decisive reason for the former "cold war" of 1946-1989 was not so much the notorious "communism" in the USSR and in Eastern European countries, but above all the fundamental civilizational and geopolitical differences between the West and Russia, dating back centuries, stable Russophobic sentiments of public opinion in the West. As the experience of history and modernity shows, Russia's successful domestic and international position is possible only if it preserves and strengthens the status of a great Eurasian power based on a sovereign domestic and foreign policy, a successful socio-economic course approved by the people and a wise state ideology.

Keywords: the modern world order, the crisis of the model of capitalism, national security, national interests of Russia, western community, clash of civilizations, geopolitics, the new cold war, the cold war, international relations

Review: The subject of the study is the causes and nature of the functioning of social policy as a risk management system. The article discusses the emergence of practices of redistribution of wealth to solve political, economic, social and moral problems and the features of the implementation of these practices. The social policy of the ancient world is studied, aimed at managing the risks associated with solidarity and the stability of the hierarchy. The influence of the three Abrahamic religions is considered, which led to the fact that social support received the character of the fulfillment of religious prescriptions. The risks that arose in the industrial era, that is, the risk of social stability and economic slowdown due to the insolvency of large groups of the population, and then the risk of refusal of economic activity of social assistance recipients, are analyzed. The importance of social policy regulation increases with the complexity of the economy and democratization. On one hand, a developed social policy protects individuals from the risks of disability and economic instability. On the other hand, due to the aging of the population, the costs of social policy increase, which itself becomes a source of risk, since its reduction turns out to be politically unacceptable. This feature is complicated by the coexistence of a number of historical features of social support systems and their perception based on a unique combination of ethical and economic premises.

Keywords: heqdesh, insurance, waqf, social support, welfare state, benefits, allowances, pensions, charity, social policy

Review: The main problem is the frequent mismatch of ideals when choosing a future profession and various aspects of subsequent professionalization of a person. As a result, there may be a loss of interest in the profession and an individual's alienation from his professional choice. This article touches upon the issue that the idealization of the profession of a psychologist coincides with certain values of applicants, and then during their studies at the university, students make adjustments to their ideas based on obtaining the necessary knowledge and skills. This allows to achieve the effect of the right professional choice and "join" the profession. The purpose of the study is to show how the professional choice of future psychologists is formed and how it is related to the value orientations of individuals. At the same time, psychology of professions and sociology of professions became the main methodological approaches. The empirical study was conducted in 2018-2021 and was based on the method of semi-structured interviews with applicants and later with university students who are receiving the profession of a psychologist. The sample was determined by a combination of "applicant-student" in the system of universities that train future psychologists (42 applicants and then 20 students from this group). As a result of the study, the following results were obtained: the idealization of the profession of a psychologist is associated with the need to help people, while applicants are guided in their ideas about the profession by their value stereotypes: respect for the individual, following moral principles, responsibility for themselves and others, etc. Idealization of the profession of a psychologist is also connected with its cognitive capabilities in two main directions: human cognition and cognition of the surrounding reality and the world.

Keywords: the activity of a psychologist, choosing a profession, idealization, training of psychologists, higher education, values of the profession, psychology, applicants and students, the profession of a psychologist, the ideals of the profession

Review: Based on the materials of a sociological study conducted in March – October 2021, the main reasons for changes in reproductive attitudes in urban families are considered, models of reproductive behavior are analyzed: "deferred parenthood", "responsible parenthood", Childfree, which are shared by the majority of modern youth. The source of empirical data was an online survey of students. The sample consisted of 2,439 students. In addition, a telephone survey was conducted, which was attended by 600 representatives of urban families of different ages in Yekaterinburg. The reproductive attitudes of young citizens have been revealed, which conflict with the traditional ideas of older generations about the preferred age of marriage and the birth of the first child. Our research suggests that the reproductive attitudes and behavior of young people are transformed from a value-rational model to a goal-oriented one. Purposeful reproductive behavior is a phenomenon of modern life strategies of young people. Such behavior presupposes the freedom of individual reproductive choice: a conscious decision to have children or refuse to procreate. At the same time, the younger generation does not reject the scenarios of matrimonial behavior and the birth of children of older generations, supports "pro-family" values. The authors believe that it makes sense to study this value conflict and take it into account as a "subtle tuning tool" in shaping the policy of stimulating fertility.

Keywords: birth rate support, demography, matrimonial attitudes, intergenerational conflict, Childfree, responsible parenthood, delayed parenthood, reproductive behavior, reproductive attitudes, family values

Review: The work is devoted to the problem of harmonious aging of the population, which is one of the most significant in the XXI century. The subject of the study is a model of socio-psychological support of elderly people in the post-labor period. The authors conducted a sociological analysis of the criteria for the effectiveness and efficiency of the model of socio-psychological support, developed on the basis of the eudemonistic approach within the framework of existential-humanistic psychology. The paper presents the results of a survey of 156 pensioners of the Republic of Moldova, Transnistria, in 2021. The most vulnerable categories of elderly people, the differences between the categories of working and non-working pensioners, the relationship between the subjective assessment of loneliness and psychological well-being are identified. The novelty of the study is to create a new model of socio-psychological support for elderly people in the post-work period. The work highlights the components of psychological well-being that need to be focused on when developing a project of systemic socio-psychological support for older people in the post-work period, namely: environment management, personal growth, purpose in life and self-acceptance, positive relationships with other people. It is concluded that it is necessary to increase the level of awareness of elderly people regarding their needs for psychological assistance to improve the quality of life in general and psychological well-being in particular.

Keywords: psychological assistance, social activity, loneliness, psychological well-being, socio-psychological support, post-work period, pensioners, elderly people, quality of life, Transnistria