Review: The question of tax regulation of multinational corporations is quite topical. This article analyzes some aspects of tax regulation of multinational corporations in Russia, as well as outlines promising vectors of the development of tax regulation of multinational corporations, taking into account the practice and results of the analysis of information sources suggested for using within the framework of the method of comparable market prices, and correlation between the account statements indicators of independent Russian trade companies. Substantiation is given to the accounting for certain types of other income and expenditures, as well as the need for the implementation of “safe harbor” for transactions with intangible assets. The author offers an alternative for calculating the boundaries of “safe harbor”. In the course of writing this article, the author observed the practice of enforcement of rules that regulate the formation of taxation bases, carried out statistical analysis, and used general logical methods. The conclusion is made that the development of regulation of multinational corporations is a promising direction, as these economic entities generate significant financial flows. The variety of operational models and organization techniques complicate the development of the universal global approach, which consists in distribution of financial results between the accepting countries. Elimination of ambiguity in tax relations is an important vector of development. The article offers the solutions to this problem.

Keywords: multinational corporation, royalty, tax regulation, arm's length principle, intangible assets, safe harbor, transfer pricing, license fee, bonus payment, comparability

Review: The article examines the impact of such factors as the average monthly salary of employees, investment in fixed assets, tax burden, cost value for research and development, and workforce productivity. For building the model, the author applies statistical data on socioeconomic development indicators of 32 constituent entities of the Russian Federation for 2017. Tax burden lowers the workforce productivity; therefore, the use of tax incentives and preferences contributes to the achievement of the goals of economic growth. The research is based in the general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as econometric analysis. The article is dedicated to the creation of correlation-regression model of impact assessment. The conclusion is drawn that three out of four determinants indicate a significant positive correlation with workforce productivity. The effective tax incentive mechanism may become a catalyst for the economic development and contributes to securing employment.

Keywords: gross domestic product, R&D, econometric model, tax incentive, the tax burden, labor productivity, gross regional product, tax, tax benefit, human capital

Review: The object of this research is the system of taxation of the population, while the subject is the composition and structure of taxes paid by private entities. The author analyzes the two priority approaches towards building the optimal and utmost fair system of taxation of private entities – through the object of “income” or “consumption”. Detailed analysis is conducted on the advanced Russian and foreign research on the topic. The author outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach from the perspective of horizontal and vertical justice, individual utility and its discounting. The scientific discussion on the absolute viability of taxation of income and consumption of the population is allocated into a separate chapter of the research. Based on the qualitative theoretical analysis, the author concludes on the rationality of choosing integrated approach towards creation of taxation system of the population. The cornerstone in this regard is the determination of the optimal ratio of consumption and income taxes. For this purpose, the author develops the original methodology based on the scattering matrix of 87 countries of the world, correlation and regression analysis of the indicators of their economic development and tax rates. The scientific novelty of consists in substantiation of the existence of substantial connection between the ratio of taxes on consumption and income of the population and the level of socioeconomic development of the country.

Keywords: individual utility, fairness of taxation, tax revenues, effective tax rate, population spending, population income, VAT, PIT, redistribution of wealth, saving the population

Review: The subject of this research is the procedure for the preferential treatment of VAT, sale operations with noble metals and gemstones established in the Paragraphs 9 and 10.3 of the Article 149 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The exemption procedure, which is typical for such norms, has a number of peculiarities: it is not mandatory, since the taxpayer in accordance with the Tax Code has the right waive it and impose taxes on the same operations at the rate of 20%; it is not universal, since often granted to particular customers; it is not used by all taxpayers. Based on the example of noble metals at all stages of their promotion, since ore mining to sale of end products, the author analyzes different collection procedures of VAT (20% rate, exemption, 0% rate). Assessment is given to the effectiveness of application of preferential taxation procedures for noble metals and gemstones from the perspective of budget revenues, business operations, purchasing power, and compliance with the basic principles of VAT collection. For this purpose, the author builds the three models of VAT collection using the example of noble metals. The conclusion is made that the use of preferential procedures in the VAT calculation mechanism often leads to incompatibility of the interests of the state, business, and the end-consumer. Moreover, it contravenes the integral system of VAT collection, i.e. the principle of neutrality. Therefore, it is suggested to waive the privileges set in the Paragraphs 9 and 10.3 of the Article 149 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, and apply the rate of 20%. A number of additional recommendations were made on taxation of the end noble metal products.

Keywords: principles of collection, calculus models, efficiency, precious metals, gems, interests of the budget, standard rate, features of benefits, levying VAT, waiver of benefits

Review: The goal of this research is to outline e the vectors for reducing the scale of “shadow” economy, improving control over legalization of the income of small and medium businesses in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and determining tax potential of the regions in separate sectors economic sectors in the current context. The subject of this research is the role and place of legalization of shadow business as the factor of stimulating the economic activity of the regions. The article examines various approaches of the experts towards the concept of “shadow” economy in the modern conditions. Analysis is carried out on the peculiarities of development of “shadow” economy in certain economic sectors (such as construction, wholesale and retail, alcohol production, etc.) in Russian regions (using the example of the Republic of Dagestan). Comparative study is conducted on various indicators in the constituent entities of North Caucasus Federal District and the Russian Federation. Special attention is given to the measures aimed at reduction of the scale of “shadow” economy and improving control over legalization of the income of entrepreneurial activity with regards to increasing tax revenues from small and medium businesses and determining tax potential of the regions. Recommendations are made for reducing the scale of the “shadow” economic sectors, increasing tax revenue from small and medium businesses, determining tax potential of the region in separate economic sectors, stimulating economic activity of small business within the limits of economic security. Based on the acquired results, the author makes  suggestions on legalization of the “shadow sector” in separate branches of the economy, as well as improvement of the effectiveness of measures of interdepartmental cooperation of tax, law enforcement and registering bodies aimed at determination of tax potential of the regions in the current context.

Keywords: potential, shadow, activity, taxes, income, budget, employment,, region,, economy,, reserves