Review: This article is dedicated to examination of the stages of civilizational development, including the transition from barbarian to ecumenical in accordance with the historical model of A. J. Toynbee, as well as the assessment of the modern globalizational trends. The subject of this research is the philosophy of history of Arnold J. Toynbee and the questions of correspondence of religion and culture in the context of the formation and development of civilizations. Special attention is given to peculiarities and importance of Toynbee’s civilizational conflict in light of the ongoing globalizational processes worldwide. The author explores the dangers that may be caused by Westernization (being the carrier of technocratic principles), as well as globalization overall. Research methodology includes the analysis of specific features of Toynbee’s philosophy of history and determination of the significance of religion and culture in the process of formation of civilization. The main conclusion lies in the statement that the philosophy of history of A. J. Toynbee is a useful theoretical framework that allows assessing tactical and strategic forecasts in the context of globalization. Retention of the inner values along with acceptance of borrowings from foreign cultures for their soft assimilation opens an opportunity for the state to bypass the stage of crisis and raises the chances for preserving the basis of cultural identity.

Keywords: barbaric civilization, society, conflict of civilizations, civilization approach, Toynbee's concept, philosophy of history, philosophy, ecumenical civilization, globalization, westernization

Review: This article analyzes the transformation process taking place within the modern scientific knowledge, in the context of which develops the new paradigm of science – technoscience, the attribute of modern science and relevant project of the science of post-nonclassical type. Manifesting as one of the key peace-building factors of information society, technoscience becomes the fundamental research field for the new socio-philosophical pursuits. However, the study of the inner nature of technoscience, which is discovered through explanation of ontological, epistemological, axiological and praxeological aspects of its activity, currently remains an insufficiently explored question. Social epistemology is selected as the key methodological basis, since its benchmarks allow examining the socio-philosophical nature of the phenomenon of technoscience more boldly. The article demonstrates the development of the new ontological picture of scientific reality with the ongoing reorientation of modern science from cognizing the natural word and reality “as it is” towards the project-constructive activity focused on a human. It is established that epistemological component comes up in the development of the new paradigm of science. It leads to actualization of the constructive benchmarks, establishment of new relationship with fundamental science with regards to the applied research. The author reveals that praxeological component of technoscientific activity substantiated the productive, rational, innovative, socio-oriented organization of scientific process.

Keywords: postclassical type of science, information society, praxeological aspect, axiological aspect, epistemological aspect, ontological aspect, social epistemology, technoscience, ethos of science, new paradigm of science

Keywords: ecophile, ecophobicity, quality of life, noosphere, ecological culture, ecocentrism, ecology of the spirit, modernization, sustainable development, conservatism

Keywords: Russian liberalism, Gradovsky, Romanticism, nihilism, socialism, marxism, anti-nihilistic literature, slavophilism, westernizm, political philosophy

Keywords: transformation, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, philosophy, soteriology, interaction, General, difference, China

Keywords: man, soteriology, Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Catholicism, ethics, dogma, Gospel, Philosophy, Culture