Natural resources of the Arctic and Antarctica
Reference:
Skrylnik Gennady Petrovich G.P. —
CLIMOMORPHOGENESIS AND STABILITY OF WRANGEL'S GEOSYSTEMS
// Arctic and Antarctica.
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– P. 1 - 15.
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8922.2019.3.29896 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=29896
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The subject of the study is Wrangel Island - the island of polar bears (local name - "Umkilir").
The object and subject of research is polar landscapes that develop in xero-cryo environments and differ in their unique novelty of appearance and organization.The goal and objectives are the cognition of the nature of regional climatic morphogenesis and the characteristics of the organization (structure and functioning) of geosystems that are highly resistant in typical landscape genesis and extremely vulnerable to the effects of anomalous factors and processes. Materials and methods – the data of the long-term permafrost-geomorphological research of the author in Chukotka (1957-1959; 1971-1972) and available literary sources are used. In the analysis were used comparative geographical and informational methods.
The main conclusions of the study are the modern development of the island’s relief is determined and controlled primarily by a specific polar climate (directed continentalization of the natural environment; a small amount of solid precipitation; high "wind tension" in winter, when snow is intensively blown off into the sea; etc.). This is due to the lack of modern active foci of glaciation. Findings. The development of morphogenesis on the island proceeds along the path of the steady displacement of nivational processes by the constantly increasing and already dominant processes of cryogenesis.
Keywords:
Wrangel Island, discovery, polar landscapes, surface arrangement, climate, cryogenic forms, development, types of climomorphogenesis, continentalization, nature reserve
References (transliterated):
Skryl'nik G.P. K voprosu ob oledenenii ostrova Vrangelya // Issled. po geografii Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka. Irkutsk, 1962. S. 41-43.
Skryl'nik G.P. Klimat i rel'ef ostrova Vrangelya //Klimaticheskaya geomorfologiya Dal'nego Vostoka. Vladivostok: TIG DNTs AN SSSR, 1976. S. 20-43.
Popov A.I. Polyarnyy kompleks // Voprosy fizich. geografii polyarnykh stran. Vyp. 1. M.: izd-vo Moskovskogo un-ta, 1958. S. 5-27.
Polozova L.G. O kharakteristike kontinental'nosti klimata // Izvestiya Vsesoyuzn. geogr. o-va. 1954. T. 86, vyp. 5. S. 412-422.
Gorodkov B.N. Polyarnye pustyni ostrova Vrangelya // Botanicheskiy zhurnal SSSR. 1943. ¹4. T. 28. S. 127-143.
Svatkov N.M. Priroda ostrova Vrangelya // Problemy Severa. Vyp. 4. M.: izd-vo AN SSSR, 1961. S. 3-26.
Gakkel' Ya.Ya. Nauka i osvoenie Arktiki. L.: Morskoy transport, 1957. 133 s.
Markov K.K. Ostrov Vrangelya (geomorfologiya) // Geologiya SSSR. T. 26. M.-L.: gos. izd-vo geologich. lit-ry, 1947. S. 400-406.
Skryl'nik G.P. Razvitie i uyazvimost' polyarnykh landshaftov v khode vozmo
Permafrost and ground ice of the Arctic, Antarctic and mountain regions
Reference:
Khimenkov A.N., Koshurnikov A.V., Karpenko F.S., Kutergin V.N., Gagarin V.E., Sobolev P.A. —
Filtration of gases in permafrost in the light of the problem of degassing the Earth’s lithosphere and the formation of natural explosive processes in the cryolithozone.
// Arctic and Antarctica.
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– P. 16 - 38.
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8922.2019.3.29627 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=29627
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The objects of research is the problem of gas filtration in permafrost. Currently, this possibility is provided only for thawed (melted) rocks. The subject of study are gas emission funnels located in the North of Western Siberia and samples of artificial ice exposed to pressure from the gas. The data on the structure of the craters and the natural conditions of their formation were summarized. The cause of gas emission craters is: the formation of permafrost rocks in the thickness of zones of accumulation of underground gas with abnormally high pressure; gas filtration into high-temperature frozen rocks and underground ice; the formation of gas-saturated ice-ground rods and their explosive destruction. Particular attention was paid to laboratory studies of gas filtration in frozen rocks and ice. It has been established that in frozen rocks and underground ice is possible to filter the gas while forming the corresponding relations between the characteristics of the rocks (strength, deformative, structural) which depend on their temperature and the pressure of the internal ground gas. It is revealed that these relationships are determined by geological, landscape and climatic conditions. For the the first time, it was possible to identify the processes accompanying gas filtration in ice, with the help of structural studies.
Keywords:
cryogenic fluid dynamic systems, fluid geodynamics,, fluids, gas filtration, injection ice, ice flow, plastic deformations, permafrost, gas hydrates, gas emission crater
References (transliterated):
Yakushev V.S. Prirodnyy gaz i gazovye gidraty v kriolitozone. M.: VNIIGAZ. 2009. 192 s.
Shakhova N.E. Metan v moryakh Vostochnoy Arktiki: avtoref. diss…. d.g.-m.n. M.: Dal'nauka, DVO RAN, 2010. 48 s.
Kraev G. N. Zakonomernosti rasprostraneniya metana v mnogoletnemerzlykh porodakh na Severo-Vostoke Rossii i prognoz ego postupleniya v atmosferu. Avtoref diss kand. geogr. M.: TsEPL RAN. 2010. 20 s.
Devisilov V.A., Drozdova T.I., Timofeeva S.S. Teoriya goreniya i vzryva. Praktikum: uchebnoe posobie. M.: FORUM, 2012. 352 s.
Bogoyavlenskiy V. I. Vybrosy gaza i nefti na sushe i akvatoriyakh Arktiki i Mirovogo okeana //BURENIE I NEFT', ¹ 6. 2015. S. 4-10.
Leybman M. O., Kizyakov A. I. Novyy prirodnyy fenomen v zone vechnoy merzloty // Priroda. ¹ 2, 2016, s. 15-24.
Epov M. I., El'tsov I. N., Olenchenko V. V., Potapov V. V., Kushnarenko O. N., Plotnikov A. E., Sinitskiy A. I. Bermudskiy treugol'nik Yamala // Nauka iz pervykh ruk. Vyp. 5(59), 2014. S. 14–23.
Buldovich S., Khilimonyuk V. , Bychkov A., Ospennikov E., Vorobye
Permafrost and ground ice of the Arctic, Antarctic and mountain regions
Reference:
Budantseva N.A., Vasil'chuk Y.K. —
Variations of oxygen isotopes in the modern syngenetic ice wedges in the lower Kolyma River
// Arctic and Antarctica.
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– P. 39 - 53.
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8922.2019.3.30744 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=30744
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The subject of the study is the change in oxygen isotope values in modern ice wedges in the lower Kolyma River. The values of delta18O from the Ambarchik and Pokhodsk in the north to the mouth Omolon River are and Kolymsky in the south of the studied region presented. A critical analysis of the publications in the lower Kolyma River and in adjacent territories was carried out for which a comparison of oxygen isotope data with winter air temperatures was performed. Similar works for Alaska and northern Canada are also analyzed. The main research method is field testing of the veinlets of syngenetic ice wedges and analysis of publications containing data on delta18O values in the lower Kolyma River. The main conclusions of the study are the confirmation of the dependences obtained about 30 years ago by Yu.K. Vasilchuk for Siberia as a whole and in the lower Kolyma River, connecting the delta18O values of modern veinlets with average January air temperatures. Trends in the variability of delta18O values from north to south are traced as they move away from the moisture source and increase the degree of continentality.
Keywords:
syngenetic, ice wedge, veinlets, permafrost, floodplain, peat, alas, oxygen isotope, isotope paleothermometer, Kolyma River
References (transliterated):
Konyakhin M.A., Mikhalev D.V., Solomatin V.I. Izotopno-kislorodnyy sostav podzemnykh l'dov M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta. 1996. 156 s.
Mackay J.R. Oxygen isotope variations in permafrost, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula area, Northwest Territories // Geological Survey of Canada. Current Research. Part B. 1983. Paper 83-1B. P.67–74.
Vasil'chuk Yu.K. Reconstruction of the paleoclimate of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene on the basis of isotope studies of subsurface ice and waters of the permafrost zone // Water Resources. Published by Consultants Bureau. New York. 1991. Vol. 17. N 6. R. 640–647.
Meyer H. Late Quaternary climate history of Northern Siberia - evidence from ground ice / PhD Dissertation. Alfred Wegener Institute. Polar- und Meeresforschung Forschungsstelle. Potsdam. 2001 (2003). 112 p.
Böhm E. Stable isotope dynamics in a seasonally changing snow cover on Samoylov Island, Northern Siberia / Bachelor thesis, University of Potsdam. 2014. 78 p.
Kleine C. Recent cryogenic processes at Samoylov Island
Landscapes of Cold Plains and Mountain Regions
Reference:
Lytkin V.M. —
Holocene Optimum treeline level in the Suntar-Khayata Range
// Arctic and Antarctica.
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– P. 54 - 60.
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8922.2019.3.30385 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=30385
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This paper presents the results of a study of the Kamenka-1 section. This unique exposure is located 1,712 m asl in the upper reaches of the Kamenka River, on the northeastern slope of the mountains surrounding Mt. Mus-Khaya (2,959 m, Suntar-Khayata Range). A soil horizon was identified, the upper part of which contained numerous larch stumps in a natural (upright) position. The stump horizon is partially buried by a 1.5-m layer of fine rubble and silt. It has been dated to 5.37±0.05 ka BP (MPI-41), suggesting the position of treeline in the study region by the end of the Holocene climatic optimum.
Keywords:
history of climate, tree-stump horizon, Suntar-Khayata Range, radiocarbon dating, altitudinal zonality, Holocene Optimum, upper tree line, glaciers, permafrost, climate change
References (transliterated):
Vasil'chuk Yu. K. Pozdnechetvertichnye sinkriogennye tolshchi severa Evrazii: stroenie, izotopno-kislorodnyy sostav i usloviya formirovaniya : atoref. dis. … d-ra geol.-mineral. nauk. – Yakutsk : Institut merzlotovedeniya im. P. I. Mel'nikova SO RAN, 1991. – 47 s.
Velichko A.A., Klimanov V.A. Klimaticheskie usloviya severnogo polushariya 5-6 tysyach let nazad // Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR. Seriya geograficheskaya i geofizicheskaya. – 1990. – ¹ 5. – S. 38.
Lozhkin A. B. Rastitel'nost' Zapadnoy Beringii v pozdnem pleystotsene i golotsene // Beringiya v kaynozoe : materialy Vsesoyuznogo simpoziuma «Beringiyskaya susha i ee znachenie dlya razvitiya golarkticheskikh flor i faun v kaynozoe» (Khabarovsk, 10–15 maya 1973 g.). – Vladivostok, 1976. – S. 72–77.
Programmnoe obespechenie dlya kalibrovki radiouglerodnykh datirovok. – URL: https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal.html
Khotinskiy N.A. Golotsen Severnoy Evrazii. – M.: Nauka, 1977. – 200 s.
Galanin A. A., D'yachkovskiy A. P., Lytkin V. M., Burnasheva M. P., Shaposhnikov G. I., Kut' A. A. Rezul'tat
History of exploration of the Arctic and Antarctica
Reference:
Magritskii D.V., Povalishnikova E.S., Frolova N.L. —
Study history of the flow water and regime of the Arctic Rivers of Russia in the XX–XXI century.
// Arctic and Antarctica.
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– P. 61 - 96.
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8922.2019.3.29939 URL: https://en. nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=29939
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The article describes the scientific study history of the Russian Arctic Rivers’ water regime in the XX–XXI centuries. The stages and main directions of priority research, identified at different times by the need to ensure the operation of the Northern Sea Route and the transport arteries of navigable rivers, water use and water consumption, actively developed from the second half of the XXth century, the study and prediction of the effects of global warming, the emergence of new methods and data processing, physical and mathematical modeling of hydrological processes. A detailed review of domestic and foreign studies of the hydrological regime of the Arctic rivers of Russia published over the past century has been made. Studies on the largest rivers of the Arctic and the main synthesis works, containing estimates of their runoff, water resources of the region, patterns and factors of spatial and temporal variability, including under the influence of increasing climate change and anthropogenic load, are presented. A separate unit is formed by studies of the runoff transformation, water regime and the dynamics of water in the mouths of arctic rivers.
Keywords:
Arctic, water regime of rivers, water dynamics, field research, climate change, water management, long-term changes in flow, river mouth areas, flow modeling, forecasts
References (transliterated):
Magritsky D., Lebedeva S. & Skripnik E. Hydrological hazards at mouths of the Northern Dvina and the Pechora rivers, Russian Federation // Nat Hazards. 2017. Vol. 88(1). RR. 149–171.
Magritsky D.V., Alexeevsky N.I, Aybulatov D.N., Fofonova V.V., Gorelkin A. Features and evaluations of spatial and temporal changes of water runoff, sediment yield and heat flux in the Lena River delta // Polarforschung. No 87 (2). 2018 (b). RR. 89–110.
Landerer F.W., Dickey J.O. Güntner A. Terrestrial water budget of the Eurasian pan‐Arctic from GRACE satellite measurements during 2003–2009 // J. Geophys. Res. 2010. Vol. 115. D23115. RR.1–14.
Lammers R.B., Shiklomanov A.I., Vorosmarty C.J., Fekete B.M.,. Peterson B.J. Assessment of contemporary Arctic river runoff based on observational discharge records // J. Geophys. Res. 2001. Vol. 106( D4). PP.3321– 3334.
Kosheleva N., Karabanov E., Kosiskiy A., Williams D., Armstrong S. Estimation of runoff distribution within river systems: Application to the Lena B
Eng
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