Abstract: The authors consider significant changes in the political landscape associated with the impact of digitalization. The aim of the work was to study the changes in the characteristic features of political protests due to the introduction of new digital technologies in them. National scenarios of digitalization of political protest are considered through comparative analysis. Case study and comparative analysis were used as research methods. The techniques of the scenario method were applied. The object of the study were five cases reflecting the nature of the digitalization of political protest: protests against the extradition bill in Hong Kong (2019-2020), protests of those who disagree with the results of the presidential elections in Belarus (2020-2021), protests in France against the bill "On Global Security" (2020-2021), protests of those who disagree with the results of the elections in the United States (2020-2021), as well as protests in support of A. Navalny in Russia (2021). The result of the study was the identification of common and special characteristics of the national models under consideration. First of all, the variety of technologies used allows activists to form an alternative information agenda and involve broad masses of people in the protest. Secondly, the harsh reaction of the authorities to protest activity damages any attempts at dialogue between the state and civil society. Thirdly, the network nature of the organization of modern protests determines the trend towards decentralized protest management. Fourth, large media corporations in modern conditions acquire the status of independent political actors. Fifth, the request for anonymity in order to minimize restrictions on the use of digital tools in the future may also become a new serious challenge for public authorities.

Keywords: digitalization, political protest, digital tools, digital technologies, social network, messengers, internet blocking, collective action, smartphones, digital protests

References:
Enikolopov R., Makarin A., Petrova M. Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia // Econometrica. – 2020. – Vol. 88. – ¹ 4. – P. 1479-1514.
Gladwell M. Small Change. Why the Revolution Will not Be Tweeted // The New Yorker. – URL: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell (data obrashcheniya: 01.08.2021)
Bode N., Makarychev A. The New Social Media in Russia: Political Blogging by the Government and the Opposition // Problems of Post-Communism. – 2013. – Vol. 60. – P. 53-62.
Sokolov A. V. Setevoy politicheskiy protest i vybory // Kommunikologiya. – 2016. – ¹ 4. – S. 116-123.
Alemán J., Yang D. A Duration Analysis of Democratic Transitions and Authoritarian Backslides // Comparative Political Studies. – 2011. – Vol. 44. – ¹ 9. – P. 1123–1151.
Pyrma R. V. Vliyanie tsifrovykh kommunikatsiy na politicheskoe uchastie // Gumanitarnye nauki. Vestnik Finansovogo universiteta. – 2019. – ¹4. – S. 63-69.
Poplavskiy A. Politsiya bez zashchity: frantsuzy otkazali silovikam v

Abstract: The subject of the study is the multitude of ways to solve African political conflicts through traditional ethical norms and legal procedures. The basics of the traditional systems of ethics are analyzed, in particular, the ethical-normative system of the Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa - the “Ubuntu”, which includes such concepts as humanity, community, solidarity. Special attention is paid to studying the precedents of the use of traditionally African ethical systems for resolving domestic political conflicts in the post-crisis period using the example of Rwanda and the Republic of South Africa that have experienced a crisis at the same time: In Rwanda, after the 1994 genocide, in the Republic of South Africa, after the fall of the apartheid regime in 1994. The use of the comparative historical method and the method of historical reconstruction allowed to identify the key factors of overcoming the conflict after the genocide in Rwanda, nearly impossible to solve through European law, and ways to resolve the crisis in South Africa under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, who established a dialogue with all the races and peoples inhabiting the country. The author concludes that there are precedents that demonstrate the potential of African ethical and regulatory approaches to solving complex conflict situations. In the context of multi-ethnic, multi-religious, interracial interaction, Africa is making attempts at national reconciliation in the context of local conflicts. The seldom-studied approach of using traditional ethics and forms of communication in the process of overcoming conflicts and creating the necessary conditions for a peaceful life is considered. The core principle of the examined approaches lies in addressing the traditional values and social institutions of their people, in the ability to forgive and reconcile as the only way out of stalemate situations. The article uses ideas developed in conjunction with A.N.Moseiko, an African studies researcher.
 
 

Keywords: African ethics, politics, Rwanda, South Africa, apartheid, genocide, conflict, Africa, transit justice, Ubuntu

References:
Ruanda serdtsem stroit uspeshnyy biznes. Informatsionnyy portal telekanala «TBN-Rossiya». URL: http://tbn-tv.ru/news/ruanda-serdcem-stroit-uspeshnyj-biznes/
Muzhavamariya Zhanna D`Ark. Ee Prevoskhoditel'stvo g-zha Posol respubliki Ruanda. Rol' diplomatii v sozdanii mira, svobodnogo ot genotsida i ego ideologii", Lektsiya v Institute Afriki RAN. 17 maya 2016 g. URL: http://www.inafran.ru/node/1174
Konsul'skya sluzhba MID RF. Konsul'skiy informatsionnyy portal. Ruanda. URL: http://www.kdmid.ru/docs.aspx?it=/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0.aspx&lst=country_
Rwanda development board. A step-by-step guide to investment procedures in Rwanda/ URL:http://rwanda.eregulations.org/menu/1
N'irakhategekimana Annosiata. Programma prosvetitel'skoy deyatel'nosti «Genotsid v Ruande i OON». URL: http://www.un.org/ru/preventgenocide/rwanda/gallery/annociata/13.shtml
Rwanda killers face local justice. Last Updated: Thursday, 10 March, 2005, 12:59 GMT URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4335405.stm
Ruanda: konets narodny