Review: This article presents the analysis of sociological discourse on the fundamental aspects of the “Healthy Cities” project; discusses the peculiarities of the World Health Organization “Healthy Cities” strategy; technologies of formation of the created on its basis programs on preservation of health of the urban population. The importance of the political and legislative factor impacting people’s health and inequality with regards to health maintenance is revealed. The subject of this research is the projects aimed at preservation of health of the city dwellers and overcoming of inequality related to health, developed on the basis of the World Health Organization “Healthy Cities” concept. The author applies the theoretical-methodological analysis, secondary data analysis of the sociological study “Moscow is a Healthy City” (Russian Public Opinion Research Center, 2018)’; as well as survey results, conducted by the author in 2013 and 2017 among the schoolers, university students, and their parents of Tyumen Region, on the questions of health maintenance. The main conclusion consists in consideration of the socio-biological gradient in formation of inequalities with regards to health among the representatives of different social groups. The author emphasizes the effectiveness of the “Healthy Cities” project in Moscow; as well as discusses the strategies on preservation of health among the population of Tyumen Region. The results of the conducted sociological study on living a healthy lifestyle demonstrate an accurate correlation between the increasing level of education and the number of those adopting a healthy lifestyle. Such project is relevant for not only large cities, but also rural areas with certain adjustment to the local specificities and tasks.

Keywords: public policy, public health, prevention, social groups, health inequalities, World Health Organization, Healthy City, health, health factors, social inequality

Review: The object of this research is the Palaces of Culture in Leningrad built in the 1920’s – 1930’s. Among all object the author highlights the separate newly built extant Palaces of Culture in the style of constructivism, which are the monuments of cultural heritage. The subject of this research is the questions of state protection of the indicated objects and their maintenance. The article examines the existing conservation zones and territories of the cultural heritage sites; current state of the Palaces of Culture; problems of maintenance; and questions of modern functional profile of the buildings. The author studied the literary sources, analyzed iconographic materials and existing regulatory documents in the area of preservation of architectural heritage, conducted visual observation. The goal of this research lies in determining the current state of the Palaces of Culture in Leningrad of the early XX century alongside the key issues pertinent to state protection of the objects. The results may be valuable for comprising preservation orders for architectural heritage of the XX century, as well as development of restoration and reconstruction projects of the monuments of constructivism. The author concludes on the flawed system of state preservation of the cultural heritage of the XX century, and makes recommendation with regards to its solution.

Keywords: architectural heritage, Leningrad, constructivism, subject of protection, reconstruction, architectural monument, Palace of Culture, restoration, avant-garde, conservation issues