Abstract: Intensive urbanization and the demographic growth of cities, combined with the increasing complexity of the labor application system and the rising demand for accessible sports facilities, make the problem of developing sports infrastructure at labor application sites relevant. The subject of the study is the spatial-territorial and functional location and nature of sports infrastructure at large industrial enterprises in Leningrad, aimed at determining the spatial relationship of sports infrastructure with labor application sites. An evolutionary analysis of the structural and spatial patterns of sports infrastructure placement in relation to its development within the structure of the industrial complex and the overall urban structure, starting from the 1920s to the present day, has been conducted to identify the general issues concerning the use of sports facilities in production under the current conditions of urban development in Saint Petersburg. For the analysis of structural and spatial patterns of sports in relation to its urban planning placement within the industrial complex from the 1920s to the 1980s, urban planning documents on the development of Leningrad, mapping and reference documents on sports infrastructure, and the development of Leningrad's industry and the specific factories examined in the study were utilized. The novelty of the research results lies in tracking changes in the nature and role of sports facilities and their territorial accessibility to enterprises (the main places of labor application). As a result of the study, the stages of development of sports infrastructure at enterprises were identified using the example of five Leningrad factories, and the issues regarding their placement in the context of modern development in Petersburg were defined. Conclusions were drawn about the loss of spatial correspondence between elements of sports infrastructure and the planning placement of enterprises, as centers of labor application, within the structure of the city. The developed state of sports infrastructure at enterprises has been determined as focused objects of specialized sports, along with the factors that defined this development: uneven distribution of labor resources within the overall system of labor application in the city; intensive development of residential areas and a decreasing number of working enterprises; and the close interconnection between the nature and quantity of sports facilities with the sports organizations of enterprises.

Keywords: evolution of territorial development, sports facilities, industrial enterprises, the system of places of labor resources, largest cities, Leningrad, urban planning development, urban planning, mass sport, Leningrad factories

Abstract: The article presents an authorial model for integrating the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century urban estate as an environmental core into the contemporary structure of a historic regional city. Using Tambov as a case study, the urban estate is considered not only as a cultural heritage object but also as a historically formed spatial and cultural unit in which architectural form, plot structure, landscape, pedestrian routes, public functions and historical memory are interrelated. The methodology combines the environmental approach, E. I. Petrovskaya’s triune environmental code method, comprehensive graphic and morphological analysis, and analysis of attraction centres and actual pedestrian activity in relation to two- and five-minute walking catchments around estate sites. Three types of urban estates are identified according to their role in the urban environment: silhouette-forming, accent and background, together with corresponding levels of pedestrian routes: citywide, district and local. The concepts of environmental core, environmental impulse and framework of environmental impulses are defined. The impulse mechanism combines local environmental regulation, a multifunctional programme and route connectivity. The Tambov case demonstrates how overlapping zones of influence around estate nodes and pedestrian routes can shift the focus from individual heritage objects to an urban-planning strategy for valorising the historic centre. As a research hypothesis, heritage valorisation is considered a precondition for developing a pedestrian-oriented urban environment, local entrepreneurship and human-capital retention. The proposed model requires further calibration for historic cities with different morphology, relief and cultural traditions.

Keywords: urban estate, historic city, environmental code, environmental core, environmental impulse, urban framework, heritage valorisation, walkable environment, multifunctionality, human capital