Abstract: The article is devoted to the issue of combination of archaic and innovative specific features in the Russian legislative process at the time of the reforms of Tsar Per the Great. It is established that the tradition was followed insomuch as the legislator retained the idea that the key segment of the Russian legislative system should be one codified act. Novel Ideas in the Russian legislative process in the first quarter of XVIII century included 1) changes in the order of official publication of normative acts, which were duplicated by typographic means; 2) formation of incorporation as a type of legislative systematization; 3) large-scale reception of the Western European legal institutions (especially Swedish); 4) the large-scale involvement of the foreign specialist in the Russian service to the legislative drafting. The article for the first time provides the data on the number of normative acts, which were made public by typographic means in 1714-1725, and of incorporated reports, which were published in 1718-1725. The author singles out and characterizes three scenarios for the adoption of foreign legal experience in the law-making process In Russia of the first quarter of XVIII century: 1) direct transfer of the foreign legal institution into the Russian system with minimal adaptation; 2) in-depth adaptation of foreign specimen to the Russian conditions, attempts to synthesize foreign and Russian legal institutions; 3) superficial fragmented borrowing of foreign legal institutions (an extreme example of this scenario was the phenomenon of using foreign terminology for the newly-formed Russian institutions, while these institutions were not analogous to any foreign institutions). Much attention is paid in the article to the characteristic features of the second scenario, taking the process of reception of the principle of structural and functional separation of judicial bodies from administrative bodies.

Keywords: jurisprudence, «police» state, general codification, legislation, incorporation, reception of law, legal propaganda, official publication of law, Peter the Great, legislative process, Directing Senate

Abstract: The article is devoted to the studies of the legal system of the Moscow kingdom in early XVII century. The author studies legal nature of the religious pledge to the tsar of the people of the Moscow kingdom. Based upon the analysis of the text of cross-kissing writs of late XVI — early XVII centuries, the author defines their types and functions. The cross-kissing writs are regarded as public legal means of influence on will and conscience of the people of the state. The author provides characteristic features of state legal means, criminal legal means and procedural means, as provided for in the cross-kissing writs, as well as consequences for non-compliance with the obligations (loss of mercy of God, church damnation, capital punishments and other types of punishment by the king). The article singles out the types of «cross» crimes, which included violations of the «cross-kissing» pledge. The author provides most detailed analysis of the obligation «not to wish evil» to the king, and the obligation to inform against the crime, of which one got to know. The author evaluates the «cross-kissing» as means of prevention of encroachments upon the bases of political regime of the Moscow state and king himself

Keywords: Moscow kingdom, legal system, pledge, cross-kissing writ, «cross» crime, preventive role of pledge, punishments, evil intention, witchcraft, obligation to inform against a crime.

Abstract: The article discusses the bases of constitutional order of the Russian Federation through the prism of legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Based on the examples of judicial practice the author illustrates substantial aspects of the political, social, economic and spiritual bases of the constitutional order, such as democratic state, recognition of human rights and freedoms as a supreme value, republican form of government, separation of powers, ideological and political variety, multipartisan system, federal state, independence of municipal self-government, rule-of-law state. The social economic bases of constitutional order, which are best studied in constitutional justice, include freedom of establishment, unity of economic territory, support of competition, recognition for variety and equal protection of various forms of property, social state. The spiritual values are usually discussed by the Constitutional Court through the analysis of the secular state. The Constitutional Court has expressed its legal opinions on almost all of the pillars of the constitutional order, and these opinions enrich the laconic provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and serve as landmarks for the legislators and law-enforcement bodies, as well as other participants of public relations, including private entities.

Keywords: constitutional, federalism, democracy, ideology, right, law, social, secular, politics, economics, parties.

Abstract: The basic functions of the state in economic sphere include strategical planning, which is established for long-term perspective, it defines the key directions of economic development , it also shows the goals for specific branches of national economy and key mechanisms for their achievement. The article is devoted to the specific features of definition and contents of constitutional institution of state strategy in economic sphere at the current stage of development. The goal-establishing acts of strategic character are currently being accepted in Russia without any systemic approach or normatively established hierarchy, classification, structure and requirements to their contents. The basic law in the sphere of economic strategical planning is the Law on State Forecasting and Programs for Social and Economic Development of the Russian Federation, which fails to reflect strategy and doctrine, which are actively applied in practice. The author uncovers the shortcomings of legal regulation in the sphere of acceptation of program strategic documents in Russia and forms recommendations for the improvement of the legislation in this sphere.

Keywords: state, constitutional law, state strategy, state planning, economics, economic development, functions of the state, constitutional institution, focused programs, doctrines.

Abstract: The article describes the process of «Islamization» of the region, historical dynamics of legal and political positions of religious organizations in Egypt. The author touches upon the problem of clericalization of Egypt through the prism of specific features of its historical path.

Keywords: jurisprudence, new Constitutions, clerical state, Egypt, clericalism, the Middle East, Arabian Spring, Islamization, Muslim Brothers, revolutions

Abstract: The article describes the possibility of use of the term «municipal unit» in Ukrainian law via adoption of the experience of Russian financial science. The author defines the characteristic features of municipal union, as provided for in the Constitution of Ukraine, and she also points out the lack of the term, which would unite them. In spite of the fact, that Ukrainian legislation uses the term «municipal self-government», one should remember that it is not possible to unite the terms «municipal self-government» and «municipal unit», since the municipal self-government is a right of territorial community, while the municipal unit is comprised by the territory and its inhabitants with their rights and interests. The author gives propositions for the possible types of municipal units in Ukraine, taking into account its administrative and territorial structure and unitary nature. The article also includes characteristics of the term «budget», as an object of budget relations, which are formed between the municipal units and the state, as well as the analysis of its material, economic, legal and political bases.

Keywords: jurisprudence, budget, categories of the term «budget», budgetary relations, subjects of law, subjects of legal relations, municipal unit, local self-government, administrative and territorial unit, local budget.

Abstract: This article contains analysis of state administration in the sphere of protection and preservation of forests. The author analyzes several theoretical approaches to the definition of state administration of natural recourses as a legal Institution and as an organizing activity of state bodies. The author formulates the definition of state administration in the sphere of protection and preservation of forests as enforcement activity of state government bodies on protection and preservation of forests, which is based upon the forest legislation. The article includes classification of powers of state government bodies of the Russian Federation in the sphere of forest relations into normative, legal, financial and administrative regulation of forest relations. The forest regulation powers are partially transferred to the state government bodies of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation. Out of three «control levers» the regional governments gain most of administrative control. The author characterizes three key government bodies currently implementing protection and preservation of forests in the Russian Federation: the Federal Forestry Agency, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resource Usage.

Keywords: jurisprudence, environmental law, forest law, state administration, protection, preservation, the Federal Forestry Agency, the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resource Usage, powers.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of correlation of labor contract and untypical (alternative) forms of employment in the conditions of modern legal regulation. The author attempts to evaluate the topical issues of correlation of the novel forms of labor relations with the labor law and its traditional attitude to the object of labor law and labor relations. The article includes two parts, which are devoted to theoretical and legislative provisions for labor contract and some problems regarding legal regulation of untypical forms of employment.

Keywords: jurisprudence, labor contract, flexibility, untypical, employment, precarization, limited term, temporary, distance, work from home.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the experience of criminalization of hijacking and seizure of aircrafts and vessels for water transportation. The author held a comparatively legal study of foreign legislation in order to uncover differences and similarities in criminal legal regulation of responsibility for the criminal acts in question in order to find the possible landmarks for the amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Analysis of the provisions of criminal legislation of foreign states has shown the following: 1. Many states have in their criminal legislation provisions on responsibility for hijacking and seizure of aircrafts and vessels; 2) The norms of foreign legislations, which are similar to the norm of Art. 211 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, are present in most states, and their provisions are mostly identical with some insignificant differences as to objective and subjective elements; 3) Existing differences are due to national legislative traditions and requirements of correlation between criminal legal regulation and other circumstances regarding legislative techniques.

Keywords: jurisprudence, criminal law, hijacking, seizure, vessel, aircraft, ship, transportation, security, crimes.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the legal force of decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the issues of criminal law. The author supports the position that legal force of legal acts of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine is based upon the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, and the legal positions as enshrined in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine have material legal force, precedent character and they are sources of law, criminal law included.

Keywords: jurisprudence, criminal law, decisions, legal force, legal positions, constitutional court, source of law, force of law, precedent, the Constitution of Ukraine.

Abstract: The article provides for a complex character of the institution of release with application of compulsory measures of educational nature, which in the opinion of the author combines four types of measures of criminal influence: punishment, encouragement, security and restoration. The authors make propositions on the improvement of the existing criminal legislation via abolishment of the of release with application of compulsory measures of educational nature, and, specifically, to exclude the «warning» from the list of limitations and special requirements, and include in this list the following measures: «to take the social psychological training course», «mediation procedure», prohibition of «contacts with certain persons», «visiting certain places», make the list closed.

Keywords: jurisprudence, release, punishment, security, restoration, encouragement, mediation, training, limitations, complex.

Abstract: Currently the issue of formation of the system of administrative courts is topical in the Russian Federation. It is necessary to note that accordance with the assignment of the President of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, judicial community and scientific communities have been actively working on the drafts of the Federal Constitutional Law on Federal Administrative Courts and the Code of Administrative Judicial Procedure of the Russian Federation. This article includes analysis of the current legislation of the Russian Federation, which possesses the constitutional legal basis for the formation of administrative courts in the Russian Federation.

Keywords: administrative justice, constitutional legal bases, administrative judicial procedure, specialized federal courts, administrative courts.

Abstract: The article includes analysis of specific features of formation and development of the judicial accounting expertise in the USA and in Canada at the turn of XX century. The author describes most valuable precedents, which facilitated the development of judicial accounting expertise; he also provides examples of successful work of judicial experts — accountants, thanks to whom many socially resonant crimes were solved. Attention is brought to the growing value of educational programs on directions for the judicial accounting expertise.

Keywords: jurisprudence, expertise, judicial accounting expertise, judicial accounting expertise in Canada, the USA, uncovering financial contrivances, educational programs on judicial expertise, economic crime, theft of funds, association of certified experts, fictitious accounting.

Abstract: It is noted in the article that regularly the right to implement especially dangerous types of activity is usually provided by the state to the state enterprises or private persons under control of the states. The author analyzes the problem of responsibility of states for the fulfillment of guarantees regarding absence of harm to the environment of other states and regions outside the national jurisdiction due to the risky activities within their jurisdiction. The author singles out two main principles (regimes), on which international responsibility may be based: responsibility based upon the proven guilt of a person, and objective responsibility. The author discusses various points of view on which regime should apply when the harm to environment is caused by private companies acting under the state control. It is noted in the article that opinions of the scholars on preferable regimes of responsibility under the international law and their application are divided. The author supports the position that the general standard of international responsibility for the unlawful act in the presence of proven guilt of the person should be amended by inclusion of the special regime of responsibility in this sphere under which strict responsibility for the harm may be applied.

Keywords: pollution, harm, environment, responsibility of states, international law, jurisprudence, guilt, strict responsibility, dangerous activity.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of legal status of a unique military formation, which was formed on a bilateral basis by two largest EU Member States — the Franco-German Brigade. The author discusses the general patterns of legal regulation of bilateral integration of the modern states in military and other spheres, historical prerequisites and stages of Franco-German military cooperation, order of formation and functioning of the Franco-German brigade, its inner structure and mechanism of its use in peace-making and other military operations.

Keywords: jurisprudence, integration, national security, the European Union, military construction, the Franco- German Brigade, NATO, defense, the Eurocorps, military cooperation.

Abstract: Based on the analysis of international legal acts the article discusses the contents of the term «academic freedoms», which the author offers to interpret as freedom of lecturing and academic research, freedom of education, institutional autonomy of a higher education institutions. The article consecutively evaluates specific features of legal regulation of the above-mentioned elements. The work shows that depending on the contents of the term «academic freedoms», the subjects (the bearers of rights) include lecturers, scientific researchers, students, other trainees, educational institutions. It is also shown that the domestic Russian legislation on these issues generally complies with the international norms. However, analysis of Russian legislation allows for drawing a conclusion that «academic freedom» is mostly related to the educational institutions and scientific and pedagogical workers. For the students academic freedom meant the ability to gain knowledge in accordance with their intentions and needs, to choose state, municipal, or private higher educational institution. The work includes analysis of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: academic freedom, students, trainees, educational institution.