Abstract: The article concerns the history of formation of judicial expertise. The author follows the process of formation of various types and kinds of expertise at the Ancient World and the Middle Ages. The author studies examples of judicial medical, judicial psychiatric, judicial handwriting expertise, and judicial technical expertise of documents, as well as the history of addressing specialists for judicial needs, and the sources on expertise of various types and kinds till the early XVIII century both in Russia and abroad. Special attention is paid to the evolution of judicial expertise due to development of scientific and technical thought, the author discusses specific features of formation and development of toxicological and physicometallurgical expertise, as well as the first methods used for them. Special attention is also paid to the Oriental history of judicial expertise with the use of ancient Chinese sources, which are rather hard to access otherwise.

Keywords: history of judicial expertise, formation of judicial expertise, development of judicial expertise, knowing persons, judicial medical expertise, judicial psychiatric expertise, judicial handwriting expertise, judicial technical expertise of documents, judicial toxicology, physicometallurgical expertise.

Abstract: In this article the authors discuss nature of normative legal text, provide the definition of anticorruption expertise of normative legal acts, define object, target, goals and aims of this expertise, as well as forms and contents of expert opinion for anti-corruption expertise through the prism of general theory of judicial expertise as a methodological basis for any expert activity. The authors analyze requirements to competence of experts, structure of an opinion in general and contents of its main constituent parts: introduction, research, synthesis, and conclusions. It is noted that the legislative provisions for typical corruptogenic factors provides for two directions for anti-corruption expert evaluation. These directions are uncovering and providing basis for typical corruptogenic factors as provided for in a general method. Based upon the above-mentioned matters, the authors express their opinion on the means for solving legal, scientific, methodological and organizational problems of anti-corruption expertise of normative legal acts and legislative drafts.

Keywords: corruption, corruptogenic factor, method, anti-corruption expertise, normative legal acts, draft of a normative legal act, normative legal text, legal expertise, legal linguistic expertise, expert opinion.

Abstract: Efficiency of the judicial system of a state depends upon the coordination of the activities of all of the participants of the process. The key element of the interaction may be recognized as the activities of the party initiating a judicial expertise and of a judicial expert. The basis for their interaction is the presence of the complex of special knowledge, allowing them to evaluate the results of each other’s work. The lack of due understanding of the abilities of a specific expert to resolve the problems relevant for proving the case leads to the need to take additional procedural actions, such as interrogation of an expert or assigning an additional expertise. This, in turn, has a negative impact upon the length of the judicial procedures on the case. Solution of this problem may be found in closer cooperation between the experts (specialists) and initiators of an expertise, holding preliminary consultations during which one may clarify the goals of the parties, the type of the expertise, competence of an expert, the list of objects for expertise, information related to assigning this expertise, and the prospective use of its results.

Keywords: portrait expertise, habitoscopy, special knowledge, forensic studies, interaction, expert opinion, consultation of a specialist, video image, type of expert, object, studies.

Abstract: The article includes analysis of specific features of formation and development of the judicial accounting expertise in the USA and in Canada at the turn of XX century. The author describes most valuable precedents, which facilitated the development of judicial accounting expertise; he also provides examples of successful work of judicial experts — accountants, thanks to whom many socially resonant crimes were solved. Attention is brought to the growing value of educational programs on directions for the judicial accounting expertise.

Keywords: jurisprudence, expertise, judicial accounting expertise, judicial accounting expertise in Canada, the USA, uncovering financial contrivances, educational programs on judicial expertise, economic crime, theft of funds, association of certified experts, fictitious accounting.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the topical problems of procedural regulation of opinion of a specialist as evidence. Due to the introduction of substantiation into the inquiry, the status of opinion of specialist based upon the studies within the procedure of inquiry on reported crime becomes higher. The results of the study by a specialist are in fact recognized as equal to the expert opinion.

Keywords: jurisprudence, special knowledge, judicial expertise, forensic studies, special knowledge, judicial expertise, inquiry on crimes, specialist, operational and investigation activity, samples for the comparative study, opinion of a specialist, testimony of a specialist.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the studies of the forensic characteristics of types of crime. The results of the study showed that an object of crime is one of the key issues for its forensic characteristics, and the model of crime should be based upon it. That is why, the article includes analysis of just some crimes of this type, which are united by a common object, that is - by the water biological resources, such as certain types of trepang (Apostichopus japonicu) and scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis, Swiftopecten swifti). The article uncovers the correlations, dependencies and patterns in the elements of forensic characteristics of crimes, such as the object of crime, the immediate object of crime, personality of a criminal, conditions, method of crime, the traces, which form the structural elements of a crime.

Keywords: jurisprudence, forensic studies, characteristic, procurement, biological resources, method, traces, conditions, personality.

Abstract: The article Is devoted to the problems of procedural legal regulation of the main and additional, primary and repeated, commission and complex expertise. The differences in the norms of the procedural (administrative, arbitration, civil, criminal) legislation allow one to say that the unification of the legal regulation of the institution of the judicial expertise is not finished in spite of its integrated nature. It is noted that the integrated nature of the judicial expertise should not depend on the type of process, within which it takes place. The author also evaluates the issue on the introduction into the procedural legislation of the provision on the one-person complex expertise by a person, possessing the necessary specialized knowledge. The author offers the specific formulae, which need to be introduced into the procedural laws, and the Art. 201 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation in particular.

Keywords: jurisprudence, classification, judicial expertise, main expertise, additional expertise, primary expertise, repeated expertise, commission expertise, complex expertise, complex study.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the specific features of the opposition of organizers and leaders of the criminal associations in the process of their formation. The author provides classification of the criminal associations depending on the criminal status of their leaders, and the author also shows how they influence the choice of means and methods of organization, structure and formation of activities of the criminal association at the stage of its formation, as well as choice of means and methods for the opposition in the activities of the criminal associations. In order to fight the organized criminal activities and their leaders efficiently the lawenforcement bodies should have this knowledge and use this in their practice.

Keywords: jurisprudence, organizer, leader, criminal associations, opposition, organization of the criminal association, types of criminal associations, means of opposition, criminal status, law-enforcement bodies.