Abstract: The object of studies in this article includes normative legal acts regulating the issues of financing the activities of the budgetary institutions and responsibility for the improper use of budgetary resources, financial legal definitions reflecting the most significant matters and forms regarding the provided budgetary funds for the budgetary institutions in the conditions of changes in the mechanism of their financing due to the ongoing reforms on the improvement of the legal status of state (municipal) institutions of the Russian Federation. Additionally, the range of studies includes the practice of the interpretation of the financial legal terms “budget funds” in the legislative acts of the CIS states. Combination of comparative legal and formal legal methods of studies has allowed to substantiate the need to define the term “budget funds” and to interpret it according to the position of the author. Scientific novelty of the article is due to the fact that for the first time the need to provide a definition of “budget funds” within the framework of financing the activities of the budgetary institutions of the Russian Federation is substantiated. The scientific grounds for the need to provide for the definition of “budget funds” in the Budget Code of the Russian Federation and the attempt of its interpretation by the author in the modern conditions has an important meaning for the legal practice on responsibility for the misuse of budget funds.

Keywords: budget funds, budget institution, misuse, budget process, financing, types of subsidies, target subsidies, budget investments, personal account, responsibility.

Abstract: Russia joining the World Trade Organization (hereinafter, the WTO), integration of the Russian business into the global economy requires the need to study and use the universal business language, which is understood by the whole world: the International Accounting Standards. The practice of application of the international financial reporting standards shows that they allow to guarantee the maximum usefulness of financial reporting for a wide range of users, allowing to cover the sufficient amount of financial information for all of the participants within a market. The article concerns the main legal difficulties and problems, which appeared when the IAC were introduced into the Russian practice, and it is noted, that when introducing the IAC into the Russian practice one should take into account some differences between the IAC and the Russian accounting standards. It is substantiated that use of the principle of priority of contents over the form is one of the important differences.

Keywords: IAS, IAS, financial reporting, Accounting Regulations, normative regulation, consolidated reporting, the Central Bank, the Ministry of Finances, financial reporting, National organization for Financial Accounting and Reporting Standards Foundation.

Abstract: The article concerns the system of legal regulation of efficiency of budget expenditures in the framework of goal-oriented budgeting, substantiation of priorities and expected results through calculation of their efficiency, principles of financing autonomous, budgetary and fiscal institutions, facilitating goal-oriented and efficient use of budgetary funds, program method of planning of financial activities, issues of improvement of the legislation of state and municipal purchases, legal regime for the formation of a sustainable financial basis for the implementation of expenditure obligations based upon the modern principles of efficient management of state and municipal finances, as well as normative acts, scientific works and norms of foreign legislation, regulating analogous relation, the methods used include combination of general scientific and specific methods for the cognition of legal reality. In the process of scientific study the author used methods of analysis and synthesis, systemic structural and systemic legal analysis, as well as a dialectic method. The scientific novelty concerns the study of efficiency of budget expenditures within the framework of goal-oriented budgeting, as one of the methods for the more efficient expenditures. It is established that the spending are connected to the programs, services, types of activities and their results. The author singles out general and specific principles for the financing of budgetary, fiscal and autonomous institutions. It is proven that provision of inter-budgetary transfers guarantees implementation of a unified budgetary policy, while the subsidies serve as one of the forms of state support, stimulating the activities of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation in the sphere of development of regional economies and social structures, involvement of the federal budget funds in the priority directions for the investment spending, facilitating the regional development according to the priority directions of state support. Improvement of the quality of state services is implemented through the mechanism of delegation of federal spheres of competence to the level of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation with the provision of subventions as financial guarantees for the said competences.

Keywords: budget, budgetary system of the Russian Federation, expenditures, expense obligation, efficiency, budgeting, efficiency, public services, inter-budgetary transfers, program targeted method.

Abstract: The article concerns one of the most interesting types of the institution of tax law – limitation period for collection of tax debt. It should be noted that this term and definition are not used in the current legislation on taxes and levies, and it is doctrinal (this is the concept of the author of this article). Their nature provides that one type of tax law period of limitation unites several tax payments: tax arrears, fine, and penalty, having different legal nature, but being closely connected within the framework of one institution with both the general elements of tax law limitation period and specific features of this type. The studies of the norms regulating the period of limitation for tax arrears shows a large quantity of problem, most of which are specifically related to the legal regulation of relations in this sphere. The methodological basis for the article included systemic and analytic-synthetic approaches towards the analysis of the Russian tax legislation, judicial practice and other sources of law. It also should be noted that the study took place based upon the latest achievements of the general theory of law in this sphere, allowing to analyze the norms of tax law through the doctrinal prism. The study allows one to see that formation and multiplicity of the existing problems is due to a number of factors, the main of them being the lack of clear legislative strategy for its legal regulation in this sphere. It is clearly shown in the article that in spite of their positive features amendments and changes in the tax legislation in this sphere are chaotic, as a result some positive norms are excluded, contradictions and ambiguities appear, and there are gaps and excessive regulation. These problems have a significant influence upon the correct understanding of a united institution, causing numerous judicial disputes, contradictory interpretations, which follow each other, judicial mistakes, and the rights and lawful interests of taxpayers and other participants of tax relations are being violated. At the same time the science of financial law currently does not provide adequate research on these issues, which could have allowed to give answers to the above-mentioned questions. That is why, this is a topical study, since in addition to the critical evaluation of problems, it also includes propositions, allowing to solve the problems at another quality level, using systemic and complex approach towards the legal regulation of social relations in this sphere, which would reflect the concept of tax law limitation period, when the legislation would provide clear and consistent provisions for all of the necessary elements and characteristic features of this legal institution.

Keywords: tax law limitation period, type, tax indebtedness, collection, tax in arrears, fine, penalty, general limitation period, special limitation period, legal consequences.

Abstract: The article contains evaluation and comparative analysis of the elements in the taxation mechanisms in the Western European states, mostly, in the Great Britain and in Germany. The author singles out the main approaches towards taxation of immovable property, considering that their application in the Russian Federation shall facilitate formation of a more efficient legal system. In the Great Britain the immovable property tax is mostly a local tax, and it plays a significant role in the formation of local budgets. The author reviews two opposing positions in the sphere of taxation of immovable property. In Germany and in Russia the property tax is paid solely by the owner, and in the Great Britain it is also paid by the tenant. In Russia there is a very complicated system of inventory evaluation for the immovable property. It is stated that understanding and definition of immovable property is generally similar in different states. From a fiscal point of view the systems of taxation in the Western Europe are much more efficient than the analogous system in Russia today. The same may be said of the structure of legal regulation for the taxation system in Russia and abroad. The author makes propositions on what should be taken into consideration for the maximum fiscal efficiency in the taxation of property of natural persons in Russia.

Keywords: state, property, local tax, municipality, immovable property, federation, natural persons, tax, taxpayer, rent.

Abstract: In this article the author provides characteristics of the procedure for the coordination of tax obligation by the analysis of the current norms of the Tax Code of Ukraine. He studies the terms such as “sum of tax”, “tax obligation”, “monetary obligation”, “tax debt”.

Keywords: tax obligation, coordination of a tax obligation, tax, sum of tax, taxation, monetary obligation, tax debt, tax code, tax relations, fines.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the institution of limitation period in tax law; the author discusses its substantive and specific features and provides his own definition of it. He also points out a number of problems regarding incomplete character, lack of clarity and stability in the legislative regulation of this institution. It is important that in spite of the attention of the lawmaker, topicality and demand for the limitation period in tax law, it did not receive due attention among the tax law scholars, leading to incorrect understanding of nature of the regulating norms in this sphere, and therefore to incorrect practical application. The methodological basis for the work was formed by systemic, analytic and synthetic approaches to the analysis of the Russian tax law, judicial practice and other sources of law. It is necessary to point out that based upon the latest achievements of general legal theory on this issue, allowing to view the norms of tax law through the prism of doctrine. As a result, the author comes to a conclusion that the limitation period in tax law has some significant features, typical of the complex interdisciplinary institution of limitation period. At the same time, the author offers to add another significant characteristic feature to the list, which is legal regulation and provisions for limitation period being provided exclusively by law. This feature Is typical of both limitation period in tax law, and in general. Attention Is paid to the fact that while limitation is a key element of limitation period, these two terms should not be confused, since limitation is a large and more complex term, including several more obligatory and interrelated elements, characterizing its nature. The article also shows that the institution of limitation in tax law includes three types and a number of sub-types, which provides directions for the further studies.

Keywords: tax law, legal institution, limitation, limitation period, substantive elements, stability, legalization, imperative character, term, violation, law.

Abstract: The object of studies includes social relations formed in the sphere of establishing and implementation of budget law liability in the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany from the standpoint of comparative legal studies. Through establishing common and specific features for these states, the author formulates the definition of budget offences. With the use of comparative method, the author establishes the differences between budget offences and other types of violations of budget legislation. Based upon the comparative legal study, the author analyzes similar problems in Russian and German legislation and searches for the optimum solutions. Based on the study the author makes the following conclusions. Both in Russia and in Germany liability for the offences in the budget sphere have a number of characteristic features typical of financial legal liability. It allows one to draw a conclusion on financial legal nature of this type of liability and to provide legal grounds for recognizing budget law liability as a type of financial legal liability. The distinction between budget offences and administrative offences may be drawn based upon the subject of the offence and procedural order for application of liability. The budget law responsibility defines the condition of the budget law subject, that is of a person, whose actions concern public finances, and who has to perform budget obligations, including public and private legal liability elements. The Budget Code of the Russian Federation should provide for a definition of budget offences and a closed list of budget offences. However, as comparative analysis has shown the definition of budget offence is absent in the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany, including special legal acts on budget. Additionally, it is necessary to exclude the existing contradictions in the different Codes on liability for violations of budget legislation.

Keywords: budget law responsibility, Germany, budget offence, sanction, comparative legal studies, the Budget Code, unauthorized use, judicial practice, budget funds, subject of an offence.

Abstract: The article is devoted to exchange of tax information as a type of international cooperation among the tax administrations, which has been successfully developing for decades. It has been used by foreign states within the framework of their treaties, and it currently becomes more popular in the Russian Federation. The author discusses all the types of information exchange, as well as benefits of each of these types. Additionally, the author provides detailed efficiency analysis for this method of international cooperation for the purpose of fighting international tax evasion. The article includes detailed analysis of banking secrecy, history of its formation and the measures taken by the international organizations against this negative phenomenon, as well as results of transparency improvement. The article gets the reader acquainted with the normative legal basis for the tax information exchange, as well as with the principles of its implementation, without which the information exchange would be Impossible. The article Includes description of successful experience of foreign tax bodies in the sphere of tax information exchange, and it also discusses the position of the Russian Federation on this issue, the author makes propositions for making this type of administrative aid more efficient, which would improve the input into the budget.

Keywords: jurisprudence, treaty, tax, evasion, banking secret, information, exchange, administration, taxpayer.

Abstract: This article includes analysis of some types of state and municipal securities, which are issued In the USA in order to finance the budget deficit, as well as some social and economic programs. The author also discusses some issues regarding the public debt in the American theory. Analysis of types of the above-mentioned financial instruments, being issued by the federal government, states, municipalities and non-governmental organizations supported by federal government has a special value within the context of evaluation of the public loans institution in the American practice, since the securitized form of public legal obligations is currently dominant in the USA. Additionally, studies of the main parameters and characteristic features of such financial instruments, taking a foreign state as an example, can serve as a basis for the further analysis of the Russian theory and practice of use of state and municipal securities as a mechanism for the attraction of loaned funds by the public bodies of various levels, as well as for the improvement of the Russian public loans market.

Keywords: state/municipal debt, state/municipal credit, securitization, state securities, municipal securities, issuing securities, debt instruments, percent, discount, financing of spendings, public debt, credit.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of one of the key legal elements of taxes: object of taxation, which is closely related to the tax object. However, the Art. 12.3 of the Tax Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan they are recognized as equal terms. Under this norm, it turns out that object of taxation and tax object are the same. This legislative ambiguity has already caused and may still cause various judicial disputes. The article includes examples of judicial cases, where the object of dispute was related to lack of clarity in defining tax object and taxation object. It should be noted that taxation object expresses the legal link between the tax object and taxpayer. And the connection of a taxpayer to an object is a legal fact. Therefore, these two terms are different. The taxation object as a legal fact appears due to the presence of certain objects (material and immaterial benefits). It is offered to amend the legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan to change the contents of terms tax object and tax subject taking into account the opinions of the author, since these are not identical terms, rather they are independent elements of tax.

Keywords: jurisprudence, problems, tax, element, object, subject, income, dividend, taxpayer, obligation.

Abstract: The article describes the possibility of use of the term «municipal unit» in Ukrainian law via adoption of the experience of Russian financial science. The author defines the characteristic features of municipal union, as provided for in the Constitution of Ukraine, and she also points out the lack of the term, which would unite them. In spite of the fact, that Ukrainian legislation uses the term «municipal self-government», one should remember that it is not possible to unite the terms «municipal self-government» and «municipal unit», since the municipal self-government is a right of territorial community, while the municipal unit is comprised by the territory and its inhabitants with their rights and interests. The author gives propositions for the possible types of municipal units in Ukraine, taking into account its administrative and territorial structure and unitary nature. The article also includes characteristics of the term «budget», as an object of budget relations, which are formed between the municipal units and the state, as well as the analysis of its material, economic, legal and political bases.

Keywords: jurisprudence, budget, categories of the term «budget», budgetary relations, subjects of law, subjects of legal relations, municipal unit, local self-government, administrative and territorial unit, local budget.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the bases for the implementation of the procedural norms of the budget law. In the process of analysis the author notes that the budget process may be characterized by the principles of the modern budget system of the Russian Federation, however, one may also single out specialized principles of the budget system, which need to be provided for legislatively. The issue of implementation of the principle of transparency (openness) of budget is quite important in this respect. The article includes the study of the Concept for the Formation and Development of an Integrated System of Management of Social Finances, which is meant to enhance transparency and accountability of the financial activities. It is noted that the principle of transparency (openness) is not fully implemented, and introduction of the system of «electronic budget» shall allow to improve efficiency of budget spending and due implementation of this principle.

Keywords: jurisprudence, budget, budget process, budget system, principles, transparency, openness, electronic budget, financial policy, spending.

Abstract: The article is concerned with means and methods of international cooperation of tax administration of the foreign states in the sphere of information exchange within the framework of the treaties on avoiding double taxation. International cooperation in the sphere of taxation is the most efficient means for the state to uphold the sovereignty of their taxation bases and to guarantee the correct distribution of rights among the Member States to the treaties, to fight double (multi-) taxation and tax evasion. International cooperation in the sphere of tax administration includes such forms, as aid in collection of taxes, simultaneous tax supervision, and tax supervision abroad. The main international legal institution, which also serves as normative legal basis for the above-mentioned types of administrative cooperation of competent tax bodies, is formed by the treaties on avoiding double taxation, which are based upon the Model Convention of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Taking into account the experience of the foreign states in the sphere of international cooperation of tax administrations, as well as the results, that have already been achieved by them and the forecasts for its future efficiency, it only seems reasonable that the Russian Federation should introduce and use these means for fighting International double taxation and tax evasion.

Keywords: jurisprudence, taxation, treaty, convention, evasion, taxpayer, information, compliance, observation, legislation, control.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the introduction of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) into the legal sphere of Russia. The author provides brief analysis of the Russian legislative acts, which were passed to regulate the process of transfer to the IFRS. The author also characterizes the value of the normative introduction of the IFRS in Russia.

Keywords: jurisprudence, IFRS, normative regulation, Accounting Regulations, provisions on accounting, financial reporting, International Financial Reporting Standards, global economic system, consolidated financial reporting, interpretations of the international standards.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the changes in the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in late years. The author provides brief analysis of goals and dynamics of the implementation of the key provisions of the IFRS in the Russian territory. She also points out some problems of legal regulation and perspectives for the further implementation of the IFRS, establishes the role of the IFRS for the Russian business, its current condition and perspectives.

Keywords: jurisprudence, the IFRS, reporting, standards, accounting standards, international, national, clarifications, council, provision.

Abstract: The new structure and mechanism for the financing of the sector of state and municipal institution, including educational institutions, is to be formed within the period from 2005 to 2014. The article is devoted to the Issue of financing education in the Russian Federation under the new Federal Law «On Education». The author singles out the key principles of state policy and legal regulation in the sphere of education. It is noted that the education Is financed with the funds of all of the levels of the budget system of the Russian Federation. The author points out the specific features of financing budgetary, autonomous and official institutions. Much attention is paid to the issues of financial guarantees for the budget and autonomous institutions in the form of subsidies for the implementation of state or municipal assignment (program). The author analyzes the provision of inter-budgetary transfers (subsidies) for the education from the federal budget in particular. The article also includes analysis of the principle of the normative per capita financing in the sphere of education, of the establishment of normative spending for the state services in the sphere of education and the budget fund allocation from the various budget levels.

Keywords: jurisprudence, education, institutions, spending, financing, normative — per capita, transfer, subsidies, budget, assignment.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problems related to the limitations of the rights of issuers within the stock issue process, taking into consideration the newest amendments into the legislation on the stock market. The author analyzes the judicial practice on some issues regarding application of legislation on the stock market issues by the territorial organs of the Federal Service on Financial Markets at the stage of the state registration of the reports on additional stock issue. The author shows the gaps in the legal regulation of some aspects regarding approval of deals, in which the party has an interest, the process of placement of securities, state registration of reports on the additional stock issue, when none of these were placed, enlargement of the capital stock of the joint stock companies with the participation of the public law institutions. The author provides ideas for the improvement of the existing legislation on securities in order to lessen the above-mentioned limitations for each of the categories regarded in this article.

Keywords: jurisprudence, shares, limitations, rights, stock issue, placement, reporting, deals, interest, affiliation.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the topical problem regarding management of the foreign national debt of Russia. The author points out that Russia lacks a goal-oriented system for the management of the foreign national debt at the level of a specific body, which may be based on the lack of similar practice in the Soviet Union. Much attention is paid to the fact that the foreign national debt management system is now being formed via the formation of the joint stock company Russian Financial Agency (RFA), which shall manage foreign and domestic state loans, that is, it shall place state securities and operate those securities in the secondary market in order to optimize the structure of the state debt portfolio.

Keywords: jurisprudence, financial law, foreign debt, budget, management, state, system, state debt, finances, debt policy.

Abstract: Implementation of the provisions of the Federal Law of May 8, 2010 n. 83-FZ “On amendments into certain legal acts of the Russian Federation due to the improvement of the legal position of the state (municipal) institutions” lead to the changes in the financing of budgetary institutions. Due to this fact, the article is devoted to the specific features of the current financing of the budgetary institutions, namely to the financing via the subsidies for the implementation of state (municipal) order. The author also analyzes and points out specific features of other types of budgetary financing, such as subsidies for other purposes and the budget investments. The author also provides comparative analysis and evaluation of these forms of budgetary financing of budgetary institutions.

Keywords: jurisprudence, budgetary institution, budgetary subsidies, budgetary investments, state assignment, financing, budget, budgetary reform, estimate cost, agreement.