Keywords: Ugolovnyi kodeks Iraka, opredelenie prestupleniya, klassifikatsiya prestuplenii, kategorii prestuplenii, vidy nakazanii, mery preduprezhdeniya, sub'ekt prestupleniya, Kurdistan

Abstract: The author analyzed the qualification of crime when the criminal law has changed. The general qualification rule is that the criminality and punishability of an act is defined by the law which was in force at the time when the crime was committed. An exception from the general rule is the rule on retroactivity of criminal law. Qualification of crimes takes place just in some cases when the criminal law changes according to the Art. 10 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. When the criminality of act is abolished or established, it is undoubtedly applicable, since in one case there shall be elements of a crime in an act, while in another case there shall be no elements of crime in an act, requiring a decision on what shall be the final qualification of a crime. The author analyzes the qualification of crimes when the law abolishing the criminality of an act, or mitigating the responsibility for an act comes into force, or when a law establishes criminality of an act or aggravates the punishment. The conclusion is made that some types of qualification of crimes in the situation when the criminal law changes, which are not regulated by law. The author provides a qualification of crimes when the punishment is partially mitigated and partially aggravated, and the cases of application of the socalled intermediary law in some cases. When the additional qualification of a crime is objectively incorrect, making the decision that the elements of crime are present (are not present) within the certain crime, while they are present or not depends on the changes in the criminal law.

Keywords: disposition of criminal law, sanction of criminal law, criminal law, changes in the criminal law, criminality of an act, the Criminal Code, the mitigating law, the aggravating law, qualification, responsibility.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of formation of the system of punishments in the first Soviet Criminal Codes (CC) The CC of RSFR of 1922 provided for a “ladder” of punishments on one hand, and the list of social protection measures on the other hand. However, the social protection measures were applied to the persons connected with the criminal environment, as well as to those who have committed crimes. In the CC of RSFR of 1926 the term punishment was abolished and the term “measures of social protection” was used instead. The said documents did not provide for the system of punishment, since the social protection measures were based upon the theory of dangerous condition of a person, and they applied to those who have committed crimes, as well as to those who were dangerous due to their connections with the criminal environment or due to their former activities. The CC of RSFR of 1960 introduced the following changes: a) it returned from the social protection measures to the definition of punishment; b) it did not include a number of political measures of punishment; c) it provided for the more detailed regulation of specific types of punishment, narrowing the scope of judicial discretion when assigning a punishment; d) it used other order for placing punishments – from the less severe to the more severe.

Keywords: formation of the system of punishments, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, elements of the system of punishments, social protection measures, types of punishments, system of punishments, problems of formation, legal protection, elements, Fundamentals of Criminal Legislation.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the functions within the component elements of crime. Within the general theory of law when the legal function was analyzed the attention of the scientists was usually centered upon its role within the system of social relations. The functions reflect the most significant, most important legal features, characterizing law in motion, reflecting its dynamic nature. Therefore, the functions of law are the main directions of legal influence, reflecting the role of law in bringing order into social relations. The definition of functions of constituent elements of a crime was for the first time used by Y.M. Brainin, who has noted that the constituent elements of crime as a criminal law institute performed two functions. M.I. Bazhanov considered that the functions of the constituent elements include fundamental, guaranteeing, distinguishing, procedural, dogmatic, qualificational, descriptive, restrictive, axiological, dogmatic and praxeological functions. The author considers that the classification provided by M.I. Bazhanov is quite acceptable with some clarifications offered by the author.

Keywords: functions, functions of law, functions of the constituent elements of crime, elements of crime, classification, functions of legal categories, qualification, criminal responsibility, bases for criminal responsibility, crime.

Abstract: The article includes analysis of the norms providing for the criminal responsibility for the violent sex crimes in the CIS states. The author views component elements of the crime of “Sodomy” in the legislation of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, providing the fundamentals for decriminalizing the voluntary sodomy of grownup persons. Then the article provides results of comparative legal studies of the norms of criminal legislation of the CIS states on responsibility for non-violent crimes against the sexual integrity of the juveniles. Based upon uniting the most successful provisions of the Criminal Codes of the CIS states, the author provides his own version of the unlawful sexual intercourse and other sexual activities with a person under 16 years of age. The analysis of the component elements of crime of “sexual abuse” showed the dependency between its objective elements and the objective elements of the crime of “Sexual intercourse or other sexual activities with a person under 16 years of age and (or) prior to sexual maturity”. The author provides detailed evaluation of age criteria for the victims and subjects of non-violent sex crimes, noting significant shortcomings and the ways to overcome them.

Keywords: non-violent sex crimes, the CIS, sodomy, sexual integrity, sexual intercourse, sexual activities, sexual abuse, sexual maturity, Lesbian, juveniles.

Abstract: The article contains analysis of the elements of the subject of destruction or harming of forests and other planted vegetation, and a proposal is made for lowering the minimum age of an offender in a crime under Art. 261 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation to 14 years old. The author studies the issues of criminal responsibility of legal entities for environmental crimes taking into account the foreign criminal legislation (in the Great Britain, the USA, Germany, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the People’s Republic of China, India, Japan, Romania, the Republic of Moldova, the Lithuanian Republic). The article supports the proposal of introduction of criminal responsibility of legal entities specifically for criminal destruction or harming of forests and other planted vegetation on a condition that this idea shall be implemented in a comprehensive procedure within the framework of the norms of the General and Specific Parts of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The criminal responsibility for the destruction or harming forest and other vegetation by the legal entities in the course of their economic activities is offered to establish in the special Art. 261.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: environmental crime, elements of a crime, forest vegetation, criminal law characteristics, subject of a crime, elements, criminal responsibility age, legal entity, economic activity, legislation of foreign states.

Abstract: The author offers analysis of criminal legislation on “hate crime” in the states within the common law (Anglo-Saxon) legal family: the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The author names the elements, based upon which the crimes are qualified as “hate crime” in the legal systems of these states: race, skin color, nationality (including citizenship), ethnical background, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, incapacity (inability to work), etc. Special attention in the legislation of these states is paid to establishing the intent of an offender and fear, worry or humiliation felt by a victim (victims) due to the encroachment against him (them). The author describes specific measures taken by legislative and executive bodies of the said states in order to fill the gaps and widen the scope of application of criminal responsibility for such crimes. The conclusion is made that generally the punishments are rather strict.

Keywords: criminal legislation of the UK, criminal legislation of the USA, xenophobic crimes, racial discrimination, hate propaganda, kindling hatred, hate crime, criminal legislation of Canada, criminal legislation of Australia, criminal legislation of New Zealand.

Abstract: The article concerns the correlation between the terms “free will” and “guilt” as a necessary part of a subjective element within the system of component elements of crime. It is stated that these terms are not synonymous. Within the framework of the relation among the subjective elements within the system of component elements of crime the author compares free will with the institutions of causing damage with no guilt (Art. 28 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter, the Criminal Code); criminal sanity, criminal insanity and related institutions (Art. 21-22 of the Criminal Code); as well as the rules on criminal responsibility of persons, who have committed crimes in the state of intoxication (Art. 23 of the Criminal Code). The article includes a critical evaluation of the legislative provisions for causing damage with no guilt in Art. 28 part. 2 of the Criminal Code due to the fact that the denying elements are regarded not as objective, but as subjective elements. The results of the theoretical studies as well as a comparative approach towards the studies of criminal responsibility of persons, who have committed crime in a state of intoxication allows the author to draw a conclusion on the need of the “projection of freedom of will” when dealing with the issues of the responsibility for such persons.

Keywords: freedom of will, subjective elements of crime, guilt, causing damage with no guilt, criminal insanity, limited sanity, state of intoxication, de facto insanity, elements of crime, presumption.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the circumstances excluding criminal responsibility for the crimes committed by the officials. The author offers to divide the encroachments by officials into groups. In the article there presented analysis of the situation, when criminal responsibility for these acts is not possible. Such situations include the situation when the true status of a subject of crime does not meet the requirements for certain elements of an official, that is why there is no complete set of elements for such a crime, which may only be committed by a special subject. Also, the circumstances excluding criminal responsibility may include acts according to an order, emergency, use of physical force, arms and special means, parliamentary indemnity, provocation for committing a crime. The author formulates the differences in the legal nature of parliamentary indemnity and immunity for the purposes of excluding criminal responsibility. Due to the latter, the author especially distinguishes the legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights. The author analyzes the current judicial practice on the issues, offering the solutions for some legal problems.

Keywords: excluding criminal responsibility, official, elements of a special subject, acting in accordance to an order, emergency, use of weapons, parliamentary indemnity, immunity, provocation for committing a crime, the European Court of Human Rights.

Abstract: The article concerns the studies of topical issues regarding implementation of criminal responsibility for abetting terrorism activities in the form of terrorism financing (Art. 205.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). In this article the author comes to a conclusion, that since terrorism financing is a type of criminal abetting, the problems of criminal responsibility for this type of crime are due to the conflicts between the norms of Art. 205.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the competing norms of criminal law. That is why in this article the author distinguishes the terrorism financing as an independent form of abetting criminal activities from other times of abetting in committing crimes in terrorism direction. The author provides examples of judicial practice illustrating difficulties regarding application of Art. 205.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in part of terrorism financing. The author of the article also formulated recommendation on resolving the problems of competition between the criminal law norms regarding qualification of acts of a person financing crimes of terrorist direction, organized group, illegal armed formation and criminal community (criminal organization).

Keywords: criminal responsibility, abetting, terrorist activities, financing, terrorism, aiding, co-participation, crime of terrorism direction, unlawful armed formation, qualification of crimes.

Abstract: The article presents analysis of the formulae of criminal and criminal procedural norms regulating application of compulsory measures of educational character (hereinafter, CMEC). The author criticizes the ambiguous character of criminal law value of these measures: 1) as substitutes for the terminated criminal responsibility; 2) as measures of criminal responsibility serving as an alternative to the punishment. It is proven that CMEC are non-punitive forms of implementation of criminal responsibility. This conclusion is supported by the following arguments: 1) the same bases apply for application of the CMEC and the criminal responsibility; 2) the inconsistency of the legislator, who allowed for the application of the CMEC at the same time with implementation of criminal responsibility and with release from it; 3) the same goals of application of CMEC and of criminal punishment; 4) presence of criminal law and criminal procedural mechanisms for the renewal of the procedure for the other types of responsibility of a juvenile offender; 5) with the results of the studies of other authors; 6) by the narrow approach towards the object of criminal law regulation, excluding the need for the criminal law to cover other means not related to criminal responsibility. The author formulates propositions for the amendments into Art. 90 p.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Art. 427 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation, which shall allow for the following: a) regulating the application of the CMEC as criminal responsibility measures; b) keeping the possibility of their use at the stage before the condemnatory judgment of a court; c) providing for a guarantee of return to the issue of application of criminal responsibility of a juvenile fails to comply to the requirements.

Keywords: compulsory measures of educational character; criminal responsibility of juveniles, release from responsibility; termination of criminal prosecution; object of criminal law, alternative to criminal responsibility, alternative to criminal punishment, condemnatory judgment for a juvenile, means of criminal law, release from punishment.

Abstract: The author studies specific problems of legislative regulation of imaginary defense in criminal law of Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter, the CIS). The author established that there are three main approaches towards its regulation in the legislations of the CIS Member States depending on the type and extent of its regulation. The first approach provides for regulation of the imaginary defense with the general norms of criminal law; the second approach is to regulate imaginary defense with the norms on mistakes in the sphere of circumstances, excluding criminality of an act; the third approach is to regulate imaginary defense with special norms. The author made a conclusion that none of the existing approaches to the regulation of imaginary defense in the criminal law of the Member States of the CIS may be unilaterally accepted as a model for unification of such regulation. The most preferable type of regulation unification by the CIS Member States is systemic use of positive features of all three of these approaches, namely, adoption of norms on causing harm in the absence of guilt (casus); norms on mistakes regarding circumstances, excluding criminality of an act; as well as the specific norms on imaginary defense. In order to achieve complete and systemic regulation of imaginary defense in the criminal law of the CIS Member States, it is also necessary to amend their criminal legislation with the norms on mistakes, including them in the General Parts of criminal codes. Additionally, specific norms on imaginary defense should also be amended.

Keywords: imaginary defense, types of imaginary defense, regulation of imaginary defense, unification of imaginary defense, causing damage without guilt, casus, mistake, mistake in facts, mistake in circumstances, necessary defense.

Abstract: The novel criminal legislation of Ukraine provides for criminal responsibility for the crimes against e lection a nd r eferendum r ights o f p eople, a nd i t w as o ften a mended d ue t o v arious s ocial, political and legal reasons. However, its characteristic feature compared to other post-Soviet states was and still is use of the legal constructions of “act which influenced the results of the voting of electors in an electoral precinct or district” and the “act causing inability to establish the will of the electors in a electoral precinct or in elections (referendum)”. However, the amount of attention to these constructions in the science of Ukrainian criminal law is not sufficient. Their subject-structure analysis allows to consider both of these constructions stillborn and unviable. The reason for it lays in contradictions between the provisions of criminal and election (referendum) law of Ukraine, which traditionally fall outside the scope of attention of the legal scholars specializing in criminal law.

Keywords: elections, referendum, results of the election, election precinct, voting, criminal responsibility, legal construction, crime, elector register, election rights.

Abstract: The article is devoted to a topical problem of defining the structure of property damage as a criminal consequence. The existing complications are due to the fact that there is no unified approach in the general theory of criminal law towards this matter, and the scholars provide varying descriptions of structure of such consequences even within a single type of crime. The said ambiguity influence the clarity of legal fixation of elements of crime in criminal law, and it causes judicial mistakes, violating the lawful right of victims for the full compensation of property damage caused by a crime. The article provides analysis of various positions on defining the structure of property damage; she singles out the key features, allowing to distinguish the property damage structure in criminal law from loss and damage in civil law. The author formulates the conclusions, which may be of help to legal practitioners for the purposes of guaranteeing lawfulness when classification certain crimes and compensating damage to property of a victim caused by a criminal act.

Keywords: structure of damage, property damage, damage, criminal behavior, crime, compensation of harm, classification of crimes, loss, damage, additional losses.

Abstract: The article is devoted to customary international law as a source of Russian criminal law. The author analyzes the issue of whether the norms of international customary law may be used as crime-forming elements in the crime of use of prohibited means and methods of waging war. Based upon the study of history of the issue and international practice («the Martens clause», practice of international tribunals, norms of international humanitarian law, practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the European Court of Human Rights) the author formulates the criteria for such use. In the opinion of the author, it is acceptable to establish contents of criminal legal prohibition via the norms of international customary law, which are included into the sphere of conventionally prohibited behavior through the «Martens clause», on a condition that the obvious unlawfulness of the behavior was understood by a person at the moment when the crime was being committed. At the same time it shall inevitably be decided ad hoc, and the national courts shall have to face complicated issues of establishing the contents of norms of international customary law.

Keywords: customary international law, elements of crime, crime, source of criminal law, act, disposition, foresight of criminal nature of behavior, international treaty, criminal law, lawfulness principle.

Abstract: The motive of hatred or enmity is used in several meanings. Hovewer, neither the Criminal Code (both the of the Russian Federation, and of the RSFSR), nor the Decrees of the Plenum of the Supreme Court N. 11 of June 28, 2011 «On judicial practice on extremist crimes» provide for its contents. The article contains evaluation of the terms «behavior motive», «crime motive», «incentive», «interest». The author pays special attention to the motive of national (ethnical), racial, or religious hatred and enmity (discord). The author analyzes some specific issues regarding qualification of crimes committed due to the motives of racial, national, or religious hatred or enmity. He concludes that these motives should not be united with other motives, and should be recognized as Independent qualifying elements in specific crimes (as it is provided for in international law and in legislation of most foreign states). Additionally, he sustains that the proposition to exclude these motives from the list of aggravating circumstances is untimely.

Keywords: criminal legislation, behavior motive, crime motive, criminal legal value of motive, extremist crime, enticement, hatred, enmity, discord, qualification of crimes.

Abstract: The article contains analysis of the term «target of crime» within the context of the «laundering» money and other criminally obtained valuables under Art. 174 and 174.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation taking into account the new version of the criminal law of 2013. The author evaluates scholarly opinions and judicial practice as to interpretation of this term. She studies the term «property» in its correlation with its meaning in civil law, as well as other civil rights objects, as objects of «laundering». The author also analyzes various points of view as to the amendments into the legislatively provided «laundering» target definition, taking into account international provisions and foreign scholarly writings. The author offers to regard target of this crime as property, works, services, and copyright. However, due to the complicated legal construction of these articles, it is preferable to include into them the reference to «proprietary values» and add a commentary to Art. 174 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: laundering, legalization, target of crime, property, proprietary values, copyright, petty daily transactions, works (services), monetary funds, securities.

Abstract: The article deals with the topical issues regarding difficulties appearing in legal practice of investigating crimes of malicious evasion from alimony payment for children in accordance with a court decision. Based upon analysis of specific court cases on Art. 157 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the author attempts to generalize the judicial practice in order to develop a unified approach towards the definition of "malicious evasion from alimony payment for children". The article provides arguments in favor of amending the criminal and family legislation.

Keywords: jurisprudence, crime, evasion, malicious, alimony, money for sustenance, underage children, criminal law, responsibility, judicial practice.

Abstract: This article is devoted to analysis of criminal law measures in the legislation of states belonging to the families of traditional (community) law states (The People’s Republic of China, The Republic of Korea, Japan) and religious law state (the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Republic of Afghanistan, Turkey). The article includes analysis of criminal legal measures, based upon the examples of the Criminal Code of the People’s Republic of China of 1979, the Criminal Code of the Republic of Korea of 1953, the Criminal Code of Japan of 1907 (ed. 1995), The Law on Islamic Criminal Punishments of the Islamic Republic of Iran of 1991, the Criminal Code (the Law on Punishments) of the Republic of Afghanistan of 1976, and the Criminal Code of Turkey of 2004. The author comes to a conclusion that punishments dominate as criminal law measures. The Criminal Code of the People’s Republic of China also provides for the criminal responsibility of legal entities.

Keywords: jurisprudence, criminal law measures, punishments, foreign law, legal family of traditional law, legal family of religious law, criminal law of states, confiscation of property, announcement of the sentence, deprivation of freedom.

Abstract: The article includes analysis of the definition of water biological resources and related terms based upon the norms of international law and criminal legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as criminal law prohibition of the encroachments upon the water biological resources and means of their protection. The author evaluates positive and negative features of the legal norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which are directly or indirectly aimed at the protection of water biological resources. She also describes the definition of the place of crime typical for specific crimes, and she pays attention to the legal status of an environment. The author then offers to accept a uniform term for the objects of criminal law protection.

Keywords: jurisprudence, criminal law, international legal acts, water biological resources, criminal law prohibition, biological variety, environment, marine animals, water area.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the experience of criminalization of hijacking and seizure of aircrafts and vessels for water transportation. The author held a comparatively legal study of foreign legislation in order to uncover differences and similarities in criminal legal regulation of responsibility for the criminal acts in question in order to find the possible landmarks for the amendments to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Analysis of the provisions of criminal legislation of foreign states has shown the following: 1. Many states have in their criminal legislation provisions on responsibility for hijacking and seizure of aircrafts and vessels; 2) The norms of foreign legislations, which are similar to the norm of Art. 211 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, are present in most states, and their provisions are mostly identical with some insignificant differences as to objective and subjective elements; 3) Existing differences are due to national legislative traditions and requirements of correlation between criminal legal regulation and other circumstances regarding legislative techniques.

Keywords: jurisprudence, criminal law, hijacking, seizure, vessel, aircraft, ship, transportation, security, crimes.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the legal force of decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on the issues of criminal law. The author supports the position that legal force of legal acts of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine is based upon the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, and the legal positions as enshrined in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine have material legal force, precedent character and they are sources of law, criminal law included.

Keywords: jurisprudence, criminal law, decisions, legal force, legal positions, constitutional court, source of law, force of law, precedent, the Constitution of Ukraine.

Abstract: The article provides for a complex character of the institution of release with application of compulsory measures of educational nature, which in the opinion of the author combines four types of measures of criminal influence: punishment, encouragement, security and restoration. The authors make propositions on the improvement of the existing criminal legislation via abolishment of the of release with application of compulsory measures of educational nature, and, specifically, to exclude the «warning» from the list of limitations and special requirements, and include in this list the following measures: «to take the social psychological training course», «mediation procedure», prohibition of «contacts with certain persons», «visiting certain places», make the list closed.

Keywords: jurisprudence, release, punishment, security, restoration, encouragement, mediation, training, limitations, complex.

Abstract: The author studies the process of conditions, motives and bases for the detention of the crime suspect. Much attention is paid to the issue of the use of the information gained through the operative Investigation activities, as the basis for the detention of the suspect criminal. The author of the article considers that an investigator, the inquirer, the inquiring body, who gained such sources of Information, have a right to view this information as «other data», as provided for p. 2 of Art. 91 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation. And if there are some additional conditions under this article, the detention may be lawful only when obligatory requirements are followed.

Keywords: jurisprudence, detention, suspect, conditions, motives, conditions, bases, operative investigation events, other data, factual data, sources of information.

Abstract: In modern Russia the role of labor-based punishments is currently growing. This fact can be explained by the general tendency of greater application of alternative types of punishments not concerning deprivation of freedom (imprisonment), as well as by the greater representation of labor-based punishments within the system of punishments. In order to establish and apply this type of punishment one needs to study the issues of lawfulness of forced labor and limits to its application. Defining the criteria for distinguishing forced labor and slave labor, as well as similar social matters, is necessary in order to duly qualify the crime of use of slave labor (Art. 127.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The authors of the article distinguish between the legislatively allowed and prohibited forced labor. The state has no right to use forced labor with elements of slave labor or to force to work. Enslavement of a person and use of the slave work of a person, who cannot refuse to perform the work (service) without risk to his natural rights, presupposes forced labor. The problem of correlation of forced labor and slavery was also brought to the attention of the researchers due to the new type of punishment in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which is compulsory labor. This punishment may be regarded as a modification of slave labor.

Keywords: jurisprudence, punishment, forced, labor, correlation, obligatory, slave, crime, qualification, slavery.

Abstract: The author views the issues of strengthening the legal responsibility for the crimes related to the undue performance of obligations on protection of weapons, ammunition, explosive substances and devices. The author analyzes the MIA of Russia statistics, as well as data from the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Investigation Committee of the Russian Federation on the practice of application of the Art. 225, 342, 344 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Then he makes proposals for the strengthening responsibility for such acts and unification of punishments for them.

Keywords: jurisprudence, responsibility, criminal, weapon, ammunition, storage, punishment, subject, utilization, crime.

Abstract: This article is devoted to the problem of quality of amendments and additions to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which are evaluated by the author from the standpoint of efficiency of their application in fighting crime. The article provides critical analysis of legislative activities in the sphere of criminal law norms in the latest decade. The author provides proposals for the optimization of the law-making activities on amendments and additions to the Russian criminal legislation. The author also offers specific criteria for the activities of legislator on introduction of quality-related changes into the text of criminal law and to practical implementation of such provisions. Much attention is paid to the problem of correlation of legislative and law-enforcement aspects, and to the need to balance these aspects in the process of interference into the sphere of criminal legal influence.

Keywords: jurisprudence, changes, amendments, optimization, criminal law, efficiency, operative interference, improvement, the basic idea, legal conscience.

Keywords: Mezhdunarodnoe ugolovnoe, implementatsiya, ratifikatsiya, mezhdunarodnye prestupleniya, prestupleniya mezhdunarodnogo kharaktera, konventsionnye prestupleniya.

Keywords: obespechenie, prestupleniya protiv poryadka upravleniya, prestupleniya protiv pravosudiya

Keywords: Souchastie v prestuplenii, pokushenie na prestuplenie, ischislenie srokov nakazaniya, organizator prestupleniya.

Keywords: voennye prestupleniya, vysshie gosudarstvennye dolzhnostnye litsa, Rimskii statut MUS.

Keywords: Otgranichenie, unichtozhenie, povrezhdenie, les, nasazhdeniya, ekologicheskie prestupleniya, Ugolovnyi kodeks, okruzhayushchaya sreda.

Keywords: Souchastie v prestuplenii, fizicheskoe prinuzhdenie