Keywords: Evropeiskii Soyuz, Ustav OON, mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, printsipy mezhdunarodnogo prava, mezhdunarodnoe pravo, samoopredelenie narodov, gosudarstvennyi suverenitet

Abstract: The article “Specialized bodies of the European Union in the sphere of customer protection” is devoted to the analysis of the activities of the institutions and bodies of the European Union in the sphere of customer protection. In this article the author analyzes the activities of the institutions of the European Union: the European Commission, the European Parliament, and the Council, which are aimed at the implementation of the competence of the European Union in the sphere of customer protection. Within each of these institutions, the author singles out the structural divisions, which are responsible for the implementation of competence of the EU in the sphere of customer protection, analyzing their legal status and the range of their competence. The author also includes brief analysis of the activities of institutions and bodies of the European Union within the framework of comitology. In addition to the activities of the institutions and their structural divisions the article includes analysis of the bodies of the European Union bodies: ECOSOC, the European Food Safety Authority. The author provides analysis of the activities of the EU bodies and institutions, implementing the competence of the EU in the sphere of consumer protection. Finally, the author draws a conclusion on the presence of the developed system of institutions and bodies implementing the competence of the European Union in the sphere of customer protection and on the combination of legislative norms regulating activities and institutions of the EU in the sphere of customer protection.

Keywords: customer protection, the EU law, institutions, bodies, the European Commission, General Directorate, customer, competence, comitology, executive agency.

Abstract: The article concerns the practice of the European Commission and the Court of Justice of the EU on implementation of the “Energy Package” (mainly, the Third Energy Package) in order to point out the primary role of the Commission and the Court of Justice of the EU in the formation of the united energy market of the EU at its final stage. The author aims to show how the Commission in close cooperation with the Court of Justice of the EU uses the coercive means towards states and companies so that they fulfill their obligations in the power industry sphere. The author provides detailed descriptions of the number of cases against energy companies or the EU Member States, which were initiated by the Commission, and some of them made it into the Court of Justice. The conclusion is drawn that it is the strict approach of the European Commission and principal position of the Court of Justice of the EU in the sphere of interpretation of the provisions of the EU legislation in the sphere of power industry that guarantee the success of the formula for the formation of the internal energy market of the EU in 2014.

Keywords: the European Union, TEP, implementation, competition, energy market, the European Commission, the Third Energy Package, liberalization, the EU Member States, the energy companies.

Abstract: The European policy of good neighborliness relations is the special system of formation of international relations between the EU and the third party states, which is an inalienable part of the foreign policy of the EU. The legal basis for the EU policy of good neighborliness is formed by the so-called “hybrid agreements”, which are concluded by the EU and the third party states. The said “hybrid agreements” have direct influence upon the legal systems of both the EU and the third party state. Based on the above, the Court of Justice of the EU has recognized them as inalienable part of the legal system of the EU. The methodological basis for the studies was formed with both the general scientific methods for the cognition of the objective reality and the special methods and means, characteristic for the legal sciences: dialectic, historical, structural – legal, logical deduction and induction, systemic approach, etc. There was also need for the special legal cognition methods, including comparative legal method, method of strategic evaluation, structural legal method and statistical method. The scientific novelty and the conclusions of the article represent an attempt to systematize and analyze the experience of the EU in the sphere of formation, regulation and keeping a specific type of relationship with the Republic of Belarus. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the legal provisions for the competence of the EU in the sphere of external activities toward the third party states, the main directions of the regulation in this sphere. The novelty of the work is reflected in the attempt of the author to uncover the existing shortcomings of the normative legal basis regulating the relations between the EU and the Republic of Belarus.

Keywords: the European Union, the international relations, good neighborliness policy, hybrid agreement, the EU Treaty, the Eastern Partnership, the Republic of Belarus, the Third Party States, state, law.

Abstract: The goal of the article is to describe historical legal aspects of development of the European space policy. The historical legal aspect of the European space policy includes four stages of development: 1) 1950s – 1964 when the national space programs of the Western European states were formed; 2) 1964- 2003 when the unified European bodies for the space purposes were formed; 3) 2003-2007 when the relations between the European Union and the European Space Agency; 4) 2007 till current period, when the “new European space policy “was formed within the framework of the Lisbon treaty. It should be noted that the Lisbon treaty played a key role in the development of the European space policy, distinguishing it as a separate sphere. The persistent characteristic feature of the European space policy is its direction at the civilian aspects of studies and use of space, and it is only in the late years, when the European space policy started directing more attention towards the guarantees of international and regional security. In the last sixty years there was a colossal development of the European space policy: from the development of space activities at the national level in the Western European states to the formation of the European organization with the special competence in the sphere of study and use of space, which currently holds leading positions in the world, and the ESA has a goal to become an EU agency in the future.

Keywords: the European Union, the European Space Agency, the European Space Policy, the European space law, the Lisbon Treaty, the stages of development, evolution, the ESA, the EU, the ESA and the Russian Federation

Abstract: This study is devoted to the evolution of normative provisions in the sphere of recognition and enforcement of judicial decisions on civil cases, as developed in the European Union, which is an integration organization of 28 European states. From the methodological standpoint, this article uses dialectic method, historic legal and comparative legal methods based upon a systemic approach. The scientific novelty of the study is defined by the fact that currently the EU has a broad competence in the sphere of cooperation of judicial bodies of the Member States in civil, trade and family cases, as well as in the issues of unification of civil procedural norms, as provided for by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union among the provisions on the formation of the territory of freedom, security and justice based upon the goals provided for by the paragraph 2 of the Art. 3 of the European Union Treaty. The conclusions are the following. The modern mechanism of judicial protection in civil cases in the EU passed several evolutionary stages in its development. At the first stage, which took place in 1960s the European Communities employed solely international legal means for harmonizing the legislation of the Member States in the sphere of jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judicial decision. The second stage of development of judicial protection mechanism in the civil cases at the European level started when the Amsterdam Treaty of 1999 came into force, and it is notable for the change in the legal instruments employed by the European Union. It was a period of a substantive reform of the very legal basis for the system of recognition and enforcement of judicial decisions at the European level. In 2000 the Brussels Convention I was substituted for the Brussels Regulation I. Finally, the modern stage of development of the mechanism of judicial protection in the civil cases in the European law is characterized with the development of the system based upon the combination of international legal and European legal instruments for the harmonization of civil procedural law of the Member States. The Lugano Convention (by the Lugano Convention II) and the Brussels Regulation I (Regulation N. 44/2001).

Keywords: the European Union, civil judicial procedure, harmonization, law, Brussels Regulation I, evolution, the EU, the Brussels Convention I, freedom, security, justice, the Lugano Convention II.

Abstract: The article on definition of “consumer” in the European Union law concerns analysis of legal norms, judicial practice and legal doctrine concerning this issue. The author provides analysis of a historic aspect of formation of the term “customer” in the EU law. The author then points out plurality of definitions of “customer” in the legislations of the EU, as well as the use of similar terms, such as “passenger”, “patient”. The article analyzes characteristic features of a customer and customer deals, provides examples of the practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which influenced the formation of the term “customer” and classification of customer deals. The author also analyzes the differences in the approaches towards the term “customer” in the national legislations of the EU Member States and in the supranational legislation of the European Union. Finally, the author draws a conclusion on the substantial elements of the term “customer” in the EU law and customer deals in the law of the EU.

Keywords: customer protection, customer deal, customer, passenger, patient, the law of the European Union, Directive, buyer, the Court of Justice of the European Union, physical person.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of legal status of a unique military formation, which was formed on a bilateral basis by two largest EU Member States — the Franco-German Brigade. The author discusses the general patterns of legal regulation of bilateral integration of the modern states in military and other spheres, historical prerequisites and stages of Franco-German military cooperation, order of formation and functioning of the Franco-German brigade, its inner structure and mechanism of its use in peace-making and other military operations.

Keywords: jurisprudence, integration, national security, the European Union, military construction, the Franco- German Brigade, NATO, defense, the Eurocorps, military cooperation.

Abstract: The article includes analysis of the organization mechanism of the EU military operation, which is regarded as a guaranteeing mechanism for the security of the EU Member States. The NATO mechanism or the military staff of the «framework nation» (of one of the Member States) are often used. The authors provide detailed analysis of the EU Military Committee and the EU Military Staff, the system of rapid reaction force. The authors also provide detailed analysis of the novel features of control over military operations after the Lisbon Treaty, as well as of the components of the personal status of the military personnel. Then the authors draw conclusions on specific features of organization of military operations In the EU.

Keywords: jurisprudence, national security, organization mechanism, military operations, contingent management, the NATO mechanisms, the framework nation, the EU Military Staff, the status of the armed forces, tactical groups.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the legal bases of Integration of military police forces of the EU states (the national gendarmerie forces), which resulted In the European Gendarmerie Forces. The article Includes analysis of the historical prerequisites, stages of formation of the EGF and their current legal status, which Is based on the Treaty establishing the EGF of October 18, 2007, which came into force on June 1, 2012. Much attention is paid to the inner structure of the EGF, the order of their use for the peace-making operation, as well as interactions between the EGF and the EU, and other universal and regional international organizations.

Keywords: jurisprudence, national security, European integration, the European Union, the gendarmerie, the peace-making, the common foreign policy and the EU security policy, army, police, the International Non- Governmental Organizations.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the Common Security and Defense Policy of the European Union, which gains more and more standing lately. Its goal is to present this policy in an objective and contemporary way in the light of the amendments by the Lisbon Treaty, which came into force in the end of 2009. It shows the newest processes in the sphere of military and political integration in the EU, which are too often left outside the scope of scientific studies. The authors evaluate the gradual formation of the united defense system in the EU. They study the specific directions of military and political cooperation of the EU Member States, their goals and mechanisms of legal regulation. They show the ways and means for the dispute resolution and crisis management, application of military potential and the use of the so-called «soft force» by the EU. The article also concerns the treaties among the EU Member States in this sphere, formation of the tactical groups and activities of various missions. The analysis of civil operation in addition to military abilities of the EU is also of interest for the authors of this article.

Keywords: jurisprudence, national security, CSDP, strategy, crisis situations, regulation, tactical group, civil operation, military potentials, Petersberg Tasks.