Abstract: The article presents brief scientific analysis and conclusions on the history of the phenomena of regional law, which were expressed in the unions of state-like formations of Antiquity. Normative regulators of the polices, city states and their unions at the times of Antiquity gained qualities, elements and specific features of regional and federal elements of federations (confederations) as phenomena in legal systems.

Keywords: jurisprudence, regional law, federal law, federative law, federation, constituent subjects of the federation, city states, state-like formations, objects of competence, legal system.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the source studies, history of town-planning policy, the author reconstructs the process and chronological order of systematization of normative sources for the town-planning activities. The author analyzes the objects of competence, form, elements and the system-forming characteristic features of historical legal documents (level of their codification, legal techniques), which regulate various aspects of town-planning activities in accordance with the accepted typology of town-planning objects: housing units, public buildings, official buildings, industrial, rural and city buildings and constructions. The author comes to a conclusion that the codified normative sources (Ustavs, the large Decrees by the Emperor and the Senate) in the Russian Empire formed the basis for the town-planning policy. The article highlights the analysis of the normative acts of XIX century (such as the Fire Ustav, The Social Support Ustav, Rules on Formation of Public Settlements, etc) which were previously studied less scrupulously than the main normative document — the Building Ustav. The author singles out the main characteristic features of normative regulation of the town-planning activity — the legal idealism.

Keywords: jurisprudence, town-planning, source studies, codification, systematization, politics, legislation, Ustav, construction, urbanistics.

Abstract: The article deals with the topical issues of legal regulation of tea trade. Based on the studies of the archive documents and analysis of the normative legal documents of the Russian Empire in late XIX and early XX centuries, the author shows the formation of the mechanism of legal regulation against contraband and falsification of the imported graded tea, which entered the turnover and the special place which the bundling held in this procedure. The author shows the historic peculiarities of the Russian trade legislation and careful step-by-step legal measures.

Keywords: jurisprudence, tea, packet, packaging, supervision, trader, circular, law, falsification, trade.

Abstract: The article includes specific propositions for the improvement of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation «On the Protection of the Rights of Customers», which is based upon the need for the guarantees of legal balance between the interests of the entrepreneurs and the customers. The results are practically applicable, and they are aimed to improve the efficiency the civil law regulation of protection of the rights of customers. Their future applications shall facilitate the further improvement of the legal mechanism for the civil law protection of rights of customers. The conclusions on the need to introduce changes and amendments are based on the existing legislation and its practical application, as well as the results of theoretical studies. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the Decree of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of June 28, 2012 n. 17 «On Judicial Consideration of the Civil Cases on Disputes on Protection of Rights of Customers». As part of amendments to the Federal Law «On the Protection of the Rights of Customers» the author offers to change the definitions of «customer» and «fundamental defect of goods» in order to guarantee the optimal protection of customers and stimulation of sellers (producers, renderers of services) for the voluntary fulfillment of the claims of the customers. It is also reasonable to establish the maximal amount of the penalties to the contract price in cases regarding insufficient quality of goods (works, services). It is also reasonable to introduce into the Federal Law «On the Protection of the Rights of Customers» new articles on the mandatory presentation of a claim to a debtor before instituting an action in the court, and on pre-trial expertise of quality of goods (works), and responsibility of customers.

Keywords: jurisprudence, customer, protection, rights, pre-trial claim, modernization, improvement, court, penalty, responsibility.

Abstract: The demand for the proprietary institute of the preemptive right to immovable property in the Russian legal practice, the lack of legislative regulation and actualization of relevant issues in the modern civil law doctrine cause interest to the studies of its proprietary elements. This article includes the in-depth analysis of real and obligatory elements of the preemptive right to immovable property. The author comes to a conclusion that this right meets the most requirements for the limited proprietary rights, their real nature, with due consideration to some of its peculiarities.

Keywords: jurisprudence, law, preemptive purchase, property, real, obligatory, nature, limited, problem.

Abstract: This article is devoted to some topical issues regarding the legal nature of the limitation of claims. The author points out some legislative problems and problems in the sphere of application of law, and he offers the mechanisms for their possible solution, with due reference to the doctrinal sources. The article raises the issues on the place of the limitation of claims within the system of norms of material and procedural law, as well as within the system of norms of private law. The author also considers the possible presence of the public legal element in this legal institution. The article include legal analysis, which is aimed to establish the place of the limitation of claims within the system of branches of the Russian law. Based on the results of scientific studies, the author comes to a conclusion that the limitation of claims is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, which includes the elements of various branches of law.

Keywords: jurisprudence, limitation of claims, material, procedural, private, public law, term, correlation.

Abstract: Currently it is hard to overestimate the role of the energy supply in the everyday life of the society. Great social value of this process causes interest to this legal institution. The author views the legal aspects and topical issues of the energy supply contract, its nature and contents. The author also describes various points of view of Russian and foreign civil law lawyers on this type of contract. The author studies the role of energy within the system of objects of civil law, he analyzes the judicial practice on the disputes regarding this contract. The author also pays attention to the balance of rights and obligations of the party, who joins the energy supply contract. The article includes evaluation of the current legislation in the sphere of energy supply. The author comes to a conclusion that there is need to specificate the nature of the contract for supply of energy and to provide a specific place for energy within the system of objects of civil law at the legislative level, he also makes propositions for the improvement of the civil legislation.

Keywords: jurisprudence, contract, energy supply, adhesion, topical problems, legal, rights, legislation, energy.

Abstract: The modern theory of civil law includes the topical problem of the existence of the «property complex » as an independent object of civil law. The overlapping of various legal matters, which are regulated by norms of real and obligation law within the property complex as a single object of law causes a number of practical problems in the establishment of applicable laws and legal relations, as well as some conflicts of laws in the process of their application. The non-uniform character of the property complexes in the real law also prevents the development of the united teaching on the property complex in the civil law doctrine. By analyzing the historical development of the category of «property complex» the author comes to a conclusion that the property complex should be understood as a combination of subjective rights and obligations, which change their subject within the framework of the universal succession. Such an understanding of this category allows to form the unified elements of such property complexes in the civil law, as the enterprise, estate, and property of the spouses.

Keywords: jurisprudence, property, complex, law, estate, enterprise, legal succession, spouses, object, obligation.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of legal qualification of contracts for the supply of electric energy and power. The author analyzes the key doctrinal approaches to this problem, and points out their shortcomings. The position of the author is based upon the statement that the contract for the supply of electric energy should not be regarded as a type of sales contract under para. 1 of Chapter 30 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The conclusions are based upon the idea on the special legal nature of the stock deals, which include the supply contacts in the market of energy. Taking into account the differentiation of physical and financial rights to electric energy, as the key instruments of its turnover, the author also singles out three groups of relations in the wholesale market of electric energy, which includes specific contractual constructions

Keywords: jurisprudence, electric energy, turnover, rights, stock, deals, sale, energy supply, market, contract.

Abstract: The article includes comparative legal analysis of the legislation of foreign states on co-operatives in order to form the modern legal model for the regulation of co-operation. This experience is topical for Russia, since currently the Russian legislation on legal entities, which includes the legislation on co-operatives, is undergoing a transformation. By the method of comparative legal studies the author comes to a conclusion on five legal models, which regulate the formation and activities of the co-operatives in the EU, the CIS and the USA, as well as some Asian states. The author discusses international legal tendencies of regulation of cooperative relations and shows the international legal tendencies for the regulation of co-operative relations. The author then comes to a conclusion on the need to for the Russian legislation to apply the combination of general legal regulation of co-operation and the special legal regimes for the regulation its particular types.

Keywords: jurisprudence, co-operation, co-operative, co-operative partnership, co-operative society, credit union, sources of legal regulation of co-operation, co-operative legislation, international legal regulation, legal models for the co-operative regulation.

Abstract: The study of the nature of co-operation in Russia shows, that it served as the basis for the co-operative organization of entrepreneurial activities at the current stage. In this article the author studied the historical way of development of the collective form of organization of the economic (entrepreneurial) activity and stressed its co-operative character. Basically, the co-operatives united material and labor resources, while the commercial corporations united persons and capitals (assets). The statistics shows that the entrepreneurs usually choose commercial corporations in the form of limited liability companies and joint-stock companies. The conclusion on the economic efficiency of corporative form of organization of entrepreneurship is due not only to the possibility to unite economic resource fast and freely, but also to the ability to guarantee proper business management via the managing body (economic management bodies) of the corporation.

Keywords: jurisprudence, co-operative, corporation, corporate relations, corporate organization, co-operatives, economic subject, economic society, entrepreneurship.

Abstract: The elements of state needs and forms of legal mechanisms for meeting these needs are based on historic and civilization factors, and they depend on the economic and social policy of the state at a particular stage of its development. The generalization of the retrospective and comparative analysis of state regulation of housing construction and guarantees of its accessibility to the people allow to make the following conclusions. The state, which positions itself as a social state, may not avoid the regulation of social and economic processes and from the such an important social and economic segment as housing. Russia may not and should not ignore the historic experience in this sphere. The new social and economic realities require the pragmatic evaluation of state regulation in the housing sector in the USA, the Western European states, Japan, Canada in order for Russia to use positive foreign experience in this sphere.

Keywords: jurisprudence, law, construction, housing, state, needs, citizens, history, experience, problem.

Abstract: Regulation of the investment activities in the legal field is quite topical, since the Russian Federation is currently is a WTO Member State. The membership in the WTO requires amendments into the Russian legislation. This article is devoted to the issues of legal regulation of treaties on dividing products and national automobile industry, as well as obligations of Russia to amend and to bring its investment legislation in these spheres into accordance with the WTO treaties. Based on the comparison of the current legal norms and the provisions of the WTO treaties, the authors managed to show that, while Russia has already fulfilled its obligation in the sphere of division of products, as for the investments into the national automobile industry, Russia just allowed for some investment benefits, and established that it shall start consultations on the measures in that sphere in accordance with the requirements of the WTO no later than in 2016.

Keywords: jurisprudence, investments, WTO, treaty, division, products, report, industry, automobile, localization.

Abstract: The agricultural sector of economy is a strategically important sphere of state regulation, and its legal regulation is quite multi-faceted. Development of the trade policy which would on one hand create transparent and clear norms for the importer, and on the other hand would support the national agricultural producers under the WTO norms forms an important part of the membership requirements for the Russian Federation in the WTO. This article is devoted to the key aspects of the legal regulation of legal regulation in the sphere of agriculture under the conditions of the membership of the Russian Federation in the WTO. The authors analyze the WTO Treaties in this sphere, as well as specific features of the obligations in the sphere of tariffs and customs, phyto-sanitary control and domestic support of agricultural sector. Having compared the norms of the international treaties and the current domestic legislation, the authors comes to the conclusion that there is need to introduce some amendments into the normative legal base in the sphere of agriculture during the transition period under the Protocol on joining the WTO.

Keywords: jurisprudence, WTO, agricultural, treaty, export, harmonization, tariff, quote, negotiations, import.

Abstract: The key provisions of this article are devoted to the analysis of the norms of the European law on the application of norms on unilateral refusal by one party to fulfill its obligations in the insurance contracts. The comparative analysis is made based on materials on two states: the Great Britain and Germany. Much attention is paid to the correlation between the grounds for the right of the party to avoid performance unilaterally under the contracts and the lack of due performance of contractual obligations by the other party.

Keywords: jurisprudence, the European law, the insurance contract, refusal to fulfill obligations, grounds for the right of one party to avoid performance under the contract.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of the jurisdiction of the English court, taking the case on the dispute, arising from the international sale of goods. The goal of this article is to find out the cases, in which a Russian company may be called to an English court as a respondent in a contract-based claim. The author analyze the English procedural norms on bringing to court a foreign company, both when it is within the English territorial jurisdiction (if this company has a filial office or other business activity in England), and when it is not. Much attention is paid to the connecting factors, such as conclusion of contracts in the English territory, violation of contract in the territory of England, etc.), which allow the English court to have competence in a case against a respondent, which is situated outside the English jurisdiction. The author deals with the meanings of these connecting factors under the English law (such as when the contract shall be deemed to be violated within the jurisdiction of the English court, etc.)

Keywords: jurisprudence, England, court, claim, international, contract, sale, writ, company.