Abstract: This article concerns brief history of the attempts of development of professional legal standards in Russia in early XXI century, as well as the possible solutions of the problem for the near future. The author studies various types of professional lawyer activities, including scientific work and teaching, professional advocates, notaries and judges. The research includes an attempt to adapt the normative legal basis in the sphere of legal standards, as developed by the Ministry of Labor of Russia in 2012-2013 to the traditional legal practices and the needs of the professional legal community. This study involves both general and special legal methods of studies. With the help of historical legal and formal legal approaches this work forms an idea of the development of professional activity regulation from the idea to its normative provisions. The author has analyzed the needs of the real job market, analyzing and comparing over 1500 resumes and vacancy advertisements in open sources in the Internet, and he also polled the representatives of the legal companies and lawyers, the issue was also often discussed at the hearings and working groups of the Association of Lawyers of Russia, Association of Legal Education, Board for Educational and Methodological Association on Law, Interdepartmental Commissions, but the results of these activities were not presented to the legal community. In 2012-2013 the Ministry of Labor of Russia has developed and accepted the package of documents regulating this type of activity. Based upon these documents in this article there is a first attempt to single out the types of legal activities and to define the perspectives for the development of the professional standards in each of them. In some spheres based upon the analysis the author offers to introduce specific qualification levels, providing brief analysis of working functions for each of them. The article singles out regulated directions of lawyer activities (advocates, notaries, judges) with well-organized internal structure, sphere of public administration service, scientific and pedagogical activities, and the sphere of private legal practice, including corporate lawyers and employees of specialized legal companies. For all of the said groups the author makes propositions on real perspectives and the need for the development of professional standards. The author also analyzes the difference in the approaches towards labor regulation in the Unified Job Evaluation Manual, providing for the method of directive standard description from the standpoint of official duties, and the modern professional standards using functional method.

Keywords: professional standard, qualification requirements, qualification levels, official duties, corporate lawyers, legal companies, state service, job evaluation manual, professional legal communities, competence.

Abstract: Based on the analysis of international legal acts the article discusses the contents of the term «academic freedoms», which the author offers to interpret as freedom of lecturing and academic research, freedom of education, institutional autonomy of a higher education institutions. The article consecutively evaluates specific features of legal regulation of the above-mentioned elements. The work shows that depending on the contents of the term «academic freedoms», the subjects (the bearers of rights) include lecturers, scientific researchers, students, other trainees, educational institutions. It is also shown that the domestic Russian legislation on these issues generally complies with the international norms. However, analysis of Russian legislation allows for drawing a conclusion that «academic freedom» is mostly related to the educational institutions and scientific and pedagogical workers. For the students academic freedom meant the ability to gain knowledge in accordance with their intentions and needs, to choose state, municipal, or private higher educational institution. The work includes analysis of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: academic freedom, students, trainees, educational institution.

Abstract: The article is concerned with the genesis of the legal clinic as a way of formation of practical skills of law students In the pre-Revolution Russia. The author shows the birthing of the idea of legal clinic in the middle of XIX century and the first forms of its implementation within the context of development of legal education as a while and practical training of students. Legal clinic had held a special place among various types of practical studies. It served as a polygon for the development of professional competence of lawyers in real situations. It was thanks to the efforts of D.I. Meyer and A. Lyublinsky that all of the key issues regarding organization and functioning of legal clinic were established. One also should note the correlation between the transfer to the model of practical legal education and the actualization of the legal clinical education within the structure of academic training of lawyers. The author also shows the causes for the insufficient spread of the tendency of legal clinics, which was due to the continental tradition of legal training, which was general, rather than specialized. Based on the skills provided through the training a legal theoretician or a lawyer judge was formed.

Keywords: jurisprudence, education, clinic, legal, university, lawyer, training, legal studies, the By-Law, justice.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the history of legal clinics In Russia, the goals of their formation and various types of legal clinics. The author offers the following classifications: based on the type of organizational form (basic structure); based on the types of legal aid provided in a legal clinic (by the type of organization of client work); based on the legal clinic specialization (types of cases, specific features of clients); based on type of communication with a client; based on level of involvement In the real practice; based on the obligatory character of law clinic for the students. Special attention is paid to the characteristic features of legal bases of organization and activities of the legal clinics. Additionally, the author provides the list of questions, which one has to answer when forming a legal clinic.

Keywords: jurisprudence, legal clinics, interactive methods, education standards, qualified legal aid, consulting, practical education, practical training, legal education, trainee adviser.

Abstract: The author analyzes the interactive production technologies, which may be applied in legal clinics, such as brain storm, small groups, directed discussion, debates, symposium, forum, negotiations, demonstrations, creative assignments, role playing, the problem tree, etc. The author provides grounds for the idea that it is necessary to stimulate the students to for independent search for information and application of legal knowledge in client cases. The author then formulates a conclusion that the clinical methods of education allow to bring the professional legal education closer to modernization. Interactive methods of education are aimed to develop the skills of students and to provide them with legal training. These methods are aimed at the problem-oriented active studies. The author formulates the requirements for the legal clinic instructor, and she states the quality and efficiency of education are directly dependent upon the personality of an instructor, his creativity, experience and knowledge.

Keywords: jurisprudence, clinic, methods, interactive, education, creativity, discussion, assignments, client, game.

Keywords: inostrannye yazyki, innovatsionnye tekhnologii, interaktivnye metody obucheniya, mozgovoi shturm, keis-metod, rolevaya igra, izmenenie roli prepodavatelya.