Abstract: The translation of the scientific article is devoted to research of life and research activity of the Jesuit Afanasius Kirkher (1602 – 1680) - the German scientist –polymath, the inventor, "the scientist with world reputation", to the universal genius in the history of science: in cultural areas, divinity and different "innovative" activity which hasn't equal on completeness and universality of scientific knowledge. Kirkher was at the same time the inventor, the composer, the geographer, the geologist, the Egyptologist, the historian, the traveler, the philosopher, the owner of one of the first public museums, the physicist, the mathematician, the astronomer, the archeologist and the author more than 40 large published works. Article represents first and the fullest scientific translation from German in Russia of the published scientific research devoted to the scientist - to the theologian from the quarterly magazine "Borderline Researches in the field of Science" which is the edition of institute with the similar name of theologians and psychologists of area of SouthernTyrol in Austria (Innsbruck) [1] devoted to research of the interdisciplinary areas designated in terms of the Russian science as paranormal areas of consciousness and mentality. The translation meets a lack in the history of science of multilateral research activity of the outstanding scientist as Kirkher as Newton, Boyle, Leibniz and Descartes' contemporary, didn't take the lawful place in the history of scientific knowledge for the reason that owing to the ability of anticipation in due time as the Jesuit and the theologian he tried to combine some provisions of the Bible and secular, scientific gnoseology in a uniform view of the world. With considerable delay the scientific world recognized an unilaterality only traditionally - the scientific point of view on a peace arrangement and began to give more and more attention in the history of science to that scientists who aspired to the most complete idea of space and earthly world order.

Keywords: Organum Mathematicum, Musurgia Universalis, Magnes SIVE de, inventor of musical devices, mechanic and theorician of music, expert in Oriental and Egyptian studies, astronomer, theologist and inventor, German polymath, Athanasius Kircher

Abstract: At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries the society discovered a new phenomenon – ethnic explosion. Even though there is a great variety of forms of ethnic activation, they all have one feature in common which is the destructive influence on existence of the state entities. Relevance of research is defined by the contents and novelty of the formulated problem. The analysis of civilization prerequisites of emergence of ethnic disruptiveness is carried out on materials of the countries which arose within the European civilization matrix. Interest in a subject is caused also by the need for conceptualization of existence of metaphysical prerequisites of genesis of conflict ethnicity. Work is performed on the basis of use of the principles of systemacity and historicism. The comparative method is applied to specification of separate aspects of the received results. The following conclusions have been made by the researcher: a) civilization models of sociality created in the European countries by the phenomena which became prerequisites of a national and ethnic conflictness include ideas of Freedom, Equality and Justice; b) their transformation into the phenomena stimulating a conflictness of ethnos is a consequence of efforts to extend an abstract ideal of the interpersonal relations to coexistence and the relations of transpersonal educations including national and ethnic communities.

Keywords: civilization, culture, sociality , destructiveness, ethnos, national and ethnic proneness to conflict, multiculturalism, freedom, equality, justice

Abstract: Recently David Papineau reasoned that phenomenal concepts are incompatible with Wittgenstein's private language argument and that it is Wittgenstein's argument but not phenomenal concepts that is problematic. The author of the present article analyzes Papineau's argument. In particular, Pris analyzes and criticizes  some of his interpretations related to a well-known mental experiment of Jackson and Mary and its modification, "zombie" argument and Wittgenstein's private language argument. At the end of article the concept of psychophysical identity from the point of view of the analytic pragmatism of Robert Brendom is offered. We combine an analytical method of modern philosophy of consciousness with a pragmatism and late Wittgenstein'snaturalism as well as some elements of "continental" realistic philosophy of Jocelyn Benoist. We conclude that phenomenal concepts are compatible with private language argument. Incompatibility can arise at limited or wrong understanding of Wittgenstein's argument or phenomenal concepts. In particular, Papineau's statement about possibility of direct identification of a new type of phenomenal experience due to a drain of available potential phenomenal concepts doesn't contradict Wittgenstein's philosophy. 

Keywords: phenomenal experience, Jackson's argument, conceptual dualism, phenomenal concepts, introspection, zombie, explanatory gap, Wittgenstein, private language argument, analytic pragmatism

Abstract: The article is devoted to the relations between Europeans and Muslims through history and in modern times. The author shows how Europeans formed the negative image of Islam that at first was for objective reasons (wars of religion, expansionary pretenses of the Arabian Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire and etc.) and later was caused by subjective and ideological factors. As a result of treating Muslims as intruders for many centuries, a whole number of stereotypes has been created about modern Muslims, their religion and cultural traditions. These stereotypes considerably aggravate the already tensed sociopolitical situation in the EU member states and make us again question the possibility of the positive integration of Muslims into the European community. By using the historical and conceptual analysis methodology, Yu. Fedorova analyzes a number of widely common stereotyped images of Muslims formed in the European Community and related to socio-political, judicial (legal) and religious ethical aspects of intercultural communication. The research is focused, first of all, on the politicized opinion on Islam as a powerful destructive force ad the main source of the world terrorist threat. Secondly, the research studies the opinion that Islam does not know such legal categories as equality and freedom as Europeans understand them. Thirdly, the research also covers the perception of the Islamic culture as the culture that is entirely determined by religion and trying to impose their values on Europeans. A whole range of factors make these stereotypes even stonger including religious, cultural and ethnic differences, ideological factors, political motives, socio-economic environment and etc. Therefore Yu. Fedorova believes that from the scientific point of view, it is not efficient to search for the explanation of the aforesaid problem in the conflict of cultures (European and Muslim cultures) as the two cultures separated from each other by non-overcomable boudaries of ethnic and religious differences. 

Keywords: Islam, European Community, freedom, equality, stereotypes, intercultural communication, integration, Islamism, conflict , values

Abstract: The present article is devoted to consideration of cultural sources of the Russian revolutionary terrorism. The interrelation and historical value of liberating terrorism in the modern terrorist movement is analyzed. The special attention is paid to the ideological and symbolical bases of action of the fighting organizations and justification of historical, political, economic and social feasibility of terror. The author describes principles of conducting fight and the organization of groups of revolutionary terrorists in the second half of XIX – at the beginning of the XX century and modern terrorists of early XXI century. The symbolical role of the tsar and the imperial power in formation of ideas of the Russian revolutionary terror is revealed. Elements of symbolization and supersymbolization of ideology of the modern terrorist movement are shown. The main methods used in the research are the historical and comparative analysis. In justification of dependence of influence of acts of terrorism on consciousness of people on the general level of instability in society the methodology of philosophical anthropology is used. The Russian revolutionary terrorism is presented as the culture mechanism which arose in response to long stagnation in civilization development of the Russian Empire. Are suggested concerning communication of a symbolical role of institute of the imperial power and historical destiny of House of Romanovs. Theoretical views of various ideologists of revolutionary terror on the purposes and methods of fight are compared.

Keywords: revolutionary terrorism, terror, culture, cultural basis, symbol, super-symbolization, power, individual terror, life outburst of culture, ideology