Abstract: At the new turn of historical development, it is necessary to turn to the understanding of dialectics and the newest forms of metaphysics, recognizing the objective dialectic of the material world, which is reflected in the subjective dialectic of concepts. For Aristotle's formal logic, there are true judgments and false judgments, and if we take the law of the excluded third, then even stricter: either yes or no. However, the metaphysical way of understanding reaches a limit beyond which it becomes limited and entangled in contradictions, since it deals with objects as unchangeable. Sophistry was revived recently in the third millennium, because capitalism needs it in the context of the digital transformation of the state and the current controversy over the new world War reveals a lot of techniques of sophistic thinking. Formal logic works fine in the conditions of everyday practical relations of people however, knowledge of dialectical logic is required to solve the global problems of our time.

Keywords: capitalism, dialectical logic, narrow horizon, the law of the excluded third, formal logic, metaphysics, dialectics, historical development, world war, sophistry

Abstract: The academic skepticism was foremost directed against the Stoic philosophy. However, in all successfulness of academicians regarding the denial of the majority of Stoic doctrine, they however, could not refute the developed by the Stoics formal identity of self-consciousness, and on the contrary, relied on it. This, Aurelius Augustinus in his treatise “Against the Academicians” demonstrates this indispensable moment in Stoics’ logics, and reinterprets it in his own dialectics for the purpose of refuting the skepticism. The article begins with description of the general attitude of skeptics to the Stoic doctrine; proceeds with the brief characteristics of Stoic logics; and having comprehended the Stoic dialectics, focuses attention on the section Contra Academicos, detecting the common and separating nuances between the Augustinus’ thought and Stoicism. The author ascertains that in his treatise against the skeptical thought, Augustinus indeed resorts to the formal identity of self-consciousness, which the skeptics were not able to overcome. Therefore, he retains this conquest of antiquity, which was later developed in the speculative form of Neo-Platonism, also inherent to Augustinus.

Keywords: logics, dialectics, Academicians, Skepticism, Stoics, Stoicism, Aurelius Augustinus, Against the Academicians, Ancient philosophy, philosophy

Abstract: The subject of this research is the strategy of hybrid war. An attempt is made to demonstrate that war alongside any social phenomenon undergoes transformations. At the same time, this entails not the simple process of qualitative transformations that lead to the change of quality. In the conditions of globalization and information-technological revolution, the modern conflicts suffer drastic, qualitative changes. Evolution lead up to revolution that creates new circumstances for further evolutionary development. The transition from old quality to new implies the multiplicity of forms, and only consideration of the specific character of phenomena and historical factors, within which takes place the development of these events, allows understanding which forms trigger the leaps, turns from one quality to another. The methodology is based on application of the evolution of strategies of the modern conflicts of dialectical law of transition from quantitative changes to qualitative as most general law of development. The article also uses comparativist method. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to use dialectical law of transition from quantitative changes to qualitative for analyzing the genesis of strategies of a hybrid warfare. It is stated that the most profound and comprehensive impact upon the changes in the character and content of modern conflicts is produced by the processes of globalization and information technology revolution, which create the new mechanisms of interaction and interdependence at the global and regional scales. It is illustrated that the paradigm shift of modern conflicts is associated with the trend of transition from the linear to nonlinear model of war based on application of the indirect asymmetric actions. The author examines the changes in framework elements of hybrid war that determine the content of the philosophy of war as humanitarian components of the teaching on war. The logics of strategy of counteracting the hybrid warfare must be structures with consideration of the nonlinear configuration of strategic forces and capabilities. The model of such strategy must reflect the following key tasks aimed at protecting the state from hybrid aggression:   Transition from the form of securing the space of military-political, economic, and cultural worldview spheres of the state towards functional control over the most essential strategic elements of each sphere; Ensuring of possibility of the immediate concentration of crucially important efforts and resources in the most threatened zone. Today this is the front of information warfare. Directing reconnaissance and its close cooperation with the bodies of military-political administration and armed forces for the purpose of implementation of strategy that allows using the privilege in the threatened areas.  

Keywords: strategy, quality, quantity, transition, cold war, information warfare, hybrid warfare, content, essence, national security

Abstract: The subject of this research is the understanding of dialectics as a universality of the critical interpretational rationalism. The main stages of the establishment of a new dialectical method in the history of philosophy are being examined. Special attention is given to the Hegelian and the Marxist theories of dialectics. The author determines the essential cluster of the elements (core) of dialectics, which remains throughout the entire history of its development, as well as gives an extensive criticism to Karl Popper’s understanding of dialectics. Reconstruction of the main ideas of hermeneutics of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Jean-Paul Sartre is being conducted. The scientific novelty consists in the following statement: the linear dialectics of the XIX century is currently opposed to the nonlinear dialectics, the essence of which lies in the hermeneutic movement for the purpose of resolution of the contradictions between the part and the whole, private and public, secondary and primary. The object is being viewed alternately in different contexts, and the mind sort of executes a “shuttle” movement from the object to one “horizon”, from the latter to another “horizon”, and then back to the object.  Unlike the linear scheme (thesis – antithesis – synthesis), the new understanding of dialectics first and foremost consists in the ability to fit an object into various, and most often opposite (contrary), conceptual contexts, which confront each other as binary oppositions.

Keywords: culture, laws, method, contradiction, rationalism, hermeneutics, semantic contexts, oppositions, binarity, dialectics

Abstract: Western rationalist philosophy has developed the principles 'dismember and study' in science and 'divide and rule' in politics. Differentiation of sciences has created original languages. As a result, scientists majoring in different spheres can talk about the same phenomena and do not understand each other. The problem of the loss of common language is quite clear for both philosophers and scientists which has resulted in the attempt to create 'cognitive philosophy' and 'cognitive science'.  The author of the present article provides evidence of the triune systems (TS) being the meta language of the picture of the world. The TS meta language can be used even to describe phenomena with different ontology and path of development. TS can help to read information recorded not only in the verbal but also in any other system. The matrix format of TS allows to reduce the volume of study books and reference books to a few pages only as well as to improve didactics and perception of study materials and reduce the duration of training.  The author offers different definitions of TS and describes their special features and properties.   

Keywords: philosophy, specialty, picture of the world, meta language, triune systems, definitions, information, fractality, ontology, didactics