Abstract: This article examines the capabilities of protolanguage as the object of philosophy. The subject of this research is the protolanguage viewed from different perspectives: as the ideal construct, as retrotopic plot, as key to the golden age, etc. Within the framework of the philosophy of language, protolanguage largely correlates with the Adamic language, which can be considered as disappeared or subtly preserved in national languages. The search for protolanguage in the Middle Ages (and later period) requires the method of philosophical etymology that proves the closeness of the selected language to the historical primary source - the point of the origin of history. The context of protolanguage intersects not only with linguo-philosophical problematic, but also with the problem of historical consciousness. Protolanguage can be perceived as a type of internal language, or inner form of language; therefore the theme of internal form becomes the plotline for searching the language that encompasses antiquity as the criterion of truth and the ideal comprehension, when the disappearing language remains in silence, indicating the very things. The article advances an idea that the genealogical classification of languages, which includes one protolanguage underlying the linguistic family, may have such classification, which is founded not only on the comparative-historical method, but also the peculiarities of historical consciousness suggesting, for example, that for philhellene culture such protolanguage would be considered the Greek language. The question of protolanguage is attributed to not only the sphere of comparative-historical linguistics, but virtually being the question of the origin of history and human, lies in the realm of the philosophy of history, ontology, and gnoseology.

Keywords: historical consciousness, hierotopos, Grecophile cultures, lingua adamica, retrotopia, golden age, proto-language, inner form, mythopoetic discourse, philosophical etymology

References:
Chuprak K. I. Dve kartiny Pitera Breygelya Starshego, izobrazhayushchie stroitel'stvo Vavilonskoy bashni // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo un-ta. Ser. 2. Istoriya. 2004. Vyp. 3-4. S. 120-124.
Fortunatov F. F. Sravnitel'noe yazykovedenie: Obshchiy kurs. M.: URSS, 2010. 178 s.
Fokin I. L. Yakob Beme i nemetskaya kul'tura na rubezhe XVIII i XIX stoletiy // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. 2009. Ser. 6. Vyp. 2. C. 231-237.
Feodorit Kirskiy. Tolkovanie na knigu Bytiya (URL: http://www.odinblago.ru/feodorit_kirsky01/1 (data obrashcheniya 14.10.2020)).
Farafonova D. S. Val'ter Ben'yamin: ot teorii perevoda k teorii kul'tury // Studia litterarum. 2018. T. 3. ¹ 4. S. 10-24.
Uspenskiy B. A. Vopros o siriyskom yazyke v slavyanskoy pis'mennosti: pochemu d'yavol mozhet govorit' po-siriyski? // Uspenskiy B. A. Izbr. tr. T. 2: Yazyk i kul'tura. M.: Yazyki russkoy kul'tury., 1996. S. 59-64.
Trubetskoy N. S. Vavilonskaya bashnya i smeshenie yazykov // Evraziyskiy vremennik. Berlin: Evraz. knigoizd-vo, 1923. Kn. 3. S. 107-124. S. 114 i

Abstract: The subject of this research is the focal concept of semiotics – the sign. Traditionally, this concept is viewed from the standpoint of perceiving subject. Such approach untenably complicated and confuses the picture, as well as leads to the emergence of logical contradictions and ambiguities. A number of authors, giving characteristics to the current state of the science of signs, claim that the goal of building an adequate concept of sign is yet to be achieved. If an a century-old work over the concept of “sign” led to such result, it is reasonable to change the approach to the problem. Therefore, the author substitutes the traditional subjective approach with the objective approach, previously unused for the description of signs. Based on the new approach, it is established that the object becomes a sign thanks to the link with meaning, which may be objective. The author suggest a nee w objectivizes definition of sign without a mention of the perceiving subject; reveals how the presented sign substitutes its meaning; develops the idea on the origin, existence and application of the natural and conventional signs. The article also reviews the peculiarities of creation and distribution of conventional signs, creation and juxtaposition of the supposed meanings. The author formulates a hypothesis on evolution of signs from the natural to conventional, as well as presents a new scheme of the links between sign and meaning. The scheme demonstrates that the subject may be used as a sign only if it possesses a mental link between the images of sign and meaning. The approached used in the article allowed eliminating internal conflicts of semiotics, get a new perspective on the essence of sign, clarify the dialectics of signs and meanings, as well as provide a broader and more logical description of a sign.

Keywords: classification of signs, usage of sign, definition of sign, existence of sign, objective approach, mental image, relation, denoter, sign, semiotics

References:
Sanochkin V. V. Informatsiya — fundamental'naya kategoriya (kontseptsiya «Informatsiya-struktura»). // 22 Vsemirnyy filosofskiy kongress, 30.07.2008-5.08.2008, Seul, Koreya. [Elektronnyy resurs] URL: http://www.congress2008.dialog21.ru/Doklady/18015.htm
Sanochkin V. V. O vozmozhnosti soglasovaniya razlichnykh predstavleniy ob informatsii. // Slozhnye sistemy, 2012, ¹4(5), s.55-71.
Sanochkin V. V. Priroda informatsii i razvitiya. — M.: 2004, 76 s.
Kolin K. K. Filosofskie problemy informatiki. — M.: BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy, 2010. – 264 s.
Gurevich I. M., Ursul A. D. Informatsiya — vseobshchee svoystvo materii: kharakteristiki, otsenki, ogranicheniya, sledstviya. — M.: Kn. dom «Librokom», 2012. – 312 s.
Knyazeva E. N., Ryzhov V. A., Kharlamov A. A. Sposoby porozhdeniya kogerentnosti individual'nykh mirov v maloy sotsial'noy gruppe. // Slozhnye sistemy, 2018, ¹1(26), s.4-36.
Sheykin A. G., Gutner G. B., Net V., Bernshteyn V. S., Simonov A. N. Znak. / Gumanitarnaya entsiklopediya: Kontsepty [Elektronnyy resurs] // Tsentr gumanitarnykh tekhnol

Abstract: This article analyzes the peculiarities of the Russian anarchic discourse of post-Soviet era in correlation with the key attributes of the Soviet political discourse. Soviet government viewed anarchists as the antagonistic political power; therefore, the activity of anarchistic organizations in the Soviet Union was prohibited. Russian anarchism started to reappear only in the late 1980’s, when the declining Soviet state was losing control over the political situation. The main attention is given to the analysis of peculiarities attained by the Russian anarchic discourse during this period in the context of confrontation with Soviet ideology. The article uses the methodology of the French school of discourse analysis that is oriented towards the study of political texts and considers discourse as the product of ideology. The anarchic discourse implies such language activity of the anarchists that features the values of the anarchic worldview. The author notes the anti-Soviet tune of the anarchists in the end of the XX century, demonstrating that the establishment of key parameters closely relates to the criticism of Soviet worldview and Soviet ideological language. For example, the parameters of the Soviet political discourse “nominalization” and related to it process of depersonalization are opposed to the attention to real subject of speech and polysemicity. The refusal from the Soviet ideological language also manifested in the anarchists’ use of the letters from Russian alphabet (i, ú and others), which were excluded after the spelling reform of 1917-1918, i.e. already during the Soviet time. The pre-reform elements can be seen in the various anarchistic texts and make an overal  impression of non-Sovietness.

Keywords: Seriot, nominalization, power, Soviet political discourse, anarchist discourse, discourse, anarchism, ASSA, USSR, ideology

References:
Serio P. Kak chitayut teksty vo Frantsii // Stepanov Yu. S. (red.) Kvadratura smysla: Frantsuzskaya shkola analiza diskursa. — M.: Progress, 1999. — S. 12–53.
Stepanov Yu. S. Al'ternativnyy mir, Diskurs, Fakt i printsip Prichinnosti // Stepanov Yu. S. (red.) Yazyk i nauka kontsa 20 veka. — M.: RGGU, 1995. — S. 35–73.
Confino M. Idéologie et sémantique: Le vocabulaire politique des anarchistes russes // Cahiers du monde russe et Soviétique. — 1989. — 3/4. — P. 255–284.
Buchenkov D. E. Anarkhisty v Rossii v kontse XX veka. — M.: LIBROKOM, 2011. — 160 s.
Raush P. Anarkhicheskoe dvizhenie Pitera (1988–1996). URL: https://ru.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-aleksandrovich-raush-anarhicheskoe-dvijenie-pitera-1988-1996 (data obrashcheniya: 28.08.2018).
Serio P. Russkiy yazyk i sovetskiy politicheskiy diskurs: analiz nominalizatsiy // Stepanov Yu. S. (red.) Kvadratura smysla: Frantsuzskaya shkola analiza diskursa. — M.: Progress, 1999. — S. 337–384.
Zhizhek S. Vozvyshennyy ob'ekt ideologii. — M.: Khudozhestvennyy zhu

Abstract: This article examines the views of G. Deleuze, F. Guattari and M. K. Mamardashvili upon philosophical language and its components. The author analyzes the classification of texts into direct (analytical) and indirect (predicatory) proposed by the Soviet thinker. The famous philosophical works of various stylistics are brought as an example. Special attention is given to the views of Mamardashvili ipin the philosophical notions that he calls “marginal subjects” or “marginal representations”, as well as the views of Deleuze and Guattari upon the philosophical concepts that they call the “concepts”. The article establishes connection between the diverse classifications and opinions upon the specificity of philosophical notions and texts, and ascertains the importance of contribution made by Mamardashvili, Deleuze and Guattari to methodology of the study of philosophical language. Leaning on the material of Mamardashvili’s lecture on the modern European philosophy, the author underlines the specificity of contribution of the Soviet thinker to the development of methodology of the analysis of philosophical language.

Keywords: Deleuze, poetic philosophy, academic philosophy, concepts, philosophical concepts, philosophical language, language philosophy, Guattari, Sartre, Mamardashvili

References:
Mamardashvili M. K. Ocherk sovremennoy evropeyskoy filosofii. — SPb.: Azbuka, Azbuka-Attikus, 2012. — 608 s.
Ado P. Yavlyaetsya li filosofiya predmetom roskoshi? // Ado P'er. Dukhovnye uprazhneniya i antichnaya filosofiya / Per. s frants. pri uchastii V. A. Vorob'eva. — M.: Stepnoy veter; SPb: Kalo, 2005. — S. 336–341.
Mamardashvili M. K. Kak ya ponimayu filosofiyu // Mamardashvili M. Kak ya ponimayu filosofiyu. Doklady, stat'i, filosofskie zametki / Sostavlenie i predislovie Yu. P. Senokosova. — M.: Progress, 1992. — S. 14–26.
Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. Chto takoe filosofiya? — M.: Nauka, 1991. — 408 s.
Khaydegger M. Chto takoe metafizika? / Per. s nem. V. V. Bibikhina. — M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2007. — 303 s.
Khaydegger M. Chto takoe filosofiya? / Per. s nem. E. V. Oznobkinoy // Voprosy filosofii. — 1993. — ¹ 8. — S. 113–123.
Delez Zh., Gvattari F. Chto takoe filosofiya? / Per. s fr. i poslesl. S. Zenkina. — M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 2009. — 261 s.
Zotov A. F. Sovremennaya zapadnaya filosofiya — M.: Kanon+, 2011. — 586

Abstract: This article presents the results of examination of the transgressive mode of existence of social communication. Socio-ontological properties of the virtual forms of social communication, which are not characteristic for its traditional forms are subject to analysis. The author poses a problem of explication and study of the conditions for realization of the virtual social communication. Consecutive text manifests as a continuation of previous works and is dedicated to the development of the following questions: does the virtual social communication represent an ordinary form of social communication;  is there is a possibility for semantic communication in the context of social and ontological incompleteness of the existence of communicants; and whether or not is possible the existence of transhumanistic forms of semantic communication? The work applies the socio-constructivist approach, principles of systematicity, evolutionism, and polyontism (multiplicity of ontological horizons). The study is based on the theory of social-communicative systems of N. Luhmann and periodization of the development of communicative forms of M. McLuhan. The author formulates a theoretical foundation for further introduction of the development of social and communication systems outside the framework of evolution of the human species. The article depicts the impae of social and communication systems as not dependent on the human will, but self-developing formations. A corresponding definition is given to the communication subject along with the characteristic of its key features that also spread onto an artificial actor.

Keywords: evolution, ontological incompleteness, social system, artificial Intelligence, transhumanism, transgression, virtuality, social communication, alien language, meta-communication

References:
Leushkin, R.V. Virtual'naya sotsial'naya kommunikatsiya: ontologicheskiy rakurs issledovaniya // Fundamental'nye issledovaniya,-2014.-¹ 9 (chast' 6),-S. 1374-1377.
Park, S. Social responses to virtual humans: The effect of human-like characteristics: A Dissertation for the degree of Ph.D; Georgia Institute of Technology. – Atlanta,-2009. – 88 p.
Loebner, H. What is the Loebner Prize? [Elektronnyy resurs] Home Page of The Loebner Prize in Artificial Intelligence" The First Turing Test" [ofits. sayt] URL: http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html (data obrashcheniya: 07.06.14).
Searle, J. Chinese Room Argument // The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences. — MIT Press,-2001. — P. 115-116.
Serl', Dzh. Razum mozga — komp'yuternaya programma? // ALT-FUTURE [elektronnyy resurs], rezhim dostupa: http://alt-future.narod.ru/Ai/sciam1.html, (data obrashcheniya 02.08.2016).
Leushkin R.V.. Virtual'naya sotsial'naya kommunikatsiya: transtsendental'nost' ili transgressiya? // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2015.-¹ 9.-C. 1346-1353.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the modern state of foreign and Russian scholars in the area of argumentation theory (AT), considering the specificity of communication field of modern culture. The author assess the methodological potential of cognitive approach that centers around the argumentative discourse, as well as reveal the heuristic potential of Husserl’s phenomenology for understanding of the modelling mechanism by the recipient. The subject of this work is specified in the following chapters of the article: “addressing an issue”; “argumentation theory of reasoning of consciousness: main approaches”; “subject of argumentation: phenomenological approach”. The scientific novelty is substantiated by the subsequent conclusions:
 


Despite the prolonged research tradition, an extensive area of scientific research, generally called the “argumentation theory”, continues to remain the field of tense discussions regarding the advantages and flaws of the existing models, as well as creation of the universal AT that testifies to the need for further scientific research, the results of which will eventually conduce the mutual enrichment of methodological means developed by various disciplines dedicated to the argumentative discourse;


Phenomenological approach, due to the presence of intersubjective component, can be accepted as one of the methodological foundations in establishing of the AT. But at the same time, such approach cannon be the basis in searching for the universal normativity of AT because of its dependence.


Problem of formation of AT is a multifaceted problem, and thus, it requires more than a single phenomenological response to it. In addition, phenomenological analysis used for representation of argumentative interaction between the subjects, brings us back to the tradition of cognitive approach in the broadest sense of the word. Cognitivism as an optimist theoretical model of interdisciplinary nature, sets new prospects on the path for creation of AT.


Impact of culture upon the character of space of the submerged into it argumentative discourse, manifests as a systemic, prevalent, and constant. Each argumentative act is aimed at comprehension of the semantic component of the substantiated point of view, as well as its inscription into culture, which defines not only the personal meanings, but also the normative schemes.


 

Keywords: subject of argumentation, cognitive approach, communication, argumentation theory, argumentative discourse, meaning, dialogue, culture, phenomenology, consciousness

References:
Bibler, V.S. Ot naukoucheniya – k logike kul'tury. Dva filosofskikh vvedeniya v XX vek [Tekst]/ V.S. Bibler.-M.: Politizdat .-1991.-414s.
Beskova, I.A. Argumentatsiya mistikov (opyt kognitivnogo issledovaniya) //Mysl' i iskusstvo argumentatsii[Tekst]/I.A. Beskova.-M.: Progress-Traditsiya. – 2003.-S. 323-357.
Bobrova, A.S. Teoriya argumentatsii segodnya i problema sub'ekta [Tekst]/ A.S. Bobrova// RATsIO.ru, ¹13. – 2014.-S.7-19.
Bryushinkin, V.N. Sistemnaya model' argumentatsii [Tekst]/ V.N. Bryushinkin // Transtsendental'naya antropologiya i logika: trudy mezhdunarodnogo seminara «Antropologiya s sovremennoy tochki zreniya» VII Kantovskikh chteniy. Kaliningrad. – 2000.-S.133-155.
Bryushinkin, V.N. Obobshchennaya sistemnaya model' argumentatsii [Tekst]/ V.N. Bryushinkin // Argumentatsiya i interpretatsii. Kaliningrad: Izd-vo RGU im. I.Kanta.-2006.-S.11-17.
Bryushinkin, V.N. Kognitivnyy podkhod k argumentatsii[Tekst]/ V.N. Bryushinkin // Modeli rassuzhdeniy – 3: kognitivnyy podkhod. Kaliningrad: Izd-vo RGU im. Kanta. – 2010.-S.9-28.