Abstract: Summary: This article explores the interrelation between and the definition of categories of existence and history. Special attention is given to the culture of the definition of existence. The author analyzes the relationship between existence and history, describes the law of communication between history and existence, and delves into the substantive level of definitions of existence and concomitant prejudices. The article explains that the substantive level of existence correlates to an inherent historical level, at which existence appears in the form of human activity. The correlation of tendencies to cephalization in the history of the evolution of animals and to humanization in the history of people is explored. Discrepancies in human history are investigated, as is the necessity to bring together the various strands of its emerging evolution.

Keywords: existence, history, interrelation, culture of definition, substantial level, prejudice, hypostasis, historical level, contradiction, hominization

Abstract: This article is a continuation of research cycle about theories of socio-cultural factors influence on political process, the renewed version of the article "The approach to political process analysis through its interdependence with socio-cultural dynamics – alternative for "political culture" approach", which was sent to scientific journal "Philosophy and culture". In this article attempt to review, to analyze and synthesize different methods and approaches of political science, psychology, geography, biology, ethnology, sociology, philosophy and other sciences that study the influence of sociocultural factors on politics, is made. Poorly developed in Russian science approaches and methods are in priority. Examples of different sciences integration are given – political science with philosophy, geography, psychology, biology; arguments for application of mathematical methods in studies of social and cultural factors of politics, are given. An emphasis on the inadmissibility of all social processes reduction to a single factor is made, inadmissibility of any reductionism, failure of the prevailing today "civilization" and "behavioral" approaches is shown.

Keywords: culture, cultural dynamics, political culture, political process, social dynamics, socio-cultural dynamics, socio-cultural factors, theory of culture, theory of politics

Abstract: This article explains that Russia's national purpose is inseparable from the ideals of Russian culture and Russian philosophy, the imperative behind the Russian government's transition to noospheric-environmental socialism. The history of Russia is the process of the super-conscious and the conscious, the semi-conscious and the unconscious, the adequate and the distorted personification of the spirit of the people of the nation into particular social ideas and statehood. Each successive government configuration of the Russian national purpose in some way contains the historical experience of previous forms. Russian national values must lie at the heart of the national purpose of Russia and its ideology; alongside national values are the basic objectives of the national strategy and goals of achieving a decent quality of life for Russians, government priorities to support the Russian family, honest labor and morality of national existence. Finally, the national purpose must be supported by the democratic foundations of the Russian state, which will come about as the result of personal choice and the development of modern Russia.

Keywords: Russian ethnicity, noosphere, cosmism, national purpose, national self-identity, nation, civilization

Abstract: The basic meaning behind Lossky's personalistic metaphysics can be briefly expressed in his own definition: "all of nature is composed of entities which would have been members of the Kingdom of God had they not taken the path of selfishness. Because of this sin and mutual disunity, many of them are not relevant; they are simply potential personalities that make up the lower kingdoms of both organic and inorganic nature."[5, 303]. In its structure, this statement follows the basic provisions of the monadology of Leibniz, which served as a kind of normalizing influence on Lossky's metaphysics. It defines the basic structure of the backbone of his theory: in cosmology - the mechanism for realization of the ideal world of the material (the dynamic structure of matter); in ontology - the stratification of levels of reality (concrete ideal, abstract ideal, and real existence), the structure of the "first" and "second" matter (spatial and allied body); in eschatology - the structure of the nucleus of reincarnation (the perfect substantial (or substantive) activities of the monad), etc. By referring to Leibniz's original teachings we can trace the genesis of the basic foundations of Lossky's metaphysics and ascertain the building blocks of his teaching, the most important part of which was the concept of reincarnation, developed on the basis of monadology. Lossky, and even Leibniz himself, noted the similarity between their concepts and relevant religious and philosophical doctrines (in Greek and Indian metaphysics and Middle Eastern religion). By virtue of irreducible granularity and by working out the details, the doctrine of reincarnation in the dharmic religions (Jainism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism) may act as a somewhat normalising paradigm for personalistic eschatology, a comparison with which serves to highlight in this article the universal meaning of many positions of Lossky's personalism.

Keywords: reincarnation, eschatology, structuralism, panvitalism, anthropology, monadology, cosmogony, personalism, soteriology

Abstract: The article 'Introduction or Birth of Classical Science' is the first publication in the series of articles 'Symphony of Science or Science Through the Eyes of Philosophers'. The present article is a sympophonic absorbption in the external and internal polemics regarding the main interpretations of classical science and its scope of problems. Many contradictions and conflicts faced by the modern society derive from blind belief in scientific progress. The social institution of science itself has turned into a series of rituals long ago. This creates numerious illusions about science and its scope of problems and forms an uncritical attitude to the process and outcome of scientific research. The article is written in the form of a dialogue which allows to transform the 'internal' scientific polemics into 'external'. This method also allows to define many contradictions and dramatic moments in scientific development and to see the 'other side' of it behind the beautiful and pretentious facade. 

Keywords: philosophy of science, epistemology, science, knowledge, rationality, technology

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of importance of the ad homine argument as distinction between scientific and extra scientific forms of discussions under multicultural conditions. This is a topical issue because the status of the subject of knowledge is changing and its cultural and social presuppositions can't be ignored when analyzing research results. The conclusions drawn in the article are based on the analysis of the concepts deconstructing the idea of universal scientific knowledge. 

Keywords: multiculturalism, argument, scientific discussion, scientific criteria, demarcation problem, logicism, universality of science, national science, rationality, post-disciplinarity