Abstract: The subject of this study is the views of domestic conservative and liberal thinkers from the mid-19th to the second half of the 19th century on the personality and activities of Napoleon Bonaparte and Napoleon III. It is noted that there has always been a high level of interest in Russian society regarding events occurring in France. This interest was associated both with the ideological attitudes among the Russian nobility and with the contradictions that existed between Russia and France in the 19th century. This concerns the Patriotic War of 1812 and the anti-Napoleonic wars of the early century, as well as the Crimean Campaign of 1853-1856. These events had a significant impact on the perception of France in Russia, as well as on the assessments made in Russian society about French rulers. However, the authors emphasize a marked difference in the representations of domestic thinkers regarding Napoleon Bonaparte and Napoleon III, with a certain respect for the former and clear criticism and even disdain for the latter. The main methods of this research can be called comparative, allowing for a comparative analysis of opinions and assessments, and revealing the characteristic features in the perception of French leaders in Russian public opinion. It seems that this problem has not been studied before, i.e., no special research has been undertaken to compare the policies of French emperors in Russian public thought of the 19th century. In this regard, it seems quite interesting to conduct a comparative analysis of existing assessments, helping to understand the reason for the respectful attitude towards Napoleon Bonaparte in Russia and the almost complete oblivion or criticism of his nephew. Among the main conclusions reached by the authors, the following can be highlighted: in Russian society of the 19th century, there was a constant interest both in foreign policy aspects and in individual states. In particular, such interest was observed in relation to France, the embodiment and collective image of which were undoubtedly those rulers who were remembered for their bright reforms, military successes/failures, and, of course, their interactions with Russia.

Keywords: Eastern Question, French Revolution, foreign policy, the image of the emperor, public thought, Napoleon III, Napoleon Bonaparte, Russia and France, Liberalism, Conservatism

Abstract: The author examines in detail the issues of changing the right position of the Yenisei Cossacks in the period from the beginning of the 17th century to the end of the first quarter of the 20th century. The object of the study is the Cossacks of the Yenisei region of Eastern Siberia (Yenisei Cossacks) in the XVII – early XX centuries. The subject of this study is the evolution of the right-wing status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the period from the appearance of the first Cossack detachments in the Yenisei Region (early 17th century) to the announcement at the First Congress of the Yenisei Cossacks of the Krasnoyarsk Cossack Division by the Yenisei Cossack Army (May 25, 1917). The principles of historical materialism and a systematic approach to the study of historical phenomena. The author used both general scientific research methods, as well as special historical (periodization, historical-genetic, historical-systemic and historical-comparative) and legal (comparative-historical) research methods. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the historical stages of the change in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks in the pre-revolutionary period of national history are highlighted, common features and differences in the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks are revealed in comparison with the Cossacks of the Siberian and Trans-Baikal Cossack troops, as well as with the Russian peasantry. The results obtained can be used to create a textbook on the discipline "History of the Cossacks of the Krasnoyarsk Territory". The author comes to the following conclusions: The Yenisei Cossacks, as a separate territorial estate group of the population, have been formed since the beginning of the 17th century exclusively as a service category of the population, supported by the state, possessing rights and privileges, bearing duties established by the state to solve the tasks of expanding Russia's territorial possessions in Siberia and the Far East, and maintaining control over the acquired territories. The Yenisei Cossacks have never experienced the stage of free Cossacks, as a group of the Cossack population of the European part of Russia. In the history of the Yenisei Cossacks, four periods were identified in which the legal status of the Yenisei Cossacks changed.

Keywords: The Yenisei Cossack Army, mounted Cossack division, mounted Cossack hundred, mounted Cossack regiment, Police functions, irregular military, city Cossacks, men in military service, legal status, Yenisei Cossacks

Abstract: The article examines the main works of the famous American historian of science Naomi Oreskes, highlighting examples of scientific misconceptions and their background in sources of funding, academic ambitions, and social values. Her works attract the attention of both a wide range of readers and specialists. For fans of the popular style, complex questions about the relationship between science and business in the United States, modern criteria of research activity, and the epistemological role of ecology in the system of scientific knowledge are presented. For specialists, a thorough archival work is obvious, and the novelty of covering events from a historical perspective is interesting. Describing examples of incompetent research and views, Oreskes uses the phrase scientific ignorance. Due to the lack of a direct semantic analogue in Russian, the concept of delusion replaces it in the article. The analysis and synthesis of the key theoretical provisions of Oreskes' works was carried out by identifying the role of epistemic standards that the author adhered to in characterizing questionable research practices. Historical-genetic and historical-systemic methods were used to study the relationship of misconceptions with commercial interests in the socio-historical context of the development of science in the United States. The productivity of the regulatory function of expert consensus, interdisciplinarity, value pluralism in the criticism of destructive doubts, outdated criteria, and fundamentalism in the scientific community is determined. The history of scientific misconceptions is an important aspect of the sociology of knowledge, presented in Oreskes' writings using a variety of empirical material. The historical approach made it possible to highlight both the social and epistemological consequences of distortions and falsifications in science that arose under the influence of the material motives of scientists or their sponsors and employers. The appeal to Oreskes' works is designed to actualize the sense of social responsibility among scientists, which, in her opinion, contributes to the perception of research norms adequate to the modern level of knowledge. The article may be useful for specialists in the history and philosophy of science, used in educational courses in these disciplines.

Keywords: social responsibility, doctrines of neoliberalism, Sociology of science, research practice, environmental agenda, market fundamentalism, sources of financing, expert consensus, epistemic standards, scientific ignorance

Abstract: The subject of study in this article is the scientific development of the problem of creating electric artillery in the USSR in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Proposals made earlier (the magnetofugal gun suggested by M.P. Kostenko, M.M. Podolsky, and N.S. Yapolsky) are analyzed, and the reasons for the interest in this type of military technology in the USSR are determined. The main stages of developing the theoretical foundations of electric artillery are considered, the leading scientific center – the Artillery Scientific Research Institute – is identified, and the main projects (magnetoelectric, electrosolenoid guns, and other types) are analyzed. The complexities and problems faced by Soviet engineers are indicated, along with possible solutions. An objective barrier to the creation of powerful electric guns was, first of all, the problems in the field of extremely high power currents and their generation, which Soviet science in the 1930s was unable to resolve. The following research methods were used in working on this material: historical-scientific analysis of specialized research literature, comparative-historical method, and processing of archival data (CAMO RF, CGA St. Petersburg, RGA Samara, etc.). New data regarding the development of the scientific school of weapon design in the 1930s is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, pointing out the engineers leading the main projects. Based on newly identified archival materials and the study of reports on the research conducted at the Artillery Scientific Research Institute, it is concluded that the attempt to create artillery of this type suitable for combat use ended in failure. Achieving the desired firing parameters from electromagnetic guns was hindered by two main reasons: the insufficient power of the energy sources available at that time and the inability to ensure reliable transmission of electrical energy to a moving projectile. As further research has shown, there is no satisfactory solution to this problem with classical contact methods of energy transmission. The materials of the study can be used in examining the general patterns of development of domestic science during the Soviet period.

Keywords: Zhakov V.K., Konoplev A.P., scientific school, magnetoelectric cannon, electric cannon, Artillery directorate, Artillery Research Institute, shock generator, electromagnetic artillery, weapons design

Abstract: The shadow activities of illegal businessmen in the second most important city of the RSFSR – Leningrad are examined in the article, based on the study of a diverse array of materials stored in the State Archives of the Russian Federation and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The economic liberalism that was observed during the period of «Khrushchev's reformism» had both positive and negative consequences. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the reasons that led to the growth of the shadow economy in Leningrad during the «Khrushchev thaw». The illegal purchase and sale of goods created conditions for the enrichment of individuals, officially called «parasite speculators». The «swindlers» condemned by the authorities caused significant damage to state trade, introducing elements of disorganization into the Leningrad commodity supply system. Private intermediaries, engaged in illegal business in Leningrad, entered into collusion with «responsible employees» of some state trade organizations that were subordinate to the Ministry of Trade of the RSFSR. During the research it was revealed that shadow entrepreneurs «became immeasurably rich» thanks to the «criminal accumulation of capital», having gained illegal access to the acquisition of the «deficit» of the food and commodity fund of Leningrad. The responsible employees, who were in collusion with illegal businessmen, deliberately complicated the process of accounting for food products, falsified documents for the payment of travel expenses, «cash payments» of large sums for intermediary services, etc. In addition, secret entrepreneurs actively took advantage of their impunity. As a rule, «shadow traders» did not identify themselves in documentary and accounting records, so for a long time, without coming to the attention of law enforcement agencies, they could freely engage in illegal activities, which contributed to the flourishing of various economic frauds.

Keywords: food products, consumerism, Leningrad region, Leningrad, planned economy, trade, Khrushchev thaw, shadow economy, fraud, non-labor activity