Abstract: The subject of this scientific article is the image of Russia in the school course of the history of Kazakhstan for grades 7 and 8. As part of the development of social cooperation, a fairly extensive regulatory framework has been formed. However, the internal policy of the Kazakh authorities, in particular in the field of school education, contradicts the officially chosen course. Meanwhile, school education has a significant impact not only on the formation of people's self-awareness, but also on interstate relations in general. The purpose of the work is to trace the process of forming the image of Russia in Kazakh school textbooks and determine its nature. For this purpose, several textbooks of the old and new generation were taken, an analysis of how information was transformed depending on the time of creation of the textbook was carried out. A comparative historical method was used as the main method, with the help of which textbooks of different generations were compared. The historical and systematic method allowed us to study history textbooks in the context of international humanitarian cooperation. This is the first time this problem has been considered in such a volume, taking into account the impact on the social sphere. The analysis of textbooks allows us to take a fresh look at the relations between Russia and Kazakhstan. It has been established that, with the exception of some positive assessments that occur in the seventh grade school year, the image of Russia is presented in a negative way in Kazakh textbooks. It was revealed that he changed over time only for the worse. Despite Kazakhstan's official statements that Russia is almost one of the most important partners, students in the course of the school history curriculum receive negative information about Russia. This trend of school education in Kazakhstan has a negative impact on relations with Russia.

Keywords: humanitarian cooperation, international relations, education, historical image, colonialism, history, relationships, school textbook, Kazakhstan, Russia

Abstract: The object of the study is the excavation of residential building No. 4 of the Yudinsk archaeological culture, studied during archaeological work at the Russian settlement 1. The monument is located in the Yarkovsky district of the Tyumen region, on the right bank of the Tobol River, near the mouth of the Tura River. The purpose of the study is to introduce into scientific circulation and to examine in detail the unique materials from the Russian 1 settlement, represented by the excavation of a residential building at No. 4, to determine the type of dwelling, and to reconstruct the possible appearance of the lost structural elements of the structure. Based on the purpose of the study, the following tasks were put forward: a morphological description of the recorded elements of the archeologized structure No. 4, the determination of the time of the functioning of the settlement, as well as the reconstruction of the exterior of the frame of the dwelling based on available ethnographic materials. Traditional research methods for historical science are used to solve the tasks set in the work: comparative historical, typological, descriptive method of analysis of material sources, method of analogies. For the first time, based on a detailed comprehensive planographic analysis of the traces of the archeologized building No. 4, as well as their comparison with residential structures that existed among the aboriginal population of Siberia, it was established that the building from the Yudinsky settlement of Russian 1 was a semi-earthen building with a truncated pyramid-shaped frame. The construction of the ground part of the house is described, as well as details of the internal structure. The walls and roof were built from thin planks or scaffolds, which were then covered with a layer of earth thrown out of the excavation. A narrow corridor-shaped entrance led to the dwelling, above which a canopy was erected. The main open hearth was located in the center of the dwelling, and bunks with another hearth were located at the back wall. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the monument existed in the period of the 8th–10th centuries.

Keywords: Western Siberia, ethnography, housing construction, The dwelling, Yudin culture, Tributary region, the Russian settlement, The Medieval Era, Archaeology, reconstruction

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of projects for joining first part and then the entire territory of the Vyborg province of the Grand Duchy of Finland to the St. Petersburg province bordering it. The features of the government discourse that emerged during the discussion of the planned transformations are considered, and a comparative analysis of cases of "symbolic" confrontation of the imperial administration with alternative national projects for territories with a special institutional structure is carried out. The object of the study is the national policy of the Russian Empire towards Finland in the 1910s, the subject is the office materials of the Special Meeting on the Affairs of the Grand Duchy of Finland and the interdepartmental Commission chaired by Secretary of State S. E. Kryzhanovsky. The main attention is paid to the draft law "On the accession of the Kivineb, Novokirk and Teriyok communities of the Vyborg province to the St. Petersburg province." The author used traditional methods for historical and legal research: analysis, synthesis, a systematic approach and formal legal. It is concluded that the projects under study, on the one hand, reflected a change in the priorities of the national policy of the Russian government from a broad program of Russification of the outskirts to the formation of the "national core" of the empire, on the other hand, represented a unique attempt to harmonize two different institutional systems and alternative approaches to political modernization. In this regard, the work places special emphasis on the limits of social and political transformations acceptable to the highest Russian bureaucracy in such matters as the class affiliation of subjects, the organization of local self-government and the unification of the legal system. The results of the study make it possible to correct traditional historiographical approaches to the national policy of the late Russian Empire, and also highlight the complex internal logic of the legislative process during the Duma monarchy.

Keywords: lawmaking, assimilation, unification, territorial appropriation, national core, modernization, national policy, Grand Duchy of Finland, Vyborg Governorate, local self-government

Abstract: The turn of the 19th to the 20th century marked a period of industrialization and urbanization that significantly impacted social and economic dynamics. Moscow, like other metropolises of the time, experienced rapid urban population growth, creating a demand for both housing and commercial spaces. In this context, studying the emergence and development of income properties is highly relevant as it sheds light on how urban spaces, society, and human relationships to housing transformed under the influence of economic and social changes during this period. This research examines and analyzes the role and place of income properties within the urban housing system, assessing how accessible life in such buildings was for city dwellers, the economic foundations behind their emergence, and the impact of their construction on Moscow's architectural landscape. The conclusion offers a summarized evaluation of the economic, social, and cultural significance of income properties in Moscow. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the underexplored history of Moscow's income properties from financial-economic and social perspectives. Firstly, analyzing financial-economic aspects allows for a deeper understanding of investment mechanisms in urban real estate and their influence on market formation. Investigating the motives and financial strategies of owners and investors in income properties can illuminate the reasons behind the success or failure of such ventures, as well as their role in the city's economic development. Secondly, exploring social aspects enables an examination of issues related to social mobility, population structure, and social changes occurring within the context of urban development. These topics broaden our understanding of the city's social history. Studying these relationships will introduce previously unpublished materials into circulation, systematizing existing data based on diverse sources of information.

Keywords: entrepreneurs, architecture, urbanization, homeowners, households, income properties, boarding houses, the history of Moscow, Moscow studies, Moscow

Abstract: The subject of the study is the project of one of the leaders of the right-wing movement of pre-revolutionary Russia, K. N. Paskhalov, on the abolition of provincial zemstvo institutions. The main purpose of the work is to evaluate Paskhalov's reforms that took place in the zemstvo —local government system. Based on this goal, the author faced two tasks: 1) to analyze the mechanism of transition to a "one-story" zemstvo developed by Paskhalov; 2) to study the results of the discussion of these ideas in zemstvos and on the pages of the periodical press. Special attention is paid to the legal prerequisites for the formation of the Paskhalov concept. The emphasis is placed on the relevance of this topic, since the arguments of Paskhalov's supporters and opponents may be in demand during the discussion on the territorial organization of local self-government in modern Russia. The methods used in this study include historical and legal ones. Methodological foundations also include the principle of objectivity, the principle of historicism, and the principle of consistency. The scientific novelty of the work consists in comparing Paskhalov's project with the responses to his proposals from the zemstvo authorities and individual municipal figures. According to Paskhalov, the Zemstvo Regulations should have clearly delineated the powers and functions of the two levels of zemstvo self-government. The absence of such standards led to an increase in unproductive expenditures of the provincial zemstvo and to the depletion of county budgets. Paskhalov argued that the county should remain the only territorial unit of local government. The procedure for the transition to a single-level model provided for the gradual transfer of the provincial zemstvo's property and capital into the hands of the counties. In the course of the study, it was found that Paskhalov's project caused quite a large public outcry. In 1909-1910, this topic was discussed at county zemstvo meetings in different regions. Many zemstvo leaders agreed with Paskhalov's theses on the need to reform medical institutions, road and insurance business. Several county zemstvos decided on the need to abolish provincial local government bodies. In 1911, the topic was repeatedly discussed on the pages of the specialized magazine Zemstvo Business. Objecting to the complete transition to a "one-story" zemstvo, the authors of the magazine, at the same time, proposed a number of specific measures to regulate the relationship between provincial and county zemstvos.

Keywords: two-level model, single-level model, Separation of powers, Zemstvo Business Magazine, county zemstvo, provincial zemstvo, Zemstvo, Zemstvo Position, local government, K. N. Paskhalov

Abstract: The object of the study is the process of formation of the educational system in the Central Asian territories of the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The subject of the study is a reflection of the process of formation of the educational system of Central Asia in Russian journalism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This article highlights the attitude of Russian publications of the post-reform modernization era to the educational policy pursued by the imperial administration in the territories of Central Asia. The differences between conservative, liberal and democratic views on the goals and methods of the education system being created in the Muslim environment are noted. The article highlights the attitude of publicists to the ambiguous perception of the traditional local school by the Russian administration. Particular attention is paid to the criticism of inconsistency and fluctuations in government policy in the field of education. The constructive proposals of publicists aimed at ensuring the synthesis of some aspects of traditional and Russian educational institutions, contributing to the acculturation of the local population and the gradual integration of the region into the Empire, are revealed. The work used the historical and genetic method, which make possible to trace the development of the educational policy of Russia in the Central Asia on the pages of domestic publications; comparative, which allows to establish the general and special in its perception by publicists; the principle of historicism, revealing their attitude to the educational policy of the authorities in the historical context of the epoch of the early twentieth century. The problem of reflecting the educational policy of Russia in Central Asia in periodicals of that time has not been the subject of special analysis. Conservative authors advocated a policy of religious tolerance, the spread of the Russian school and the inclusion of the younger generation of the local population in its educational process. The main task of educational policy in the region for liberals for a long time has been to reduce the level of Muslim fanaticism, to introduce civilization through the development of education, to reform Russian-native schools, madrassas and mektebe, to provide cultural autonomy to the population of the region, the need for a synthesis of secular and national schools. Populist publications suggested using a public resource in the creation and development of a local school. Representatives of all directions agreed that only with the help of education and the dissemination of European values is it possible to overcome the cultural isolation of the region, national and religious extremism, undermining the foundations of its integration with Russia.

Keywords: Central Asia, Education policy, Kaufman journal, Russian Empire, Northern Herald, Orthodox Evagelist, Russian thought, Historical Bulletin, Herald of Europe, Russian wealth

Abstract: The purpose of the work is to clarify the data of historiographic research and to present new facts about the supply of horses for the Kostroma militia during the Patriotic War of 1812. The sources include documents from the funds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive, the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Kostroma Region. The documentary data are compared with the texts of K.A. Voensky, V.R. Apukhtin, N.N. Vinogradov and others. An important component of the information in the sources is the mechanisms for recruiting the equestrian staff of the main and reserve militias, the calculation of combat and draft horses, and the issues of handing over horses at the end of military operations. The documents allow us to assess the military-economic potential of the Kostroma province in the selected aspect. The results obtained allow us to assess and interpret indicators such as: general information on horse supplies, the ratio of quantitative indicators and the requirements of military articles, etc. In the future, it will be possible to use information about the provision of the Kostroma militia with horses to compare it with other militias of the 3rd district. The following conclusions were made based on the results of the study: firstly, despite significant irreparable losses in the regional archive, a comparison of documents and historiographical studies allows us to present a very interesting aspect of the history of the Kostroma militia of 1812; secondly, documentary materials reveal previously unknown aspects of the topic, for example, the supply of horses not only for the main, but also for the reserve militia.

Keywords: Vinogradov, Apukhtin, Voensky, militia, Kostroma militia of 1812, Kostroma province, militia districts, people's militia, The Patriotic War of 1812, Vinogradova