Abstract: the article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of an outstanding Russian historian Sigurd Ottovich Schmidt and reviews the main directions of his scientific research in the 1950-2000-ies (Russian history during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the history of the personal chronicle of XVI century, the history of Moscow studies, etc.). Author shows the value and place of the works of the hero of the day in the national hôÿistoriography, the anthropologically-oriented tendencies of the source material interpretations in the written works of the 1970s and the proximity of his position with the direction of the “new history” (the “Annales” school). The article traces the appeal of the researcher to the new subjects in 1980-1990-ies. Author marks the contribution of Schmidt S. O. to the study of Russian noble culture of XVIII-XIX centuries and the fact that his attention was focused on the mentality of the Russian nobility, perceived through the works of Karamzin N.M., Pushkin A.S., etc.

Keywords: history, Schmidt S.O., historiography, ethnography, Moscow studies, XVI century, Ivan IV the Terrible, archives, pictorial chronicles, Karamzin N.M.

Abstract: the paper analyzes the inter- and multidisciplinary researches of Knorozov Yu.V., who had decode the Mayan hieroglyphic writing. The article estimates the historical value of his theory of the collective and the signaling theory, considers his contribution to the development of the law of recapitulation (for Social Development). Author gives a detailed description of the “theory of self-organization of the antroposystem” created by the disciples and followers of the scientist.

Keywords: history, anthroposystem, self-organization, communication, signaling theory, the theory of the collective, social development, religious consciousness, writing system, Knorozov Yu.V.

Abstract: the paper is devoted to the study of textual and visual components of the image of the 6th Anglo-Ashanti War (1873-1874), represented in the British press – the first mass-illustrated magazine «The Illustrated London News» and the conservative newspaper «The Morning Post». Particular attention is given to the narrative techniques by which the British colonial comprehended the Others, their cultural and religious backgrounds.

Keywords: history, image, colonial, the Others, Africans, Ashanti, representation, savage, ambivalence, perception.

Abstract: this article discusses the state of fiscal governance in Russia at the end of the XIX century, gives reasons that prompted the government to establish an institute of assessor inspectors, analyzes the interactions of assessor inspection with other local bodies of the government and the importance of the inspection assessors in meeting the challenges of tax reforms in the late XIX – early XX century.

Keywords: history, assessor, tax, Bunge N. Kh., inspection, police, reform, tax, tax, fiscal.

Abstract: the article is a biographical sketch that describes and analyzes the most important events in the life of Knyazh Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy – a major military leader of the Troubles era, pretender to the Russian throne in 1613. Author answers the questions: what prevented Trubetskoy D.R. from becoming a sovereign and establishing a new dynasty; why in the historical memory of the Russian people this figure has not received a status as a great personality. The essay is written in the methodology of “personal history” scientific direction.

Keywords: history, aristocracy, monarchy, nobility, confusion, commander, 1612, imposture, morality, personalism.

Abstract: in the article the author tries to present the milestones of the evolution of the Russian Cossacks in the past hundred years of its history, focusing on the time after the revolutions of 1917 and the Civil War. Author shows the essence of the policy of the Soviet government in relation to the Cossacks, marks the tragic events that led to their neglect since the 1930s to the mid-1980s. The main attention is paid to the revival of the Cossacks in the new Russia, the measures the government and the President of the Russian Federation to enhance its role in serving the fatherland, in the development of economy and culture of Russian people.

Keywords: history, the Cossacks, Russians, army, division, village, legislation, rehabilitation, recovery, troop Cossack society.

Abstract: the article deals with the diplomatic battle in World War I between the Allies and Central Powers in the Balkans on the role and significance of the Salonika front, and gives a brief analysis of military operations in the area. The author shows how the intrigue within the coalition prevented the achievement of strategic objectives in this theater of this military operation.

Keywords: history, the Balkans, World War I, Salonika front, Macedonia, Greece, Serbia, diplomatic struggle, the Entente, Quadruple Alliance.

Abstract: the paper presents the relationship between the Old Believers and the official Orthodox Church in Russia in the XVIII - the beginning of XX century. Author analyzes the process of changing of the position of Old Believers in the public relations of the country, describes the recent works on the reform of the Orthodox Church and the place of Old Believers in the spiritual and social life of Russia.

Keywords: history, Russian super-ethnos, Orthodoxy, the “Old Beleif”, the Old Believers, Bogorodsk, official Orthodox Church, the reform of Alexander II, legislative acts.

Abstract: the article focuses on one story from the history of the Museum of Fine Arts named after Tsar Alexander III (at present the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts): an attempt to implement a project of reconstruction of early Christian catacombs. Author shows how and when this idea arose, who financed the project, how was working on copying the frescoes performed. The author explains the reasons for refusal of Tsvetaeva I.V. from the project.

Keywords: history, the Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow University, Italy, Russia, charity, philanthropy, the Roman catacombs, the early Christian frescoes, cultural heritage.

Abstract: the article tells about the history of Russian-Byzantine relations in the IX-XI centuries. The author tries to show how the Byzantines perceived Russ, what in Russ evoke real and imaginary fears in Romans. The fears were connected with the expectations of the Last Day, the signs of the onset of which the Romans saw in the appearance of mysterious Russ people. It is concluded that at different times in different groups of Byzantine people the attitude the Russ was ambiguous. Although in the IX century, when intensive contacts of Romans with the Russ only started, one name of the northern neighbors of the Empire sowed panic among the general population of the Byzantine, but in X century with the beginning of intense commercial and military cooperation the Russ did not cause the mystical horror among ordinary Romans. The same commonsensical attitude to reality shared the political elite of Byzantium. And only in the writings of Byzantine intellectuals the Russ caused fear until the christianization of Russia.

Keywords: history, the prophecy of Ezekiel, Rus, Romans, Byzantium, Constantinople, Leo the Deacon, Photius, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Olga.

Abstract: the article reviews the history of the creation and operation of training centers for Rwandan genocide in 1994: “Akazu”, AMASASU, Coalition for the protection of the Republic (CDR), as well as legal and illegal organizations with which it was implemented (paramilitary police of the NRDDR and CDR parties, Interahamwe and impuzamugambi, “death squads”, the Civil Self-Defense). The article identifies their origins, social composition, structure, goals, ideology, form of spheres of influence and activity. The analysis shows that the genocide of Tutsis was not due to spontaneous outbursts of Hutu anger because of the assassination of the President Habyarimana J., but was the result of a focused training. It was carried out at different levels, involving extremist circles associated with the regime and the tip of the Rwandan army. The author concludes that in Rwanda by the spring of 1994 there was a structure to the mass mobilization of the Hutu to carry out the genocide of Tutsis. This system consisted of both legal and illegal or informal elements and included senior centers, trained executants and well-established mechanisms for the transfer of orders from the top down.

Keywords: history, Rwanda, genocide, 1994, “Akazu”, AMASASU, Coalition defense of the republic, the Interahamwe, impuzamugambi, “death squads”.

Abstract: the article shows two views on a criminal act, reflected in the Council Code of Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich in 1649. One point of view is subjective and moral and was a common heritage of the Russian law, the other is in the field of objective law and was brought to the domestic law from the foreign and church sources. Under the influence of these two representations of the same substantive legal standards the different chapters of the Council Code was described with different terms.

Keywords: history, the Council Code of 1649, crime, robbery, fighting, theft, plundering, murder, a dashing man.

Abstract: the paper presents the analysis of the book “Historical science at the turn of XX-XXI centuries: theoretical foundation and practice of historiography” (Moscow, 2011) written by Doctor of History, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Laura Petrovna Repina. Author marks the scientific merit of the monograph: a high theoretical level, taking into account the methodological requirements of the professional historical community, the adequacy of the main areas of study of scientific research of historians. This far-reaching work of Repina L.P. opens up prospects for further study of the whole complex of issues related to intellectual culture, as well as the relation of intellectual culture and historical knowledge. In addition, the author notes that a more complete disclosure of historiography of everyday life, the influence of the international congress of historical sciences in research practice is needed and offers a wider use of the term “historiographic situation”.

Keywords: history, review, historiography, communication, intellectual culture, interdisciplinary, theory, methodology, gender, Repina L.P.