Transposition of prepositional forms of the instrumental case of nouns into spatial adverbs: steps, signs, limit

Shigurov Viktor Vasil'evich ORCID: 0000-0002-0765-0482 Doctor of Philology Professor, Department of Russian Language, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University 430010, Russia, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Serova str., 3, sq. 12 shigurov@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Shigurova Tat'yana Alekseevna ORCID: 0000-0002-4898-6484 Doctor of Cultural Studies Professor; Department of Cultural Studies, Library and Information Resources; National Research Mordovian State University named after N.P. Ogarev 430010, Russia, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Serova str., 3, sq. 12 shigurova_tatyana@mail.ru Other publications by this author

1. Introductory remarks

The study of the mechanism of functional and functional-semantic transposition of the forms of the creative case of nouns such as circle, next, top, bottom, road to the subclass of spatial adverbs is one of the important tasks of the transpositional grammar of the Russian language. The causes of this process, its stages and limits, the ratio of lexical and grammatical in the structure of linguistic units undergoing adverbialization have not been identified. The relevance of the research is determined by the increased attention in modern science to the problem of interaction of different classes of words in the process of stepwise transposition of words and word forms from one class to another; ambiguous interpretation of different degrees of adverbialization of nouns, the nature of the relationship between semantic and grammatical in the structure of units explicating different stages of their categorical transformation. The novelty of the work is determined by the approach to the material from the standpoint of the methodology of oppositional analysis, which allows us to identify typical contexts of use, on the one hand, nuclear representatives of classes of nouns and adverbs, and on the other – peripheral (syncretic) formations, to varying degrees representing the properties of interacting nouns and adverbs of place during adverbialization. The object of research is the forms of the creative case of singular and plural nouns, explicating in the syntactic position the circumstances of the place of certain stages of adverbialization, the subject of consideration is the stages, signs and limit of the transposition of substantive word forms into spatial adverbs. The material was the authors' own examples of the article and sentences extracted from the National Corpus of the Russian language and indicated by the abbreviation [NKRYA] ^[17]. Access mode: http://www.ruscorpora.ru /. Methods of structural and semantic analysis, oppositional analysis (with a scale of transitivity), linguistic experiment, elements of component, transformational and distributive analysis were used to solve the tasks. The methodological basis of the study was the work of domestic and foreign researchers on the problem of transposition (translation, conversion, lexical and syntactic derivation, transitivity) (see, for example: ^{[1; 4; 10, pp. 5-11; 13, pp. 57-71; 14; 15; 16, pp. 9-25; 23; 24, pp. 25-38; 28, pp. 13-26; 29; 30]}). The authors' own experience in the study of various transpositional processes in the system of parts of speech and interparticle categories of predicatives and introductory modal words and expressions is also used (see, for example: ^{[25, pp. 42-55; 26, pp. 161-165; 27, pp. 5972-5976; 31, pp. 177-191; 32, pp. 1108-1123]}).

2. Research results and discussion

As a result of the study, it was found that the extralinguistic reason for the transposition of substantive word forms into the category of spatial adverbs is the need to form new linguistic means for more accurate localization of substance in space in the form of a point, line and circle. The process of adverbializing the forms of the creative case of nouns without prepositions partially solves this problem. It is necessary to keep in mind the general increased attention in speech to the qualitative characterization of situations and their fragments. The use of adverbs, the integral feature of which is, as is known, the sign (or the sign of the sign, in the words of A.M. Peshkovsky ^{[21, pp. 113, 116]}, "allows one or two orders of magnitude "to deepen the "sign structure of the sentence" ^{[7, p. 511]}. The leading role in the designation of space belongs, as is known, to nouns and adverbs specialized in conveying different facets of the spatial orientation of objects ^{[7, pp. 510, 511]}. At the same time, adverbs have the ability to lexicalize the types of syntactic use of substantive word forms. According to V.B. Yevtyukhin, it was for syntactic functions that the static and dynamic (directional) adverbs home and home were formed, for example, the first of which indicates the location of the object, and the second – the direction to the point of reference (home). According to V. B. Yevtyukhin, the creation of a separate adverbial lexeme will be required to indicate the direction of movement "from home".

Cases of transposition of forms of the creative case into spatial adverbs are few in the Russian language. Substantive formations of this type demonstrate different degrees of adverbialization in speech. Depending on the number of stages (stages) of adverbial transposition and the nature of categorical transformations, the forms of the creative case are divided into several groups.

Firstly, these are nouns that can be used in the function of the circumstance of a place and thus demonstrate the first, actually syntactic stage in the movement towards spatial adverbs. These are word forms such as shore, forest, field, steppe, clearing, lane, city, village, country road, garden, hollow, outskirts, street, edge, corridor. At the same time, some of them occur in the plural form, for example: forests, fields, copses. Among them there are forms with suffixes of subjective assessment of the subject; cf.: a fishing line, a forest, a bank. According to a number of researchers, the substantial nature is still strong in such word forms with a specific spatial meaning, and therefore the degree of their adverbialization is minimal (see, for example: ^{[19, pp. 196, 197]}). In our opinion, substantive word forms such as forest, field are able to explicate two stages of adverbialization, correlating with the zones of the core [A/S (gorge)] and the periphery [Ab/S(gorge) n (arech)] nouns. The following contexts of the use of nuclear (1) and peripheral nouns (2) are indicative:

(1) It was decided to hold the station at all costs, because then the Chinese would have captured the entire left bank and would have been able to shell the concessions, hiding behind riots of salt that littered the access roads, and the defenders would not have lasted even a day [M. Shishkin. Pismovnik (2009) // "Banner", 2010] [NKRYA]; There was steppe all around, grasses above the shoulder – and in the distance thickets piled up here and there, which, upon reaching, were replaced by steppe [A. Ilichevsky. The throat of Ushuluk // "October", 2007] [NKRYA]; The Cossacks spent the winter near Ashur-ade – within the Gorgan Bay, formed by a peninsula that abounded in forests [A. Ilichevsky. Persian (2009)] [NKRYA]; The wasteland was replaced by a small forest, among which five-story buildings stand at random [R. Senchin. Athenian nights // "Banner", 2000] [NKRYA] (nuclear nouns with a controlled form of the creative case in the function of a complement or component of a predicate);

(2) From its mouth, you will go up the Argut with the left bank, consider it like this – six kilometers, and here, on the right along the course, there will be a small key or river, if you want [I. Efremov. Mountain Spirit Lake (1942-1943)] [NKRYA]; We were driving along the Lena coast to the south, and winter was catching up with us from the north [V. Korolenko. Frost (1900-1901)] [NKRYA]; I was walking along the shore, hoping to raise ducks, but I saw only tangles of fog and panicles-tongues of swamp grass [Yu. Koval. A thunderstorm over a potato field (1974)] [NKRYA]; The leadership began to let the workers go, and they crossed the Volga and Tumak by passing means – left the steppe for Srednyaya Akhtuba and Leninsk [V. Grossman. Life and fate, part 2 (1960)] [NKRYA]; After being an assistant police officer in Bryansk," listening to spatially sad, uncluttered music, Hertz read the biography of Vasily Sergeevich Kalinnikov, and it seemed to him that he was walking through a clear steppe, already touched by the rustles of autumn, and a yellow birch stood motionless in the distance, the only one on the whole earth [V. Astafyev. Tsar-fish (1974)] [NKRYA]; So far everything went well, and German planes flew by, but it got hotter every day: no one knew where the column was going, and besides, the route changed every now and then; they moved through forests, copses and just fields, lamenting the sight and, apparently, a rich harvest doomed to perish this year [p . Proskurin. Fate. Book two. Don't deny it (1993)] [NKRYA]; The pioneers went to the forest [p. Zayaitsky. Sixty Brothers (1927)] [NKRYA] (peripheral nouns in the creative case with adjectival and/or subsubstantial distributors, as well as without dependent words, acting as circumstances of the place).

Secondly, these are single nouns of the lower type, representing three steps on the scale of adverbial transposition: step A/C (gorge) (the nuclei of nouns in the function of complement or predicate) (3), step Ab/C(gorge) n(arech) (the periphery of nouns in the function of the circumstance of place) (4) and the aB/s(gorge) N(arech) stage (the periphery of spatial adverbs functioning within the original substantive lexeme) (5):

(3) The Jeep stood on its nose for the last time and, barely swinging, collapsed in the direction that was once called the bottom. Proshkin. The Mechanics of Eternity (2001)] [NKRYA];

(4) On shaky, weak legs, he went down to the stream in the thickets of alder; without removing the wet branches clinging to his cap and shoulders, he walked for a long time at the bottom of the ravine, passed a badger hole on the slope, ran over the rocks to the other side of the stream and finally climbed into the mouth of another ravine, smaller, into an impenetrable thicket of young spruce [V. Bulls. The sign of trouble (1982)] [NKRYA]; More often they traveled by the Klyuchevsky bottom, in crowded places, cool and weather-beaten, never bothered by dust [e. Noses. The Usvyat Helmet-bearers (1977)] [NKRYA];

(5) I was climbing down the steep slope with difficulty, and now I see: the blind man stopped, then turned down to the right; he was walking so close to the water that it seemed like a wave was going to grab him and carry him away, but apparently this was not his first walk, judging by the confidence with which he stepped from stone to stone and avoided potholes [m. Lermontov. The Hero of our Time (1839-1841)] [NKRYA].

The limit of this type of functional adverbialization of nouns is the zone of grammatical adverbs proper, acting as functional homonyms in relation to the original substantive word forms. Cf. contexts of the use of partial homonyms:

(6) Between the bottom and the top there is a narrow staircase with one turn, and only fourteen steps. Soloukhin. Laughter over the Left Shoulder (1989)] [NKRYA] (noun);

(7) A huge cumulus cloud shining with gray falls from the sky to the ground, and the wind whistles towards it – from the ground to the sky: this cradle of a swing swing rises up and then rushes down – wow! uh! girls' squeals are splashing, harmonies are screaming, guys are yelling: I swam on horseback, I swam down, Motani has a house with a cornice... [K. Fedin. The first joys (1943-1945)] [NKRYA] (adverb).

Thirdly, these are nouns on top, side by side, which also explicate several stages (stages) of adverbialization in different speech conditions. They do not always match the named word forms. At the same time, these formations are united by the fact that they move much further in speech towards adverbs, eventually entering the group of so-called nuclear non-substantive adverbs. The formation of adverbs of this type is associated with the functional and semantic nature of adverbial transposition, covering the sphere of both grammar and word formation. Moreover, in some cases, the process of formation of adverbial units of the language is accompanied by an accentological shift in categorically degenerating word forms; cf.: in the upper rhom --> upper m; kr - gom --> circle om. It is characteristic that adverbializing word forms, as they approach adverbs, usually change their bit value, acting as a function of different circumstances. Cf., for example, functional-semantic and accentological shifts in the substantive word form of the kr ugom as it gradually moves towards the zone of nuclear adverbs:

(8) (a) And Sotnikov said only what everyone already knew: Leonid was familiar with a wide range of representatives of show business and the art world, actively courted women and maintained a relationship with Karina Gorbatovskaya for many years [A. Marinina. The Last Dawn (2013)] [NKRJ] (nuclear noun in the function of a controlled complement; with whom?);

(b) The hounds immediately came up to her and when we jumped out into the clearing, they had already surrounded the moose, they were singing, wheezing, exuding rage [Yu. Koval. Listoboy (1972)] [NKRYA] (hybrid in the syncretic complement function and the circumstances of the mode of action: by what and in what way);

(c) "Allow me, my friend," said Colonel Zamoyski, "what is it that you are offended by the deaf and the crooked, when you yourself are to blame?" [M. Prishvin. Friendship (1941)] [NKRJ] (nuclear quantitative adverb in the function of the circumstance of measure and degree; to what extent?);

(d) The house was intact, even the caryatids, but all around were ruins. Grekova. Fracture (1987)] [NKRYA] (nuclear spatial adverb in the function of a local determinant circumstance; where?).

We also note the gradual transposition of the substantive word form side by side, first into the functional adverb of the mode of action (9), and then into the functional semantic adverb of the place (10). Cf. contexts of their use:

(9) The birch trees on the hill are lined up side by side (≈ 'in a row’);

(10) The department store was very close (≈ 'close’).

Categorical conversion into adverbs of word forms by the road and the side is accompanied by a violation of the semantic identity of the original substantive lexemes. The semantic isolation of the forms of the creative case and singular during adverbialization is associated with their separation from the paradigms of the categories of number and case. See examples of the use of homonymous forms – noun (11a) and adverbs (11b) from the Dictionary of Grammatical Homonyms of the Russian Language by O. M. Kim and I. E. Ostrovkina ^{[12, p. 177]}:

(11) (a) War was the only way to power, Karl understood this (A.N. Tolstoy);

(b) We'll talk on the way; I'm sitting and looking At a gray and cloudy day, At the lakes, the coast is sloping, at the distant smoke of villages (A.K. Tolstoy).

Semantically, the substantive adverb dear is syncretic: it combines temporal and local elements of meaning in its semantic structure, which makes it difficult to unambiguously interpret its semantic type. In the lexicographic interpretation of this adverb, the emphasis is on either the spatial or the temporal component. Russian Russian Dictionary of Official Parts of Speech by T.F. Efremova ^{[8, p. 173]} classifies the adverbialized word form dear as an adverb of a place used in the meaning of 'in the process of following where-L.; on the way, on the way where-L.', in the "Great Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language", ed.A. Kuznetsova ^{[3, p. 277]}, on the contrary, the temporal component of the meaning of the word form dear is actualized, to which the meaning of the adverb 'during the journey, the trip' is attributed here (Dear everyone thought about his own), but this adverb is given within the framework of the dictionary entry for the noun road in the "abstract" meaning (cf. "material" and "abstract" meaning of the lexeme road in the examples of E.V. Rakhilina The horse was standing on the road and We are going on the road ^{[22, p. 91]}); a similar interpretation of the adverb road (≈ 'during the trip, travel; on the way') is found in the "Great Academic Dictionary of the Russian Language" ^{[2, p. 297]}.

The semantic shift, which consists in combining spatial meaning with temporal, and, according to some researchers, in replacing local orientation with temporal ^[19], caused the semantic isolation of the creative case of the noun dear during adverbialization, its separation from the paradigm of the original substantive lexeme and the formation of an adverb on its basis.

The concretely spatial noun in the creative case by the side (side) served as the basis for two adverbs that arose as a result of adverbialization – the spatial adverb by the side, meaning ’to move away, bypassing something, in a roundabout way' (A puddle was bypassed; The rain passed by), and the definitively qualitative adverb of the mode of action by the side in the meaning of 'not directly, in a roundabout way, by hints, obliquely’ (We decided to make a side speech).

Local-temporal syncretism is characteristic of the noun transposed into the adverb next. It can be used as in the local meaning of ' after someone-L. or for something moving away’, and in the temporal meaning 'directly after someone-L. or something-L.’ (see, for example: ^{[8, p. 589]}).

The formation of several adverbs belonging to different semantic categories at once during the adverbialization of the creative case of a noun is also observed in the case of the already mentioned word form in the rh. In modern Russian, on the one hand, the noun is opposed in the form of a creative, uncomplicated object complement in the rhom (12), and on the other hand, three adverbs formed on its basis: one of them is the spatial adverb in the rhom in the meaning of 'in the upper or elevated part of the area (the opposite is lower)’ (13), the second is a quantitative adverb in rh with the meaning '(to pour) above the edges’ (14), the third is a definitively qualitative adverb of the mode of action of the upper m in the meaning of 'sitting on the back of an animal (usually a horse), dangling legs on different sides // peren. razg., sitting in this way on some object’ (15) ^{[8, p. 85]}. Cf. contexts of their use:

(12) The joint consisted in the fact that his mistress – the former VIP-interdevochka Vasilisa the Beautiful – turned to Ivan the Fool. And then Koshchei stole it from Ivan, hoping for the return of his former love. But no amount of gifts could bring her back to her former location. Not a sports flying carpet with a folding hood, not a mantle made of Firebird feathers, not a Magnum barrel stuck to a stupid blond head [Koshchei changes his profession: massacre in Old Russian with a saying and a happy ending (2004) // "Hooligan", 08/15/2004] [NKRYA];

(13) Here she (the squirrel) comes down from her nest and goes into the mouth. Sharp needles prick her paws and then she runs down [Vl. Lidin. Big River];

(14) Along the dusty road leading to the gardens, there were creaking carts, in which black grapes were superimposed [L.N. Tolstoy. Cossacks (1863)] [NKRYA];

(15) Let's go, push, I tell you, Ignatius! – the wagon train looked like this: Kupriyanov's bays were driving, a timber with branches not cut down in the middle was tied to the course, Kupriyanov's father and son were tied flat to the timber – the father in front, the son closer to the top, just above the rear pair of wheels; Deryabin rides after the cart and leads Ignashka Ignatov's gray filly with a lopsided Kyrgyz saddle, from the pillow of which sticks out either a hemp or some kind of rag, the other three members of the Commission follow Deryabin: Polovinkin, Ustinov and Chairman Pyotr Kalashnikov [S. Zalygin. The Commission (1976)] [NKRJ].

Unlike prepositional-case forms with a spatial meaning of the type next to the house (The well was next to the house), expressing a specific location of objects, the semantics of substantive adverbs has a deictic character: their spatial reference point is not an object designated by a noun in the form of a certain case with a preposition, but the place of speech. The spatial reference point in them is "not verbally expressed, but only implied, for example: here (the place of speech is the external locum" ^{[20, pp. 28, 29]}). Similarly, the well was nearby, i.e. next to the place where the speaker was.

When the creative case of nouns without a preposition is transposed into the upper, lower in the function of the circumstance of the place into local adverbs, the type of spatial orientation of the object changes: Cf.:

(16) Due to heavy rains, it was necessary to get to the camp in the mouth of a ravine;

(17) Due to heavy rains, the ravine was flooded by a third with water, so it was necessary to get to the village by a narrow path.

In example (16), the spatial reference point for the localization of the object (in the form of the direction of its movement) is expressed by the prepositional case form of the noun (in the form of a ravine), in example (17), the spatial reference point in the most substantive adverb is not indicated in the rh; it is established by reference to the preface, i.e. to the object (ravine), named in the preceding fragment of the statement.

In cases of functional-semantic transposition of the creative case into a local adverb, such a change in spatial orientation is not observed. There is a semantic isolation of the substantive word form and its isolation from the general paradigm of the original substantive lexeme. Cf., for example, the transposition of the creative case of the kr ugom (18) the functional semantic adverb of the place (with an accentological shift) (19):

(18) He was a master of sports equipment;

(19) There was no one around.

Spatial adverbs based on the creative case without a preposition are used for different types of localization of substance in space. Locative relations represent the location of an object in the form of a point, line or circle (see: ^{[5, p. 10; 6, p. 156-160]}). It has been established that adverbialized nouns in one way or another are included in nominal and adverbial groups representing three types of localization.

Firstly, these are substantive adverbs that belong to a group of formations such as inside, outside, in the middle, front, back, top, bottom, near, in the distance, right, left, expressing localization in the form of a dot. As a result of the adverbialization of the creative case without a preposition, two such adverbs were formed – next to and in places. The adverb next characterizes the localization of an object in terms of the degree of its remoteness from the subject:

(20) The spring was nearby (≈ 'б)))).

A spatial adverb based on the creative plural case in places indicates an indefinite localization of the object:

(21) There was still snow in places (in some places, in some places).

Both of these adverbs are independent units of the language that arose as a result of the functional and semantic adverbialization of nouns. Cf. lexical (22a) and grammatical homonyms (22b):

(22) (a) The director was dissatisfied with the newly substituted row of chairs; The guests decided to switch places in the stalls (nouns);

(b) There was no one nearby; the recording was erased in places on the tape (adverbs).

Secondly, these are formations of the nominal and adverbial type, representing the localization of the substance in the form of a line. This group includes two groups of word forms undergoing adverbialization. One of them includes two grammatical adverbs proper – in the upper and lower, functioning in the semantic zone of the original substantive lexemes (top, bottom). They localize an object as moving along a surface, along something. For example:

(23) The whole group moved to the top (bottom), next to the forest.

Another group includes nouns in the creative case, demonstrating in the function of the circumstances of the place the first, actually syntactic step towards spatial adverbs. We are talking about word forms such as shore, meadow, forest, field, sea, denoting the movement of an object on the surface of something.

(24) At first, everyone went by the shore, then by the field and the forest.

Here, the substantive adverb should also be called a side, which also denotes localization in the form of a line, but the subject of localization is outside this line: the subject moves past an object.

(25) Puddles were avoided.

Thirdly, these are nominal and adverbial formations used to localize a substance in the form of a circle (sphere). The localized object is located on a circle, the center of which is the subject. This is the nuclear non-substantive adverb circle om, synonymous with the adverb around.

(26) There was not a soul around (≈ 'round').

Adverbialized forms of the creative case without prepositions are included in four semantic groups of place adverbs (see about them: ^{[5, p. 17]}), namely: 1) abstract or indefinite adverbs indicating the universal or indefinite nature of localization [in places (precipitation fell); see also: in some places, everywhere and some others); 2) deictic adverbs expressing the location of the object relative to the participants of communication [circle om (there was a steppe); see also: here, there, around, etc.]; 3) relative adverbs conveying the location of the object relative to an already known object or place [In the red (it was safer to go), bottom, side; see also: bottom, top, side, past, etc.]; 4) evaluative adverbs expressing the assessment of distance, the degree of remoteness from something [nearby (the river flowed); see also: close, far, etc.].

The substantive adverbs of a place can perform two functions: a) the function of clarifying the localization of an object designated by a noun with a preposition [Tourists drove along a ravine; He imperceptibly sat down next to a neighbor]; cf. the occurrence of an adverb in the structure of a compound preposition: a birch tree grew next to (the house); b) the function of indefinite localization [In places (it was still snowing)].

As the study shows, spatial adverbs that arose as a result of adverbializing nouns without prepositions characterize actions statically: they designate the place of action and answer the question where? See examples of static adverbs.: everywhere, far away, in the middle. Actually dynamic adverbs that would characterize the action dynamically, as directed towards a certain spatial landmark, and answer the questions where? (sideways, to the right), from where? (from afar, from the side, from above), how far? to what place? (so far, so far), among the adverbialized forms of the creative case without a preposition has not been found (see: ^{[7, p. 520; 18, p. 486-490]}). At the same time, there are such types of use of adverbs of a place next to, in particular, above, below, when they perform two functions at once, indicating both the direction of movement of the object and its location. For example: The tourists who came up sat down next to (where? where?). V.G. Gak drew attention to the possibility of using prepositional case forms of nouns with different verbs for static and dynamic localization of an object; cf.: a) Tourists are sitting around a campfire (where?) and b) Tourists sat around the campfire (where? Where?) ^{[5, p. 11]}.

3. Conclusion

The conducted research indicates that the transposition of the forms of the creative case of singular and sometimes plural nouns into a subclass of local adverbs has a stepwise nature. In modern language, it is represented by substantive word forms that make the first syntactic step towards adverbs (shore, field, forest) in the function of the circumstance of the place; peripheral adverbs (bottom, top) that do not violate the semantic identity of the original lexemes; nuclear adverbs that function as independent units of the language with a different accent (circle). Spatial non-substantive adverbs can represent the localization of a substance statically (around, nearby) and statically-dynamically (nearby), indicating a specific (nearby) or indefinite location of the object (in places). Localization is carried out in the form of a point (in places, next to it), a line (top, bottom), a circle (om circle). Individual substantive word forms are transposed into several semantic categories of adverbial vocabulary (side, circle om, top / top m).

Gratitude.

The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of scientific project No. 24-28-00674 "Study of adverbialization as a type of stepwise transposition of substantive word forms in the system of parts of speech of the Russian language".