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Arctic and Antarctica
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Kachor, O.L., Parshin, A.V., Trusova, V.V., Kurina, A.V., Ikramov, Z.L. (2025). Assessment of air quality in the area of the future ecotechnopark "Vostok" (Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk region) based on snow geochemical survey data. Arctic and Antarctica, 2, 15–34. . https://doi.org/10.7256/2453-8922.2025.2.73789
Assessment of air quality in the area of the future ecotechnopark "Vostok" (Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk region) based on snow geochemical survey data.
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8922.2025.2.73789EDN: QTTSLMReceived: 22-03-2025Published: 16-04-2025Abstract: The subject of the work is the development of a methodology for snow geochemical research for effective express assessment of air quality under technogenic influence from various industrial sources that shape complex environmental pollution, as well as the creation of an informational and cartographic basis for further ecological monitoring of a significant area in the Baikal region. By examining a detailed assessment of atmospheric pollution in the area of the construction of the "Vostochniy" ecotechnopark, a comparative analysis of the informativeness of cartograms showing the distribution of pollutants in snow water and solid residue is conducted. The surveyed area contains various sources of technogenic impact, ranging from metallurgical enterprises to heat energy generation facilities; thus, this case excellently illustrates the advantages of the snow geochemical survey method as the most representative way to assess atmospheric pollution in the tasks of ecological monitoring in "winter" regions, mitigating ecological risks from new mining projects in the northern part of Eurasia, and controlling industrial activities in cities with a persistent snow cover. Optimizing this type of geoecological research is a highly relevant task. Seasonal snow samples were collected, and the snow water was melted and filtered to separate soluble and insoluble forms of pollutants. A chemical analysis of the snow water and solid residue was performed. Element associations corresponding to various sources of impacts were determined. Cartographic materials characterizing the distribution of pollutants across the area were presented. The research allows for a clear comparison of results obtained using the traditional, yet costly, methodology for analyzing snow water through precision chemical-analytical methods such as ICP-AES/MS, and through an express and inexpensive methodology for analyzing solid residue using non-destructive analysis (XRF). It was shown that the latter method is also quite informative, allowing for a detailed characterization of the geoecological situation over a significant area with minimal costs, identifying and mapping zones with abnormally technogenic conditions in the atmosphere. As a result, the most detailed spatial characterization of air pollution in the area of Usolye-Sibirskoye is provided, which is a constant focus of attention from state ecological control authorities as a rehabilitated site of accumulated environmental damage and simultaneously a promising production site. The described methodological approaches are applicable to a wide range of geoecological situations in regions with prolonged winters. Keywords: air pollution, snow geochemical survey, environmental monitoring, heavy metals, snow cover, assessment of background conditions, mercury, Usolye-Sibirskoye, air quality, accumulated harm objectsThis article is automatically translated. You can find original text of the article here. Introduction The Baikal natural territory belongs to the unique geosystems of the world and at the same time is experiencing significant anthropogenic impact, both as a result of ongoing economic activity and as a result of the negative impact of abandoned industrial facilities of the past. Effective environmental monitoring programs and reliable data on the basis of which objective management decisions can be made are critically important for preserving this unique ecosystem and ensuring a high quality of life for people. Of particular importance for the sustainable development of the Baikal region is the solution of the problem of accumulated environmental damage, which includes the reclamation of already known facilities, the identification of new facilities, assessment and monitoring of their impact on the environment, taking into account regional and local ecological and geochemical features of the natural environment of the region. One of the most well-known objects of accumulated environmental damage in the Baikal region, which is under the close attention of authorities and journalists, is the city of Usolye–Sibirskoye, one of the oldest cities in Siberia, located 70 km northwest of the regional center of Irkutsk on the left bank of the Angara River, with a population of 75 thousand people, which is a major industrial center of Eastern Siberia. Enterprises of various industries operate on the territory of Usolye-Sibirsky - Usolmash LLC (an enterprise for the production of mining, processing and metallurgical equipment), Usolsky Pig Complex (a meat processing plant), enterprises for the production of building materials, timber processing enterprises, thermal power engineering, etc. There is also an industrial site of the Usolyekhimprom plant for the production of chlorine and caustic by the mercury method, which operated from 1936 to 2017. The industrial site of the plant is located in the northern and northeastern parts of the city and covers 610 hectares. During the operation of the mercury electrolysis workshop, the total intake of mercury into the environment was, according to various estimates, from 1,354 to 1,396 tons, while 62-78 tons entered the air basin and 50-76 tons entered the Bratsk reservoir [1]. After the cessation of operation of the mercury electrolysis workshop in 1998, the total volume of mercury entering the reservoir decreased [2], but the industrial site continued to have a negative impact on the environment due to the emergency buildings of the plant, the sludge accumulator [3] and a large amount of waste remaining on the territory of the enterprise [4], as well as sources of pollutants entering Bratskoye The reservoir contains sediments, surface runoff and wastewater from the Usolsky industrial zone [5] The negative impact of the former industrial site on various environmental objects is evidenced by numerous works devoted to the study of the micro- and macronutrient composition of water, sediments, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish of the Bratsk reservoir, soil, snow cover, sewage and meltwater from the industrial site, accumulation of mercury by higher plants, fungi, aquatic plants [6-21]. The plant practically ceased operations in 2014, and in 2017 it was declared bankrupt, while approximately 1.7 million tons of chemical waste remained on the territory, including mercury, organochlorine compounds and toxic substances that were stored without proper control [22]. After the complete shutdown of the enterprise in 2017, the area of the pollution area was 1,608 hectares, and the volume of accumulated waste was 4.3 million m3 [23]. In the absence of proper measures to demercurize waste, a catastrophic environmental situation has developed in the city, which has required the introduction of a regional emergency regime since October 2018 due to the risk of toxic substances leaking from the enterprise. By Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated 07/29/2020 No. 507 "The territory where economic activity related to the production of chemicals and chemical products was carried out in the past in the territory of the urban district of Usolye-Sibirskoye" is included in the state register of objects of accumulated environmental damage (NWO). Work to eliminate accumulated environmental damage is being carried out by the Federal Environmental Operator (Rosatom State Corporation enterprise), the former Usolyokhimprom LLC and the polluted territory of the city of Usolye–Sibirskoye. In 2020-2021, the most complex facilities at the industrial site were eliminated: 17 emergency tanks were put into a safe state and refilled, 12 brine wells and a mercury electrolysis workshop were eliminated. Currently, more than 90% of the total volume of aboveground and underground parts of buildings and structures has been dismantled [24]. Despite the ongoing work and the reduction in the amount of pollutants entering the environment from the industrial site, the plant's territory continues to have a negative impact on the environment, including due to substances accumulated in environmental objects over the years of the company's operation [25-33]. In 2023, according to the monitoring data of the Angara River in the area of Usolye-Sibirskoye — Svirsk observation sites located within and below the city have average annual concentrations of mercury exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. In the water of the Bratskoye reservoir (Angara river) in the area of The Usolye-Sibirskoye observation sites located within and below the city recorded 5 cases of extremely high mercury pollution [34]. Among the pollutants, in addition to mercury, arsenic, lead, zinc, copper and nickel are also found in significant concentrations, which are transported by precipitation and other natural processes in the surrounding area, including residential areas. Thus, the level of environmental pollution remains high [25-33]. Of particular importance at the present stage of the development of environmental monitoring and control systems is the quality of atmospheric air, the solution of pollution problems is one of the priorities in accordance with the national project "Environmental well-being", which includes the federal project "Clean Air". The air as an environmental object has the greatest impact on the health of the population, since contact with it is continuous, and in the case of atmospheric pollution, pollutants can be transported over considerable distances from the source of exposure. In the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, the state of atmospheric air is influenced by both the object of accumulated environmental damage and 34 enterprises and fuel and energy complex facilities operating in the city [35]. Thus, according to [36], the city was included in the list of 33 settlements with an assessment of the degree of atmospheric air pollution corresponding to an IZA value≥14 (very high). The main impurities that make the greatest contribution to the pollution of the city's atmosphere include benz(a)pyrene, formaldehyde, and suspended solids [34]. The largest contribution to atmospheric air pollution is made by enterprises of thermal power engineering [34], agriculture, mechanical engineering, sites for storing industrial and consumer waste of hazard classes IV-V [35], and motor transport. At the same time, the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye is considered as a promising scientific and production center, and work is currently underway to establish a Federal Chemistry Center within its borders [37, 38]. Within the framework of the national project "Ecology" and the federal project "Infrastructure for Waste management of I-II classes", the construction of the Vostok ecotechnopark is planned on the territory of the industrial site, which will recycle waste and return useful components to economic circulation. It is believed that this will minimize the harmful effects on the environment and create at least 6,000 jobs for residents of the city (Vesti-Irkutsk https://vk.com/video-35929536_456264362 ). Of course, new production facilities will become the object of environmental monitoring, for which it is highly desirable to study the background state of atmospheric air, which, as noted above, is already characterized by a high level of pollution. Since Usolye-Sibirskoye is located in the northern region, with a long winter and stable seasonal snow cover, the most effective way to comprehensively and geospatially assess air pollution is to study the distribution of pollutants in the liquid and solid phases of seasonal snow samples. This work is devoted to the study of the current state of atmospheric air in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye in anticipation of significant changes in the economic activity of the municipality in order to create a basic information and cartographic basis for further routine observations.
Research methods Snow cover studies are one of the universal ways to monitor the state of the surface atmosphere, which makes it possible to provide a comprehensive description of the state of atmospheric air and anthropogenic environmental pollution, and therefore this approach is widely used in many "winter" cities and districts [39-49]. Snow adsorbs a significant part of pollutants from the air: aerosols (including dust), gases, heavy metals, both during snowfall and during periods of occurrence, as a result of which mineral and organic substances accumulate in a homogeneous natural substrate, remaining unchanged until the melting period. According to the composition of the snow cover, it is possible to reliably establish a stable structure of atmospheric precipitation, taking into account landscape and climatic conditions, and identify anthropogenic sources of impact. It should be noted that a number of researchers have already used snow geochemical research methods to study air quality in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, however, the study is much more detailed., In 2023-2024, during the period of maximum accumulation of moisture in the snow cover, snow samples were taken to detect atmospheric air pollution in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye. In 2023, 52 samples were taken along five routes on February 25 (Fig. 1), in 2024, 70 snow samples were taken on March 9 (Fig. 2). Also, a background sample was taken at a considerable distance from residential buildings and roads in the forest area (Fig. 1, 2). Snow sampling was carried out taking into account the requirements of GOST R 70282-2022 "Environmental protection. Surface and groundwater. General requirements for ice and precipitation sampling". Sampling was carried out in areas from 5x5 m to 10x10 m in size using the "envelope" method. Samples were taken at full capacity from the pits with shovels made of chemically resistant polymer material, while debris (leaves, branches, etc.) was removed from the surface, and soil particles were excluded from entering the sample. A combined sample weighing at least 10 kg was made from the samples taken from one site, which was placed in a container made of a chemically resistant polymer material (a plastic bag) and labeled. Snow samples were delivered to the laboratory, where the samples were melted at room temperature, filtered through a blue ribbon filter, the volume of each sample was measured and filtered through a white ribbon filter. The solid residue remaining on the filters after filtration was analyzed. The analysis of the solid residue after melting of snow water was carried out using a portable X200-series SciAps X-ray fluorescence analyzer with 20 elements [50]. Chemical analysis of samples for the content of various elements in thawed snow water was carried out on an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) Thermo Scientific iCAP 6300DUO, thus concentrations of K, Ca, Si, Mg, Cu, As, Na, Pb, Zn were determined. Mercury was determined by atomic absorption on the spectrometer "RA-915+" with the prefix "RP-91C".
Fig. 1. Snow sampling scheme in 2023
Fig. 2. Snow sampling scheme in 2024
In addition to the sampling points, Figures 1 and 2 show some well-known objects that are or were a source of environmental pollution, in particular: the very territory of the former industrial site of Usolyekhimprom, 12 liquidated brine wells, sewage treatment plants, sludge storage, CHP-11, industrial sites of other production facilities. A separate comment should be given on the choice of "background" points. This work analyzes both snow water, which is most typical for ecological and geochemical studies of snow cover [10, 11, 49], and solid sediment; this approach is still used much less frequently [13, 51]. In the first case, we receive information about water–soluble forms of pollutants, which will then pass into the soil after snowmelt and further along the trophic chain, in the second case, about insoluble forms, which, nevertheless, will enter the human lungs in the form of dust. At the same time, dust particles are transported over shorter distances, settling closer to the source of formation. Background chemical parameters in snow water are assumed to be concentrations of pollutants in samples from northern territories that are not exposed to anthropogenic influences [13, 51], and they can often lie below the detection limit even of modern highly sensitive ICP-AES techniques [50]. However, in such background areas, due to the absence of man-made influences that form a dust load, there is practically no solid sediment on the filters that could be chemically analyzed and the background contents determined. Therefore, background samples for obtaining some reference values of the concentration of pollutants in the solid residue on the filters in this study were selected based on two principles: first, in the studied territories with man-made influence (so that this residue could occur), and secondly, from the area with the lowest level of this man-made influence - in the direction of the lowest wind frequency, away (several km) from the sources of impact. For our research, such a sample was selected in the north-east direction from the main research area. Thus, for snow water, we will continue to talk about the comparison with the regional background, and for solid precipitation – about the comparison with the local background of the area of the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye.
The results of the study and their discussion First of all, the results of chemical analytical studies of solid residue samples on filters were subjected to mathematical analysis to assess the quality of the chemical analytical result obtained. This is due to the need to justify the sufficient sensitivity of X-ray fluorescence analysis to correctly describe the observed variability of chemical parameters, especially in the case of mobile equipment. The ICP-AES method is standardly used in such tasks, as a result of which no additional justification is given for its application. Figure 3 shows the range diagrams for a number of elements obtained as a result of X-ray analysis.
Fig. 3. Range diagrams based on the results of X-ray analysis of solid precipitation in the snow cover
It can be seen from Figure 3 that all elements have significant variability, which lies within the sensitivity range of the equipment used [50]. Mercury is an exception. The median value is below the detection limit, but elevated values are recorded correctly. As a result, the data obtained can be used for further mathematical and geostatistical processing. According to the results of the factor analysis by the method of main components, the main contribution to the total variance (15-28%) is made by the first three factors, and mercury is independently allocated to the fourth (Table 1). Table 1. Results of factor analysis of chemical parameters of solid sediment
Based on this, it follows that mercury most likely has a separate source, and the interpretation for the key elements of the identified associations is given below (Figures 4 and subsequent). Along with maps of the distribution of chemical parameters in the solid sediment, the results of water studies are also presented for analysis, which, due to the small number of certain elements, have not been subjected to additional mathematical analysis. All the presented cartographic materials were prepared in the EPSG 3395 coordinate system (WGS 84 Ellipsoid / World Mercator Projection). Since there are no standards for the content of pollutants in the snow cover, background concentrations in samples taken in technogenically unpolluted areas can serve as reference values. Due to the significant transfer of air masses over long distances, it is necessary to select territories at a considerable distance (several tens of km) from any sources of negative influence to establish the background. In the course of our previous studies, we obtained data on the composition of snow cover in the Arctic regions of Siberia and the Far East [51]. Snow samples from these territories were subjected to the same kind of ICP-AES studies and the following average results were obtained in mg/dm3 in filtered snowmelt water: <1; Ca 0,3; Si <0,05; Mg - 0,06; Cu 0,004; As <0,005; Na <1; Pb <0,001; Zn <0,006, Hg <0.05 (mcg/dm3) [51].
Figure 4 shows the distribution maps of mercury in snow water and solid residue on filters. 4. Distribution map of insoluble (left) and soluble (right) mercury compounds
As can be seen from Figure 4, the only significant mercury anomaly (affecting several adjacent test sites at once, rather than single samples) is located east of the former Usolyokhimprom production site, including the area of 12 liquidated brine wells. The main areas of mercury contamination of snow water are located 2-3 km to the northwest and southeast of the former industrial site of Usolyekhimprom with a background elevation of 26 times. The cleanest areas are in the area of the Usolsky pig complex and the Maltinka railway station, as well as in the area of sewage treatment plants northwest of the Usolyekhimprom industrial site. Figure 5 shows maps of the distribution of arsenic in meltwater and solid residue on filters.
5. Distribution maps of insoluble (left) and soluble (right) arsenic compounds
As can be seen from Fig. 5. according to the map of the distribution of arsenic in the solid residue, it is possible to judge its almost ubiquitous presence in the studied territory, however, the largest anomaly stands out in the southwestern part of the district, which belongs to the territory of horticulture and extends along the Baikal highway and railway tracks. The background for arsenic in this area is exceeded by more than 26 times. Based on the analysis of the arsenic content in the meltwater, only zones with a slight maximum excess of 1.8 times can be identified. The zones with high arsenic content in the solid and liquid phases are noticeably different, although a slightly shifted anomaly of the north-western strike passing through the former industrial site is present on both maps.
6. Distribution maps of insoluble (left) and soluble (right) lead compounds in snow samples From the map of the distribution of lead in the solid residue in Fig. 6. it can be seen that the main anomalies in it are located in the northern part of the former industrial site of Usolekhimprom in the direction of the sludge storage and in the southwestern part of the studied territory at the junction of the forest zone and horticultural areas. Background elevation in these anomalies is more than 15 times. Lead anomalies in meltwater have a mosaic character and contrast with the rest of the territory by no more than 3 times. The zones with high lead content in the solid and liquid phases do not repeat themselves, but rather the opposite – the zones with abnormal solid sediment correspond to the background values in the meltwater samples.
7. Distribution maps of insoluble (left) and soluble (right) zinc compounds in snow samples From Fig. 7. according to the distribution map of zinc in the solid residue, it can be seen that there are quite a few zones with concentrations within the background. There are two main anomalies with a background elevation of 15.5 times. One of them practically coincides with the arsenic anomaly in the insoluble residue (Fig. 5) and is located on the territory of horticulture along the Baikal highway and railway tracks. The second anomaly is located in the south-southeastern zone, which is a one-story building in the private sector. Usolye-Sibirskoe. No pronounced excess of the background concentration was detected in the meltwater.
8. Distribution maps of insoluble (left) and soluble (right) copper compounds in snow samples Figure 8 shows the distribution maps of copper in solid residue and meltwater. It can be seen from the solid phase map that one of the main anomalies is again located in the gardening area of the Zeleny Gorodok district along the Baikal highway and railway tracks, where there are anomalies in arsenic and zinc (Figs. 4 and 6). The second anomaly is located northwest of the Maltinka railway station and the Usolye-Siberian Chemical and Pharmaceutical Plant. The excess in anomalies is from 23 background concentrations. In the melting snow water, an anomaly in horticulture along the Baikal highway was also detected, however, with a significantly lower background elevation – just over 4 times. The second anomaly is located in the private sector in the southeastern part of the surveyed area. From the second association of elements identified during the factor analysis, maps of the distribution of nickel and cobalt in the solid residue on the filters are presented (Fig. 9), the concentrations of these elements in the meltwater were not determined. The main zone of nickel and cobalt contamination is located in the southern part of the study area and belongs to the industrial zone of the Central District of the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye, which includes LLC Usolsky Metallurgical Plant, LLC ARS Holding and other manufacturing companies. The excess of the background for nickel is more than 9 times, for cobalt – more than 6 times. In addition, an anomaly was found in nickel to the northwest of the former industrial site of Usolyekhimprom, affecting the existing industrial hub, including the territory of the Usolye-Siberian Chemical and Pharmaceutical Plant.
9. Distribution maps of insoluble nickel and cobalt compounds in snow samples
Conclusion The results obtained make it possible to characterize in detail the anthropogenic load on atmospheric air in the city of Usolye-Sibirskoye on the eve of the construction and operation of new industrial facilities. This formed the background for subsequent geoecological observation programs. The main zones and levels of anthropogenic load have been identified, spatially confined to such operating enterprises as LLC "Usolsky Metallurgical Plant", LLC "Holding ARS", the Baikal highway and railway tracks, objects in the process of reclamation - the territory of the former industrial site of "Usolyekhimprom", The results of the analysis of snow water (soluble forms of pollutants) and dry sediment are compared. Despite the fact that both methods are rather complementary, it should be noted that solid phase studies are highly informative, despite the use of the simplest and most rapid analysis method using portable XRF equipment. Thus, such significant features as associations of pollutants associated with certain sources and forming local anthropogenic anomalies were identified precisely by the results of solid phase analysis. This forms the methodological basis for fast, inexpensive and environmentally friendly methods of geoecological observations of atmospheric quality in all "winter" cities, since in the case of RFAs, complex sample preparation methods, highly qualified chemists, special facilities and much more expensive equipment are essentially not required. References
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