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Lakhtionova, E.S. (2025). Monuments of industrial heritage placed under state protection in the Bashkir and Udmurt ASSR (1960-1980s): quantitative and qualitative data. History magazine - researches, 2, 104–117. . https://doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2025.2.73564
Monuments of industrial heritage placed under state protection in the Bashkir and Udmurt ASSR (1960-1980s): quantitative and qualitative data
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2025.2.73564EDN: HDNGBFReceived: 04-03-2025Published: 04-05-2025Abstract: The object of the study is the monuments of industrial heritage placed under state protection in the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics in the 1960-1980s. The subject is their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, a comparative analysis of which is the purpose of this article. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the lack of research within the framework of which an analysis of all historical and cultural monuments of the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics would be carried out with the identification of objects related to the industrial heritage in their mass. The research methodology is represented by general scientific methods, among which the most important are the classification method, statistical method and data visualization method. Among the special historical methods, historical-typological and historical-comparative methods were used. The author comes to the conclusion that during the 1960-1980s on the territory of the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, 15 and 8 industrial heritage sites were placed under state protection, respectively. Most of them were located in cities and regions associated with industrial production: in Bashkiria these are areas of metallurgy, oil production and oil refining, and in Udmurtia - the city of Izhevsk, famous for its weapons production. In the total number of monuments of the industrial heritage of the Urals placed under state protection by 1991, the contribution of Bashkiria and Udmurtia amounted to 20.3%. The analysis of all objects according to their functions revealed that almost half of them can be classified as “production centers”, which is quite consistent with the essence of the scientific definition of the concept of “industrial heritage”. By the end of 1991, out of 23 industrial heritage sites placed under state protection, only 2 monuments had undergone full or partial museumification. Keywords: industrial heritage, monument, factories, industry, state security, regulations, Bashkir ASSR, Udmurt ASSR, Urals, museumificationThis article is automatically translated. You can find original text of the article here. Introduction. From the point of view of E. V. Alekseeva, Doctor of Historical Sciences, the industrial heritage of the Urals is "multicomponent factory and mining complexes (which include industrial buildings, infrastructure, equipment and technologies); hundreds of settlements with typical architecture, which originally arose for mining purposes; enormously transformed natural landscapes with altered water and soil composition; extensive transport networks; characteristic social and administrative structures; a developed system for the development and transfer of special (engineering) knowledge; a peculiar mentality of the Urals; a reflection of their identity in everyday life and artistic creativity" [1, p. 23]. The presented article is a continuation of the research currently being conducted by the author in the framework of writing a doctoral dissertation on the topic: "The activities of decision-making bodies and public organizations for the preservation of industrial heritage in the USSR and the Urals in the 1960s and 1990s." The geographical boundaries of the dissertation cover the Ural Economic Region, which in the chronological period under study included 7 subjects. An article on the registration of industrial heritage monuments in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions has already been published in the journal Historical Informatics (No. 4, 2024). The purpose of this article is to conduct a quantitative and qualitative comparative analysis of industrial heritage monuments placed under state protection in the Bashkir and Udmurt ASSR in the 1960s and 1980s. The choice of the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Republics in the framework of this study is due to several factors: 1. These are the only republics that are part of the Ural Economic Region. 2. Both territorial administrative units had the same form of state autonomy, which means a similar system of governance and decision-making. 3. Both republics are highly developed industrial regions of the Urals, which is reflected in the presence of industrial heritage sites on their territory. However, in Udmurtia, the main industries are the machine–building and metallurgical industries, while in Bashkiria - the oil-producing, refining and petrochemical industries. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the difficult situation that monuments under official state protection may find themselves in in the very near future. We are talking about the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 27, 2024 No. 1936 "On Amendments to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 12, 2015 No. 972", according to which, starting from March 1, 2025, protected areas near many objects of historical and cultural heritage, including those from the UNESCO World Heritage List, will be abolished. It turns out that now placing objects under state protection and including them even in the lists of monuments of federal significance is not a guarantee of the monument's real preservation. In this regard, it is very useful to study how the monuments were placed under state protection in the previous period, and whether this was a guarantee of their preservation. Materials and methods Various sources became the materials for the conducted research. Firstly, these are archival materials stored in the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic and the Archival Department of the Archives Department of the Administration of the Ministry of Defense "Izhevsk City". Among them, it is necessary to single out the resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the Bashkir ASSR, the Council of Ministers of the Udmurt ASSR on the establishment of monuments for state protection, as well as the document "Quantitative composition of historical and cultural monuments of the RSFSR under state protection, by type and significance (as of December 01, 1991)." Secondly, these are published sources: legislative acts of the USSR and the RSFSR, resolutions of the Council of Ministers of the Udmurt ASSR on the registration of monuments on the state register; lists of historical and cultural monuments of the Udmurt ASSR (1979 and 1990 editions); instructions regulating the activities of state bodies and public organizations for the protection of historical and cultural monuments. These types of sources contain information about all historical and cultural monuments registered in both autonomous republics by the end of 1991. Of this total number of monuments, the author of the article identified only those that can now be classified as industrial heritage, according to the definition and classification [4, p. 36] proposed by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V. V. Zapari, who is considered a recognized authority in the field of industrial heritage studies. The methods that were used in the present study are as follows: 1. General scientific, among which the following have become the most important: the classification method (which made it possible to divide the entire mass of monuments into types and subspecies), the statistical method and the data visualization method (made it possible to present the data obtained as a result of the study in the form of graphs and tables for greater clarity). 2. Special historical: historical and typological (allowed us to isolate from the total number of monuments of history and culture placed under state protection only those that can be attributed to the industrial heritage); historical and comparative (helped to compare the number and quality of monuments of industrial heritage in both republics and in historical dynamics). To date, no one has seriously studied the problem of placing objects of the industrial heritage of the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics on state registration. There are separate publications on the preservation of certain monuments of industrial heritage in the form of museums, which contain specific information about their obtaining monument status [15]. These are, for example, the works of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor E. F. Shumilov on unique monuments not only in Udmurtia, but throughout Russia.: the Dam, the Arsenal, and the main building of the former Izhevsk Arms Factory [19; 20; 21]. Some information is contained in the research of Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor A. I. Lebedev on the state protection of historical and cultural monuments in Bashkiria in the 1917-2010's [9], but without an emphasis on monuments of industrial heritage. It is safe to say that no one has yet performed a complete analysis of all historical and cultural monuments, including those related to the industrial heritage. In this regard, this article has a certain scientific novelty. The results of the study. The USSR Law of October 29, 1976 "On the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Monuments" stipulated that all "historical and cultural monuments, regardless of whose ownership they are, are subject to state registration" (art. 9) [16, p. 415]. What includes state accounting was clearly stated only in the "Instructions on the procedure for accounting, preservation, maintenance, use and restoration of immovable historical and cultural monuments" (1986): these are "identification, inspection of monuments, determination of their historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value, fixation and study, compilation accounting documents, maintaining state lists of immovable monuments" [5, p. 6]. So, the process of identifying, examining and determining the value of the monument had to be accompanied by the registration of appropriate accounting documents, after which potential monuments were included in the "List of newly identified objects of historical, scientific, artistic or other cultural value" [6, pp. 6-7]. The further process of registering objects of industrial heritage on the state register and giving it the status of a monument was no different from registering monuments of other categories and ended with the preparation and adoption of relevant regulatory legal acts that legally formalized giving the object the status of a monument of local, national or all-Union significance [7]. Below, we will consider a number of the most significant administrative documents, according to which the previously identified objects of the industrial heritage of the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics were placed under state protection. In the Bashkir ASSR, Resolution No. 390 of the Council of Ministers of the Bashkir ASSR dated July 19, 1976 "On the registration of architectural monuments located on the territory of the Bashkir ASSR" deserves special attention [12, l. 227-232]. According to this document, 71 architectural monuments were registered with the state, of which 14 objects were monuments of industrial heritage. It should be noted that by this time, another industrial heritage site had received the status of a monument of local significance – the railway workshops of the Steam Locomotive Repair Plant in Ufa – according to Resolution No. 594 of the Council of Ministers of the Bashkir ASSR dated June 24, 1949 "On the Accounting and Protection of historical and archaeological monuments in the Republic" [11, pp. 101-102]. As a result, by the end of 1991, 15 industrial heritage sites were placed under state protection in the Bashkir ASSR (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Objects of industrial heritage placed under state protection in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (as of 1991)
Sources: National Archives of the Republic of Bashkortostan (NARB). F. R-933. Op. 1. D. 6025. L. 101-102; F. R-933. Op. 9. D. 2584. L. 227-232. In the Udmurt ASSR, among the most important governmental decisions, according to which industrial heritage sites received the status of monuments of local importance: decision of the Izhevsk City Executive Committee of February 19, 1968 No. 118 "On the acceptance of historical and cultural monuments and memorials for protection of state and local significance" [17, l. 17-22], Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Udmurt ASSR No. 284 dated 09/25/1975 [2, l. 4], Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Udmurt ASSR dated December 05, 1979 No. 362 "On the establishment of state protection of historical and cultural monuments of the Udmurt ASSR" [3, l. 8-17]; Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Udmurt ASSR No. 65 dated 02/20/1986; resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Udmurt ASSR dated March 25 1991 No. 79 "On the state protection of historical and cultural monuments of the Udmurt ASSR" [18, l. 10-11]. As a result, by the end of 1991, 8 industrial heritage sites had the status of monuments of local significance in the Udmurt ASSR (see Fig. 2). 2. Objects of industrial heritage registered by the state in the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (as of 1991).
Sources: Historical and cultural monuments of the Udmurt ASSR. Catalog. Izhevsk: RIO Upligrafizdata, 1979. pp. 68-72; Monuments of history and culture of Udmurtia. Catalog. 2nd edition, revised. Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1990. pp. 7-18. As can be seen from the diagram, in the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the largest number of industrial heritage sites received the status of a monument of local significance in 1975 and 1979. It was then that unique monuments were placed under state protection – the main building and the arsenal of the former Izhevsk Arms Factory, which are now monuments of federal significance. Currently, the arsenal has been restored and museumized, and a lot of work is being done in relation to the main building in order to use this object for cultural purposes in the future [6, pp. 104-106]. It should be noted that all industrial heritage sites in the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics were placed under state protection as monuments of local significance. In contrast to the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, which together had 18 monuments of national significance by 1991 [8, p. 26]. Now we need to find the ratio of the number of industrial heritage monuments to the total number of historical and cultural monuments placed under state protection in each republic. A unique document was discovered in the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, which presents the quantitative composition of historical and cultural monuments of the RSFSR, which are under state protection by type and significance (as of December 01, 1991) [10, l. 1-4]. According to it, as of 1991, the following categories of monuments were placed under state protection in the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (see Table 1) Table 1. Quantitative composition of historical and cultural monuments placed under state protection in the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (according to data at the end of 1991)
Sources: NARB. F. R-1910. Op. 4. D. 1200. L. 1-4. As can be seen from the table, by the end of 1991, 1,164 monuments had been placed under state protection in the Bashkir ASSR, of which the vast majority were archaeological sites. In the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, this number amounted to 200 monuments, of which almost half were historical monuments. If we determine the ratio of the number of industrial heritage monuments to the total number of historical and cultural monuments placed under state protection in each republic, the picture will look like this (see Fig. 3). 3. The ratio of the number of industrial heritage monuments to the total number of historical and cultural monuments placed under state protection in the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (according to data at the end of 1991).
Sources: NARB. F. R-1910. Op. 4. 1200. L. 1-4; F. R-933. Op. 1. 6025. L. 101-102; F. R-933. Op. 9. 2584. L. 227-232; Historical and cultural monuments of the Udmurt ASSR. Catalog. Izhevsk: RIO Upligrafizdata, 1979. pp. 68-72; Monuments of history and culture of Udmurtia. Catalog. 2nd edition, revised. Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1990. pp. 7-18. In percentage terms, this ratio will look like this (see Table 2). Table 2. The ratio of the number of monuments of the industrial heritage of the Urals to the total number of historical and cultural monuments registered with the state (as of 01.12.1991).
Sources: NARB. F. R-1910. Op. 4. 1200. L. 1-4; F. R-933. Op. 1. 6025. L. 101-102; F. R-933. Op. 9. 2584. L. 227-232; Historical and cultural monuments of the Udmurt ASSR. Catalog. Izhevsk: RIO Upligrafizdata, 1979. pp. 68-72; Monuments of history and culture of Udmurtia. Catalog. 2nd edition, revised. Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1990. pp. 7-18. As can be seen from the table, the situation with the registration of industrial heritage monuments in the Udmurt ASSR was much better than in the Bashkir ASSR, despite the fact that almost twice as many industrial heritage sites were placed under state protection in the territory of the latter as in the Udmurt ASSR. This discrepancy can be partly explained by the fact that in the Bashkir ASSR by 1991, almost 6 times more historical and cultural monuments were placed under state protection than in the Udmurt Republic. As part of the doctoral dissertation research that was almost completed by the author of the article, it was established that a total of 113 industrial heritage sites were placed under state protection by the end of 1991 on the territory of the Ural Economic Region, which included 2 autonomous republics and 5 regions. Of this number, 23 objects belonged to the territories of the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, which accounted for 20.3% of the total number of industrial heritage monuments placed under state protection in the Urals. In order to understand in which industrial areas or cities of a particular republic the protected objects of industrial heritage were located, it is necessary to analyze their territorial attachment (see Fig. 4 and Fig. 5). 4. Distribution of industrial heritage monuments by cities and districts of the Bashkir ASSR (according to 1991 data)
Sources: NARB. F. R-933. Op. 1. D. 6025. L. 101-102; F. R-933. Op. 9. D. 2584. L. 227-232. As can be seen from Fig. 4, almost half of the monuments were placed under state protection in the major industrial centers of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Ufa (20%) and Beloretsk (20%). As for the districts, Ishimbai district is the leader here, where oil production and refining are carried out. 5. Distribution of industrial heritage monuments by cities and districts of the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (as of 1991)
Sources: Historical and cultural monuments of the Udmurt ASSR. Catalog. Izhevsk: RIO Upligrafizdata, 1979. pp. 68-72; Monuments of history and culture of Udmurtia. Catalog. 2nd edition, revised. Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1990. pp. 7-18. As can be seen from Fig. 5, in the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the vast majority of state–registered industrial heritage monuments were concentrated in the republican center - Izhevsk (75%), the historical center for the production of small arms and hunting weapons. An equal number (one monument each) were located in Votkinsk and the village of Galyany, Zavyalovsky district. According to their functions, all objects of industrial heritage placed under state protection can be divided into the following 5 categories (see Table 3). Table 3. Distribution of industrial heritage monuments of the Bashkir and Udmurt ASSR according to their functions (according to the classification of V. V. Zapariya).
Sources: NARB. F. R-933. Op. 1. D. 6025. L. 101-102; F. R-933. Op. 9. D. 2584. L. 227-232; Historical and cultural monuments of the Udmurt ASSR. Catalog. Izhevsk: RIO Upligrafizdata, 1979. pp. 68-72; Monuments of history and culture of Udmurtia. Catalog. 2nd edition, revised. Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1990. pp. 7-18. *The name of the categories was formulated by Professor V. V. Zapari [4, p. 36]. As can be seen from table 3, of the 23 industrial heritage monuments placed under state protection in both republics, almost half can be classified as "production centers". Another 5 facilities are classified as warehouses and storage facilities, 3 are classified as "energy", 2 are classified as "transport" and one facility is classified as a social environment. This distribution of industrial heritage sites by their functions indicates that in the period under study, as now, industrial heritage is usually associated with factory buildings and individual workshops. To a lesser extent, industrial heritage includes those places that are not directly related to production. Conclusion. So, in the 1960s and 1980s, 23 objects were placed under state protection on the territory of both republics, which accounted for 20.3% of the total number of industrial heritage monuments placed under state protection throughout the Urals. By the end of 1991, the situation with the establishment of industrial heritage sites for state protection in both republics was ambiguous. On the one hand, the Bashkir ASSR is the leader in terms of the number of objects (15 against 8). On the other hand, as a percentage of the total number of all historical and cultural monuments registered in the republics, the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic leads (4% versus 1.3%). And this is despite the fact that in 1976 in Bashkiria, 14 monuments of industrial heritage were simultaneously placed under state protection. The low percentage can be explained by the fact that the total number of historical and cultural monuments registered in the Bashkir ASSR by 1991 is 3-4 times higher than in Udmurtia and other regions of the Urals. An analysis of monuments placed under state protection based on their territorial affiliation shows that most of them were located in cities and areas associated with industrial production: in Bashkiria, these are areas of metallurgy, oil production and oil refining, and in Udmurtia, the city of Izhevsk, famous for weapons production. According to their functional purpose, all state-protected monuments of the industrial heritage of the Bashkir and Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics were divided into 5 categories (according to the classification of V. V. Zapariya). It turned out that almost half of them belong to the category of "production centers" (workshops, metallurgical plants and factories, mines and places where there is some kind of production or transformation process), which fully corresponds to the essence of the scientific definition of the concept of "industrial heritage". Undoubtedly, giving the newly identified object the status of a monument of local significance could still be at least some kind of guarantee of its protection, since from that moment on it was under state protection. However, as practice shows, the inclusion of the monument in the state lists did not always contribute to its preservation. Thus, by the end of 1991, out of 23 industrial heritage sites placed under state protection, only 2 monuments had undergone full or partial museification with preliminary repair and restoration work. In the Bashkir ASSR, the Babushka oil rig (the discoverer of Bashkir oil) was transformed into a memorial complex in 1969. In the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the arsenal of the Izhevsk Iron-Making (Weapons) Plant was partially museumized, and since 1970 the Udmurt Republican Museum of Local Lore has been located in part of its premises. References
1. Alekseeva, E. V., & Bystrova, T. Yu. (2021). Industrial heritage: Concepts, value potential, organizational and legal foundations. TATLIN.
2. Archive Department of the Administration of the City of Izhevsk. (n.d.). Fund 3, Inventory 1, Case 442. 3. Archive Department of the Administration of the City of Izhevsk. (n.d.). Fund 3, Inventory 1, Case 262. 4. Zapariy, V. V. (2009). "Industrial heritage" and its modern interpretation. Academic Herald of UralNIIproekt RAS, 1, 34-38. 5. Instruction on the procedure for accounting, ensuring the preservation, maintenance, use, and restoration of immovable monuments of history and culture. (1986). Typografia of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR. 6. Lakhitonova, E. S. (2024). The activities of Udmurt actors in the preservation of industrial heritage monuments-the main building and arsenal of the Izhevsk Arms Factory in the 1960s–1980s. History and Modern Worldview, 6(4), 100-106. https://doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2024-6-4-100-106 7. Lakhitonova, E. S. (2022). The procedure for accounting for industrial heritage sites in the 1970s–1980s (the case of Sverdlovsk region). In E. Yu. Vityuk, Yu. V. Kodakova, & E. V. Shtifanova (Eds.), Dialogues on the protection of cultural values: Proceedings of the II International Scientific and Practical Conference, May 19-20, 2022 (pp. 164-166). UrGHU. 8. Lakhtionova, E.S. (2024). State registration of industrial heritage monuments in the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions (1940–1980s): comparative analysis. Historical informatics, 4, 18-29. https://doi.org/10.7256/2585-7797.2024.4.72467 9. Lebedev, A. I. (2012). Formation and development of state protection bodies for historical and cultural monuments in 1917–2010 (based on the materials of Bashkiria). Ufa State University of Economics and Service. 10. National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan. (n.d.). Fund R-1910, Inventory 4, Case 1200. 11. National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan. (n.d.). Fund R-933, Inventory 1, Case 6025. 12. National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan. (n.d.). Fund R-933, Inventory 9, Case 2584. 13. Monuments of history and culture of Udmurtia: Catalog (2nd ed., revised). (1990). Udmurtia. 14. Monuments of history and culture of the Udmurt ASSR: Catalog. (1979). RIO Uprpoligrafizdat. 15. Matveeva, L. D., Kotova, T. P., Lebedev, A. I., & Khisamutdinova, A. F. (2018). Problems of museification of industrial heritage in the Southern Urals. Service Plus, 12(2), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.24411/2413-693X-2018-10203 16. Collection of Current Legislation of the USSR (Vol. 56). (1978). Izvestiya. 17. Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic. (n.d.). Fund R-1533, Inventory 1, Case 1. 18. Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic. (n.d.). Fund R-1533, Inventory 1, Case 205. 19. Shumilov, E. F. (1976). Architectural uniqueness and urban planning role of the buildings of the Izhevsk Arms Factory. Questions of Art in Udmurtia. 20. Shumilov, E. F. (2015). The history of the Arsenal-the history of the museum. In Museum readings in the Arsenal, Izhevsk, November 19-20, 2015 (pp. 31-34). 21. Shumilov, E. F. (2002). The history of the Izhevsk pond and its dam. In Izhevsk Pond (pp. 9-35).
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