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Arctic and Antarctica
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Lavrenko, N.Y., Romanyuk, O.L., Rogozina, T.V. (2025). Dynamics of quality and results of monitoring the content of petroleum products in the rivers of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russia). Arctic and Antarctica, 1, 92–107. https://doi.org/10.7256/2453-8922.2025.1.73034
Dynamics of quality and results of monitoring the content of petroleum products in the rivers of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russia)
DOI: 10.7256/2453-8922.2025.1.73034EDN: RBLXRUReceived: 15-01-2025Published: 22-03-2025Abstract: The aim of the study is to assess the current state and dynamics of water quality in rivers of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug over a long period. Particular attention is paid to the increased content of petroleum products in rivers' waters. The problems of pollution of water in the region associated with technogenic factors are presented in detail. The main sources of surface water pollution with petroleum products are considered. The ongoing active industrial development of hydrocarbon reserves in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a determining economic factor in the region, and, in turn, determines the need to control changes in the ecological state of the environment. This paper describes the factors that influence the chemical composition of surface waters. The formation of the quality of waters of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the proximity of the cold Kara Sea and the presence of permafrost, as well as increasing anthropogenic influence, is considered. An analysis of long-term hydrochemical information from the state observation network of Roshydromet has been carried out, allowing to assess changes in the content of petroleum products in the surface waters of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug for the period 2014-2023. The spatiotemporal changes in the content of petroleum products in the water of the Ob, Pur, Taz, and Nadym river basins in 2014-2023 are considered. Analysis of the dynamics of the content of petroleum products in the water of the river basins of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug over a long-term plan revealed multidirectional levels of water pollution. Increased concentrations of petroleum products in river water are due to both physical-geographical, hydrological and climatic processes, as well as an increase in the level of technogenic impact of oil and gas production complexes. Keywords: river basin Ob, river basin Nadym, river basin Pur, river basin Taz, petroleum products, surface water quality, salinity, dissolved oxygen content, long-term trend, anthropogenic impactThis article is automatically translated. You can find original text of the article here. Introduction The study of the water resources of the Arctic region of the Russian Federation is one of the priority state directions. It is aimed at ensuring sustainable development and environmental safety in the region and Russia as a whole [1]. Due to the ongoing climatic changes and the increasing anthropogenic impact, the Arctic is currently undergoing a transformation [2, 3, 4]. The northern regions are being destroyed more easily and faster than others, and they have been rehabilitating for decades [5]. Most of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, located in the Arctic Zone of the West Siberian Plain, is located beyond the Arctic Circle and covers the lower reaches of the Ob River, the basins of the Nadym, Pur, and Taz rivers, which are part of the oil and gas regions of the Ural Federal District [6-11]. The main problems of water pollution in the region are related to man-made factors, namely, the operation of facilities for the extraction and transportation of hydrocarbons in violation of environmental requirements. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug accounts for more than 80% of Russian and 20% of global natural gas production annually. The mainstay of Yamal's economy is the extraction of hydrocarbons (64% of industrial production). As of January 01, 2024, 70 subsurface user enterprises were registered in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, which conduct geological exploration, prospecting and evaluation of deposits, exploration and production of hydrocarbons. Oil reserves are accounted for 168 fields, gas — 166 fields, the largest of which are Bovanenkovskoye, Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Zapolyarnoye, Salmanovskoye, Tambeyskoye and Kharampurskoye [12]. The main sources of surface water pollution are the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater, leakage of petroleum products during the extraction and transportation of hydrocarbon raw materials, movement and parking of vehicles. During the construction and operation of gas pipelines, pollutants can enter water bodies both from organized runoff (wastewater from integrated gas treatment plants, gas compressor stations, and settlements) and from unorganized (surface runoff from drilling, industrial, construction, and residential sites) [13, 14]. Due to the fact that most of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North (80%) are engaged in fishing, and the population is provided with water from surface sources, the water quality of surface water bodies is of particular importance for the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District [15, 16].
Location and natural conditions The rivers of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are geographically located in the northern part of the Tyumen Region and belong to the Nizhneo Basin Okrug [5]. The territory of the district is located in three climatic zones: Arctic, subarctic and temperate continental (in the south). The climate is determined by the presence of permafrost, the proximity of the cold Kara Sea, and the abundance of bays, rivers, swamps, and lakes. In general, the district is characterized by long winters (up to 8 months) with storms, frosts and frequent snowstorms, low rainfall, short summers (50 days), strong winds and fogs, and low snow cover. The territory under consideration is characterized by the following natural zones: tundra, forest-tundra, northern and middle taiga. A large area of the forest-tundra zone consists of heavily swampy areas. Complexes of oligotrophic peat bogs and peat gleezems occupy 50-60% of the area. Podzolic-gley soils (15-20%) and peat-humus gley soils (10-15%) are common around the marshes. In the valleys and deltas of rivers, alluvial deposits of mixed composition (sands, loams), alluvial deposits with peat layers are distinguished [17]. The surface waters of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug have a number of hydrochemical features that distinguish them from the surface waters of other regions. Rivers are mainly fed by snow, which leads to low water mineralization. Prolonged winter rainfall is followed by high water, which peaks in June. River glaciation lasts 7-8 months a year. The autopsy takes place in the first half of May in the south, and in early June in the north. All rivers have wide floodplains, meandering channels, channels and branches. Shallow rivers freeze to the bottom [18]. An important factor in the formation of the chemical composition of surface waters is the presence of swamps on the territory, which determines the specific composition of the water. River water is mainly of bicarbonate-calcium and sodium classes [19]. The composition of surface waters is influenced by the climate features of the region. The southern border of the cryolithozone runs through the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. Thermokarst and thermoerosion are developed here; cryogenic landslides, solifluction, and thermoabrasion develop along the banks of rivers, lakes, and bays of the Kara Sea [20, 21]. The predominance of runoff over evaporation and a small proportion of groundwater in the supply of rivers are the reason for the low content of minerals. Permafrost contributes to the waterlogging of soils and the formation of many small lakes.
Materials and research methods
In order to study the spatiotemporal changes in the content of chemicals in the surface waters of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, the results of long-term (2014-2023) observations obtained by the regime hydrochemical network of the Russian Hydrometeorological Service were used. The quality of the surface waters of the basins of the Ob, Nadym, Pur, and Taz rivers according to hydrochemical indicators is described using the method of integrated assessments [22]. Based on the analysis of long-term series of pollutants in the water of the YAMAO rivers, changes in the concentrations of petroleum products, mineralization, and oxygen dissolved in water are shown, as well as an assessment of water quality based on the value of the specific combinatorial index of water pollution (UIC), which makes it possible to assess the level of water pollution simultaneously from a wide range of pollutants and quality indicators.
Analysis of the results Monitoring of land surface water pollution in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District is carried out within the basins of the Ob, Nadym, Pur, and Taz districts at 12 water bodies, 15 observation points, and 18 gates. The anthropogenic factor caused by the active industrial development of the region has a significant impact on the chemical composition and water quality of the Ob, Nadym, Pur, and Taz basins [12]. During 2014-2023, 33.62-39.50 million tons were discharged annually into the surface waters of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. m3 of wastewater, of which 70-90% (20.11-29.47 million m3) – insufficiently cleaned, and only 4.82-15.30 million m3 – normatively cleaned at sewage treatment plants, 0.59-2.13 million m3 – normatively clean (Table 1). Since the surface waters of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug have a low ability to self-purify due to climatic features and geographical location, large volumes of insufficiently purified and uncleaned discharges negatively affect the increase in the content of petroleum products in the water of the studied rivers.
Table 1 Volumes of wastewater disposal in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District water bodies for the period 2014-2023
1. The Ob River basin During 2014-2023, there was a slight tendency to stabilize the content of petroleum products in the water of the Ob River in the Salekhard area: the average annual concentrations were at the maximum permissible values, the maximum in the range of 1-8 MPC (Fig. 1). In the area of Gorki settlement, the average annual content of petroleum products did not exceed 5 MPC, the maximum ranged from 2 to 13 MPC. For the water of the Ob River within the village of Muzhi, long-term contamination with petroleum products was defined as characteristic, the frequency of cases of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration ranged from 57% to 100%, and the average annual concentrations varied in a wide range from 2 to 20 maximum permissible concentrations. The maximum concentrations reached the level of high pollution – 31 MPC (2021), extremely high pollution – 50 MPC (2014), 58 MPC (2023).
Drawing 1. Changes in a) average annual and b) maximum concentrations of petroleum products in the water of the Ob River
The average annual salinity of the Ob River water during 2014-2023 varied in a wide range from 124 mg/l to 236 mg/l. The maximum values were recorded in 2014: 415-507 mg/l. The regime of dissolved oxygen in the water of the Ob River in the area of Salekhard, village of Muzhi during 2014-2023 can be described as favorable, in some years there were isolated cases of deficiency of dissolved oxygen (up to 2.10-2.49 mg / l). In 2018-2019, two cases of acute deficiency (up to 1.50 mg/l) were recorded in the 5.1 km line below Salekhard. The water quality of the Ob River in the area of Salekhard, Gorki settlement during 2014-2023 stabilized at the level of the 4th class, in most sections of the categories "a" and "b" ("dirty" water); deteriorating to the category "b" ("very dirty" water) in 2018 and 2023. (5.1 km below Salekhard), to the category "g" ("very dirty" water) in 2018. (4 km west of Salekhard). The water of the Ob River in the village of Muzhi in 2015-2016, 2020-2021, and 2023 was assessed as "very dirty" (Table 2).
Table 2. Dynamics of the Ob River water quality for the period 2014-2023
The content of petroleum products in the water of the tributaries of the Ob River has been diverse for many years. For the Polui River, the stabilization of average annual concentrations at the level of 1 MPC is pronounced (Fig. 2 (a)). The maximum concentrations did not exceed 4 MPC, reaching 15 MPC only in 2021 (Salekhard, control gate). Contamination of the water of the Sob River with petroleum products was typical in most years of the period under review (2014, 2016-2017, 2019, 2021-2023). The frequency of cases of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration ranged from 57% to 100%. In 2015-2022, there was a slight tendency to stabilize the average annual content of petroleum products in the water of the Sob River at the level of 3 MPC and the Son River at the level of 2 MPC, however, in 2023 there was a sharp increase to 6 and 7 MPC, respectively. The maximum concentrations were in a wide range of 3-16 MPC (Sonya River) and 3-27 MPC (Sobh River) (Fig. 2b)).
Figure 2. Changes in a) average annual and b) maximum concentrations of petroleum products in the water of the Ob River tributaries
The average annual water mineralization values of the Ob River tributaries ranged from 82.1 mg/l (2019, Sob River) to 228 mg/l (2014, Polui River). The regime of oxygen dissolved in water was satisfactory for the Sob river, the lowest concentrations for the entire period under review did not decrease to less than 6.40 mg/l. In the water of the Sonya and Polya rivers, the dissolved oxygen content in most years of the time period under review was below the established standard. In 2016-2019, there were isolated cases of acute deficiency of oxygen dissolved in water (Polui River), the minimum concentrations were in the range of 1.00-1.70 mg/l. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the water quality of the Ob River tributaries by hydrochemical indicators, the water of the Sonya and Sob rivers in 2014-2023 was consistently rated as "dirty"; the Polui River (background stream) – 5 years out of 10 as "very dirty". In 2018-2019 and 2021-2023, there was a slight deterioration in the water quality of the Polui River (control section), as a result of which the water moved from the "dirty" category to the "very dirty" category (Table 3).
Table 3. Dynamics of water quality of the Ob River tributaries for the period 2014-2023
2. The Nadym river basin For the rivers of the Nadym River basin, in most years of the period under review, contamination with petroleum products was defined as characteristic, the frequency of cases exceeding the maximum permissible concentration was 50-92%. The average annual concentrations of petroleum products in the waters of the Nadym River basin ranged from 1-8 MPC. A sharp increase in the average annual content of petroleum products was observed in 2019 in the water of the Heigi-Yakh River, in 2020 in the water of the Pravaya Khetta River (Fig. 3a)). The maximum concentrations of petroleum products in the period from 2014 to 2017 reached 1-13 MPC, in 2018-2023 increased to 3-25 MPC (Fig. 3b)).
Figure 3. Changes in a) average annual and b) maximum concentrations of petroleum products in the waters of the Nadym River basin
The water of the basin's rivers is poorly mineralized. The average annual salinity of water in the Nadym River basin during 2014-2018 was at the level of 70.3-187 mg/l, decreasing in 2019-2023 to 41.1-72.0 mg/l. The minimum concentration of dissolved oxygen was in the range: the Right Khetta River – 3.20-5.60 mg/l, the Haigi Yakha River - 3.60–7.90 mg/l. Isolated cases of acute deficiency of dissolved oxygen in the water of the Nadym River were recorded in 2016, 2019, and 2021-2022 at the level of 1.40-1.60 mg/l. The water quality in the Nadym River basin has stabilized over a multi-year period (2014-2023) at the level of the 4th class of categories "a" and "b" ("dirty" water); in some years in the Nadym region (2019, 2021) and the Right Hittite (2022, 2023) decreasing to the category "b" ("very dirty" water). In 2023, there was a deterioration in the water quality of the Nadym River, above the industrial zone to the 5th class ("extremely dirty" water) (Table 4).
Table 4. Dynamics of water quality in the Nadym river basin for the period 2014-2023
3. The pool of the Pur river Petroleum products were characteristic pollutants of the waters of the Pur River (within the village of Urengoy) during 2014-2023; the Pur River (within the village of Samburg) in 2014, 2018-2023; the Pyaku-Pur River in 2019-2023; the Sede-Yakh river in 2014-2016, 2018-2020, 2022-2023, the frequency of cases of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) fluctuated from 50% to 100%. In the basin of the Pur river, the average annual content of petroleum products in the water of the Pur river (within the village of Urengoy), Pyaku-Pur, Sede-Yakh was in the range of 1-7 MPC (Fig. 4a)). In the water of the Pur river, within the village of Samburg, during 2014-2018, the average annual concentrations of petroleum products stabilized at the level of 1-3 MPC, in 2019-2022, there was a tendency to increase the content of petroleum products to 5-12 MPC. Oil products reached a critical level of contamination in the water of the Pur river, in the village of Urengoy in 2014 – 49 MPC (high pollution level), in the village of Samburg in 2020, 2021, 2022 – 26, 18, 29 MPC, respectively (Fig. 4b)).
Figure 4. Changes in a) average annual and b) maximum concentrations of petroleum products in the water of the Pur River basin
The average annual mineralization of water in the Pur, Pyaku-Pur region in 2014 was at the level of 172-298 mg/l, decreasing in 2015-2019 to 72.1-113 mg/l, in 2020-2023 to 47.3-92.4 mg/l. The Sede-Yakha River water in the Pur River basin was characterized by the lowest mineralization, the average annual values of which in 2020-2023 did not exceed 29.1-44.3 mg/l. The oxygen regime in the water of the Pur river (within the village of Urengoy) and the Pyakupur river was satisfactory. In some years, isolated cases of a decrease in oxygen dissolved in water below the established standard, up to 3.20 mg/l, were recorded in the Pur river (within the village of Samburg) and the Sede-Yakh River. The water quality in the Pur river basin during 2014-2023 was consistently assessed by the 4th class of categories "a" and "b" ("dirty" water); in 2014 (Pur river, within the village of Samburg) and 2019 (Pur River, within the village of Urengoy; Sede-Yakha River) decreasing to the category "b" ("very dirty" water) (Table 5).
Table 5. Dynamics of water quality in the Pur river basin for the period 2014-2023
4. Basin of the Taz river The contamination of the rivers of the Taz river basin with petroleum products in most years of the period under review was defined as characteristic, the frequency of cases of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration was 57-100%. The average annual content of petroleum products in the water of the Taz River basin ranged below 1-8 MPC; a sharp increase was noted in 2019 to 7-8 MPC. In addition, in recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the average annual concentrations of petroleum products in the waters of the Taz River (Fig. 5 (a)). Maximum concentrations were reached: within the village of Krasnoselkup – 20 MPC (2014), 19 MPC (2019); below the village of Tazovsky – 22 MPC (2023) (Fig. 5b)).
Figure 5. Changes in a) average annual and b) maximum concentrations of petroleum products in the waters of the Taz River basin
The average annual salinity of water in the Taz River basin in 2014 ranged from 185-252 mg/l, decreasing to 89.1-169 mg/l in 2015-2023. The maximum concentrations (555 mg/l) were recorded in 2014 in the water of the Taz River, within the village of Krasnoselkup. The dissolved oxygen content in most of the years under review was below the established standard, with minimum concentrations in the range of 3.10-5.80 mg/l; in 2019. in the village of Krasnoselkup, there was a single case of acute deficiency – 1.50 mg/l. The water quality of the Taz River during the entire period under review in all streams was assessed by the 4th class of categories "a" and "b" ("dirty" water) (Table 6).
Table 6. Dynamics of water quality in the basin of the Taz river for the period 2014-2023
Most likely, the increased concentrations of petroleum products in the waters of the Nadym, Pur, Taz rivers, and the estuarine sections of the Ob (Gorki – Salekhard settlements) are due to an increase in the level of anthropogenic load on oil and gas production complexes, which coincides with the opinions of a number of researchers [7, 23, 24, 25]. It should be noted that, under the influence of petroleum products entering the waters in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, the Nadym River has almost completely lost its fishing significance. On the verge of complete loss of spawning value are the pp. Pur and Sob [26].
Conclusions
Analysis of the dynamics of the content of petroleum products in the water of the Yamalo–Nenets Autonomous District river basins over the long term revealed a multidirectional level of water pollution: stabilization of average concentrations in the water of the Ob River (Salekhard), Polui River at the level of maximum permissible concentrations; Sonya and Sob rivers - at the level of 2-3 MPC. In the basins of the Pur River (Samburg) in 2019-2022 and the Taz River, an increase in average annual concentrations of petroleum products has been observed in recent years. The maximum concentrations reached the level of high pollution – 31 MPC (2021 – Ob river, village of Muzhi), 49 MPC (2014 – Pur river, within the village of Urengoy); extremely high pollution – 50 MPC (2014), 58 MPC (2023) – Ob River, village of Muzhi. During the entire studied period (2014-2023), contamination with petroleum products was characteristic in the water of the Ob River (village of Muzhi) and the Pur River. In the basins of the Nadym and Taz rivers, in most of the years under review, the frequency of cases of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration by petroleum products ranged from 50% to 100%. The surface waters of the autonomous okrug are characterized by low mineralization due to the predominance of snow nutrition and the predominance of peat-swampy soils. In the water of the Ob River basin, the average annual mineralization values during the study period were in the range of 82.1-236 mg/l; the basins of the Nadym and Pur rivers decreased to 41.1-92.4 mg/l in 2020-2023; the basin of the Taz River – 89.1-169 mg/l. The Sede-Yakha River water has a very low mineralization (29.1-44.3 mg/l). The regime of dissolved oxygen in water pp. Ob, Sob, Pur, Pyaku-Pur was favorable. In the water of Sonya, Polui, Pravaya Khetta, Taz, the dissolved oxygen content in most years of the time period under consideration was below the established standard. Isolated cases of acute dissolved oxygen deficiency were observed in the water of the Ob River (2018-2019), the Polui River (2016-2019), the Nadym River (2016, 2019, 2021-2022), and the Taz River (2019), with minimum concentrations in the range of 1.00-1.70 mg/l. According to the results of a comprehensive assessment of long-term hydrochemical information for the period 2014-2023, the water of the Yamalo–Nenets Autonomous District river basins is stable in quality: in the vast majority of years of the period under review, it was rated as grade 4, grades "a" and "b" as "dirty"; in the Ob River (village of Muzhi), the Polui River - grades "b". and "g" as "very dirty"; in 2023, in the Nadym river, above the industrial zone, Class 5 as "extremely dirty". Monitoring of long-term hydrochemical information on the content of petroleum products and a comprehensive assessment of the surface water quality of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District river basins indicate a high level of contamination of the water in the basins of the Ob (lower reaches), Nadym, Pur, Taz. Anthropogenic impact on the state of water sources is exerted by oil and gas field development enterprises, annual discharges of insufficiently treated wastewater. Climatic conditions and geographical location lead to a reduced resistance of natural ecosystems to man-made impacts, and a low ability to self-purify. The results of the study can be used in the future in the development of effective environmental protection measures aimed at improving the water quality of rivers in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. References
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Second Peer Review
Peer reviewers' evaluations remain confidential and are not disclosed to the public. Only external reviews, authorized for publication by the article's author(s), are made public. Typically, these final reviews are conducted after the manuscript's revision. Adhering to our double-blind review policy, the reviewer's identity is kept confidential.
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