Translation Peculiarities of Religious Terminology in L.N.Tolstoy's Novel "Resurrection" into English

Bozhanova Kseniia Sergeevna Assistant; Institute of Foreign Languages; Moscow State Pedagogical University 88 Vernadsky Ave., Moscow, 119571, Russia ks.bozhanova@mpgu.su Other publications by this author

Tolstoy's novel Resurrection was published in 1899. In this work, the author tells the tragic story of Katyusha Maslova, unfairly accused by the district court for embezzlement of money and the death of merchant Smelkov. Prince Nekhludoff, who once offended Maslova, is trying to help the girl. This novel was met with interest abroad and was published in newspapers and magazines in many countries. Already "in 1899, the novel was published in separate editions in translations into French, German, English, Serbo-Croatian and Slovak languages" ^[4]. They were followed by editions in many other European and Asian languages – Swedish (1899-1900), Finnish (1899-1900), Hungarian (1900), Bulgarian (1900), Dutch (1900), Norwegian (1900), Italian (1900), Polish (1900), Spanish (1901), Japanese (1905), Arabic (1907), Persian (1906-1911), Turkish (1907), Romanian (1910), Portuguese (1913), Chinese (1914). As part of this work, we will consider two translations into English, one of which (“The Resurrection”) was made in 1899 by Louise Yakovlevna Mood and published by Alice and books. The second translation, titled “The Awakening”, was made by William Smith and published in 1900 by New York Street Publishing House.

The text of the novel contains the names of religious objects and attributes, describes Christian holidays and rituals, as well as allusions to biblical and evangelical texts. Therefore, we consider it necessary to consider the concept of "religious vocabulary", which K.A. Timofeev interprets in the monograph "Religious Vocabulary of the Russian language" as "words expressing religious concepts that are in systemic relationships with each other, and taken together form what can be called a religious worldview" ^{[14, p. 3]}. M.O. Alekseeva combines religious vocabulary with church vocabulary and gives the following definition: church-religious vocabulary is "an industry terminology that represents a single corpus of lexemes of a confessional nature (religious names), linguistic units functioning in a highly specialized sphere – church usage and religious practice" ^{[2, p.198]}. R.I. Goryushina as well as M.O. Alekseeva identifies the concepts of "religious vocabulary" and "church vocabulary". However, according to S.V. Bulavina's definition, "religious vocabulary should not be associated with the material side, unlike the vocabulary of the church" ^{[3, p. 9]}. This, according to S.V.Bulavina, is their main difference. From the point of view of A.M. Prilutsky, "religious vocabulary includes not only the church vocabulary of different religious associations, but also concepts that are used to express common theological views (sin, repentance, confession)" ^{[11, p. 146]}. A.M. Chetyrina holds the same opinion, believing that "church vocabulary is part of the religious vocabulary of a broader semantic association" ^{[17, p.107]}. Thus, according to the majority of researchers (K.A. Timofeev, M.O. Alekseev, A.M. Prilutsky), church vocabulary is an integral element of religious vocabulary.

The problem of classifying religious vocabulary seems to be even more difficult than defining its concept, since researchers identify many criteria that form the basis of classification. According to K.A. Timofeev's classification, religious vocabulary is divided into three groups:

1) words denoting concepts peculiar to all monotheistic religions (God, soul, Creed, sin, prayer);

2) words denoting concepts peculiar to all major Christian denominations (the Holy Trinity, the Holy Spirit, the Savior, the Apostle, the Gospel, the Church, confession, etc.);

3) words peculiar to individual Christian denominations (these include the names of the clergy: priest, pastor, priest, priest, abbot, cardinal; names of divine services: mass, matins, vigil, Mass, litiya, litany; naming parts of the temple: iconostasis, porch, porch, etc.). In addition, K.A.Timofeev also includes such words as matter, cult, marriage, good, evil, passion, forgive, salvation in the religious vocabulary ^{[14, p. 3]}.

In her dissertation, R.I. Goryushina identifies five main categories of religious vocabulary, and some of them also have internal subgroups:

1) the names of the sacraments, rituals, objects of worship (chrismation, unction, icon, sacraments, demand);

2) titles of books of church content (Bible, Gospel, Breviary, Apocalypse, Minaea);

3) designation of church and religious holidays (according to the nature of the service): 1. The Great Ones: a) Easter; b) the Twelve (Epiphany, Palm Sunday, Christmas, etc.;); c) in honor of certain saints (the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Nativity of John the Baptist, the feast of John the Theologian); d) Sundays. 2. The Middle (holidays in honor of angels, some saints, icons of the Virgin). 3. Small (days of remembrance of Russian saints and intercessors before God);

4) the names of objects of ecclesiastical purpose and items of church utensils (censer, star, discos, incense);

5) designation of the clergy of the Christian church hierarchy (pope, metropolitan, patriarch, cardinal, hierarch) ^{[4; pp. 7-11]}.

In the Dictionary of Orthodox Church Culture, G.N. Sklyarevskaya presents a classification of church-religious lexemes, which presents seven categories of lexical units:

1) the names of the sacraments and tokens associated with them (communion, baptism, unction, repentance);

2) elements and forms of worship (matins, proskomedia, prayer, liturgy, vespers);

3) elements of the church calendar (Christmas, Lent, Trinity);

4) objects of worship (prosphora, censer, chalice);

5) names of church hierarchies (bishop, patriarch, metropolitan);

6) the temple and its structure, parts (altar, iconostasis, pulpit, porch, chapel);

7) the vestments of the clergy, their individual parts (mitre, omophorion, orar) ^[12].

In the framework of this work, we will use the classification of G.N. Sklyarevskaya. According to the above classification, using the continuous sampling method, we will select the nominations in the text of the novel "Resurrection" and consider in detail the translation of one token from each group:

1. The names of the sacraments and tokens associated with them: communion, baptism, baptized–unbaptized, repentance, marriage.

Let's analyze the features of the use of the lexeme "unbaptized" in the novel "Resurrection" and the variants of its translation into English.

"Aren't you praying, old man? Nekhludoff's coachman said, putting on and straightening his hat. – Is Al unbaptized?" ^[15].

“Why don’t you pray, old chap?” asked Nekhludoff’s driver as he replaced and straightened his cap. “Are you unbaptized?” ^[21].

Let's analyze the interpretation of the lexeme "unbaptized" in the dictionary of V.I. Dahl, the publication of which coincides with the time of publication of the novel. According to the explanatory dictionary, "unbaptized" is "a non–Christian, busurman" ^[6], that is, a person belonging to another faith, since he did not undergo the rite of baptism. In the translation by W. Smith, this sentence is omitted, and the lexeme “unbaptized” is used in the text by L.Y. Mood. In Chambers's etymological dictionary (Chambers's) and in Webster's new international dictionary (Webster's), which were published in 1888-1900, the lexeme “unbaptized" is missing. The translator probably formed it using the prefix "un", which has a negative meaning ("not") and the verb "baptize", which in Chambers's is interpreted as follows: “to administer baptism to: to christen. Gr. baptizo – bapto, to dip in water” ^[20]. Webster's presents the following meaning of the verb “to baptize”: “to drop or immerse in water or to pour or sprinkle water upon, as a religious rite or ceremony" ^[23]. The ABBYY Dictionary of General Vocabulary offers the lexeme “undipped” ^[19], however, it is missing from the above-mentioned dictionaries. Therefore, we can say that the author's neologism "unbaptized", formed from the Greek verb "baptize", was used to translate the lexeme "unbaptized" ^[20]. Such a translation solution seems to be successful, since it conveys the semantic meaning of the lexeme "unbaptized" and denotes a person who has not passed the rite of baptism.

2. Elements and forms of worship: worship, confession, prayer, service, mass, preaching, memorial service, confess, serve, matins, priesthood.

Consider a sentence that uses the word "mass":

"In the interval between early and late Mass, Nekhludoff left the church."^[15]

“In the interval between early and late mass Nekhludoff left the church” ^[22].

“In the interval between early and late mass Nekhludoff left the church” ^[21].

"Mass" according to V.I. Dahl's dictionary means "church service after matins, liturgy; mass can be early and late" ^[8]. In Chambers's lexeme “mass“ is interpreted as "the celebration of the Lord's Supper" ^[20], and in Webster's – “liturgy of the Eucharist, the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, the celebration of the Holy Communion, in English since the Reformation used chiefly of the Eucharist, n. the celebration of the Lord's Supper in R. Cath. Churches” ^[23]. The dictionary of general vocabulary offers the variants “mass”, “liturgy” ^[19]. The variant “mass” is presented in the Muller dictionary ^[10]. However, we believe that the "mass" option is not a good one for designating Christian worship – "mass", since in both versions of the definitions of the "mass" nomination we are talking about the Catholic liturgy and it is not specified in which part of the day the service takes place, and during mass the sacrament of the Eucharist takes place. In this case, the most correct use seems to be the lexeme “Eucharist”, which Webster's gives the following definition – “the sacrament of the Lord's Supper; the solemn act or ceremony of commemorating the death of Ghost, in use of bread and wine as the appointed emblems” ^[23].

3. Elements of the church calendar: Bright Sunday, Easter, Christmas. Let's consider the functioning of the lexeme "Easter" in the text of the novel "Resurrection". For example:

"Easter of the Lord, rejoice, people" ^[15].

“Be happy, man; it is the Lord's Easter" ^[22].

“Behold the Passover of the Lord” “Rejoice, O ye people!” ^[21].

In V.I. Dahl's dictionary, the word "Easter" has three meanings:

1) The feast of the Jews, in memory of their exodus from Egypt;

2) The annual celebration of Christians, in memory of the resurrection of the Savior from the dead, Bright Sunday of Christ, holy week;

3) a consecrated pile of cheese, cottage cheese, which is consumed to this day; a cake consecrated for the same purpose, a loaf ^[8].

From the quotation and context given for analysis, it is obvious that we are talking about the Christian holiday "Easter of the Lord", which is translated into English in the version of U.Smith's version is translated by the combination “Lord's Easter“, and in the version of L.Y. Mood, the combination "Passover of the Lord" is used. In our opinion, in this case, the “Passover” lexeme does not seem correct and distorts the context, since Webster's interprets it as follows: “an annual feast of the Jews...” ^[23]. That is, this nomination is used only in the context of the Jewish religion, and not Christianity. According to V.I. Dahl's dictionary, the following explanation is given for the nomination "Lord": "old, sovereign, lord; now, Supreme, Lord, God, Creator" ^[6]. In both versions, the lexeme “Lord” is used, denoting “a master: a superior: a husband: a ruler: the proprietor of a manor: a baron: a peer of the realm: the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest son of an earl: a bishop, esp. if a member of parliament: God, Christianity Jesus” ^[20]. The semantic meaning of the lexeme "Lord" completely coincides with the meaning of the nomination "Lord". Consider the lexeme “Easter”, which Chambers's suggests the following interpretation: “a Christian festival commemorating the resurrection of Christ, held on the Sunday after Good-Friday” ^[20]. The ABBYY Dictionary of General Vocabulary for the translation of the "Easter" nomination also offers the "Easter" nomination, which designates the annual spring holiday dedicated to the miraculous resurrection of the Savior crucified on the cross ^[19]. Thus, the variant "Easter" seems to be equivalent to the lexeme "Easter".

4. Objects of worship: cross, censer, candelabrum, candle, candlestick, icon, image, kiosk.

Consider the following example:

"The panic room was filled with candles" ^[15].

“The church lustre was dotted with candles” ^[22].

“The candelabra was filled with tapers” ^[21].

In V.I. Dahl's dictionary, "panikadilo" is "a chandelier, a church candle holder, a pendant lamp in many candles" ^[8]. L.Ya. Mood uses the lexeme "candelabra", which according to Webster's is defined as "a candlestick, usually ornamental, a lamp stand of any sort, often large and highly ornamental, a large ornamental candlestick, having several branches” ^[23]. From the interpretation of the lexeme “candelabra” it is obvious that this item is used not only in the church, but has a wider scope of use. In W. Smith's version, a descriptive translation is used – “church lustre". To translate the "panicadilo" nomination, the ABBYY dictionary of general vocabulary presents the church-chandelier lexeme ^[19], which specifies the area of use of the chandelier. The variants "church lustre" and "church-chandelier" seem to be successful, since they convey the main meaning of the lexeme "panikadilo".

5. The names of the church hierarchies: priest, deacon, deacon, metropolitan, preacher, bishop, priest, pastor, nun, abbess, priest, archpriest.

In the novel "Resurrection" such nominations as "priest", "deacon", "sexton" are used:

"Everything was festive, solemn, fun and wonderful: the priests in bright silver with gold crosses, and the deacon, and the deacons in festive silver and gold surplices..." ^[15].

“Everything seemed festive, solemn, bright, and beautiful: the priest in his silver cloth vestments with gold crosses; the deacon, the clerk and chanter in their silver and gold surplices…” ^[22].

“Everything was solemn, joyous and beautiful; the priest in his bright, silver chasuble, dotted with gilt crosses, the deacon, the chanters in holiday surplice of gold and silver…” ^[21].

Let's analyze the interpretation of the lexemes "priest", "deacon", "sexton". According to V.I. Dahl's dictionary, the nomination "priest" is interpreted as "priest, presbyter, priest, ordained minister of the altar, performing the holy mysteries" ^[8]. A minister of the Church who is ordained to the second degree of the priesthood and has the right to perform divine services and six of the seven Christian sacraments: baptism, chrismation, the Eucharist, penance, marriage and unction. To translate this lexeme, W. Smith and L.J. Mood choose the lexeme “priest”, which is defined in Chambers's as "one who officiates in sacred offices: one above a deacon and below a bishop: a clergyman" ^[20]. In Webster's, the lexeme “priest“ is given with the mark ”Christian Church“ and is explained as "a person ordained to the ministerial, pastoral, or sacerdotal office; a presbyter, an elder; a minister, in churches more or less hierarchical, one ordained to the second order in the ministry. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Church and the churches of the Anglican Communion, the priest is authorized to perform all ministerial services or sacred functions except those properly or exclusively belonging to bishops” ^[23]. Based on the interpretation offered in the dictionary, it is obvious that the priest has passed the rite of ordination, since he is allowed to perform the sacraments. The ABBYY dictionary of general vocabulary suggests the variant “priest” with a mark (Anglican Church), as well as “incident, clergyman” ^[19]. The translation version of "priest" seems to be equivalent to the lexeme "priest", as it reflects the main functional duties of a clergyman.

The second nomination "deacon" or "deacon" is used to denote "the lowest spiritual rank or dignity, an assistant priest in the ministry" ^[6], but in V.I. Dahl's dictionary another interpretation is proposed that is not related to the religious sphere – "old. clerk, clerk, secretary, ruler of the chancery" ^[6]. Deacon – "the first (lowest) degree of the clergy, they are assistants to the priests in the performance of divine services" ^[16]. Both English”language texts use the same token "deacon". Chambers's provides the following definition of the lexeme: “deacon” – “in Episcopal churches the order of clergy under priests: in some Presbyterian churches, an officer under the elders: in Congregational and some other churches, the principal lay official" ^[20]. A more detailed interpretation in the context of the Christian denomination is given in Webster's: “an officer in Christian churches appointed to perform certain subordinate duties varying in different communities; in episcopal churches, a person in the third (or second) order in the ministry, subordinate to the priests. Deacons are advanced to the priesthood by ordinating by a bishop, with a special form of service and the laying on of his hands and those of any priest present” ^[23]. The ABBYY dictionary of general vocabulary also offers the "deacon" option for translating the "deacon" nomination ^[19]. We believe that the chosen equivalent of "deacon" fully conveys the semantic meaning of the lexeme "deacon".

Consider the lexeme "sexton" or "clerk" ^[6], which is interpreted as "clergyman", "clerk", "psalmist" ^[6]. The sexton is the lowest class of clergymen who are not part of the spiritual hierarchy ^[6]. W. Smith's translation contains two lexemes: "clerk", which is translated into Russian as "clerk" ^[10] and "chanter" – "regent" ^[10]. Let's analyze the “clerk” nomination, which means “1) a clergyman or priest: a scholar: one who leads the responsibilities in the English Church service; 2) in common use, one employed as a writer or assistant in an office” ^[20]. In the Christian denomination, the duties of a sexton include reading the Holy Scriptures and singing in the choir ^[16]. This range of powers is conveyed by the nomination “chanter” – “the chief singer or priest of a chantry” ^[20], which is used by W. Smith and L.Y. Mood. Thus, in W. Smith's translation, the addition of the lexeme "clerk"– "regent" does not seem appropriate.

6. The temple and its structure: church, monastery, altar, iconostasis, choir, porch, dome, cross.

Consider the following example:

"He saw it when he passed close by her at the altar."^[15]

“He saw it while passing near her to the altar” ^[22].

“He noticed this as he passed her, walking up to the altar” ^[21].

Let's analyze the translation of the lexeme "altar", which is given several definitions in V.I. Dahl's dictionary: "1) an altar, an elevation of various kinds, on which peoples, each according to their faith, sacrificed to God, 2) in the Christian church, an elevation with steps in the depths of the church, 3) in the Orthodox: the eastern tip of the church, remote by the iconostasis and the royal doors" ^[6]. It is obvious from the context that in this sentence the lexeme "altar" is used in the third meaning (the eastern tip of the church). For the translation of this nomination, translators choose the token “altar". “Altar” according to Chambers's is “a high place on which sacrifices were anciently offered: in Christian churches, the communion table" ^[20]. Webster's offers a similar definition: “in the Christian church, a tablelike construction used in celebration of the Holy Eucharist; the communion table, Medieval Christian altars were often magnificent structures of marble and bronze" ^[23]. In many religions, the altar is not called the eastern part of the church, but the altar table itself, which is obvious from the definition of the lexeme “altar”. Selection of the ”altar" nomination introduces inaccuracies in the original text. In this case, it seems correct to use the lexeme “sanctuary” in the meaning of “most retired and sacred part of a temple; the presbytery or eastern part of the choir of a church in which the altar is placed” ^[20].

7. Vestments of the clergy, their separate parts: stole, chasuble, surplice. L.N.Tolstoy uses these nominations when describing the clothing and decoration elements of the clergy. For example:

"... priests in bright silver vestments with gold crosses, and a deacon, and deacons in festive silver and gold surplices..." ^[15].

“…the priest in his silver cloth vestments with gold crosses; the deacon, the clerk and chanter in their silver and gold surplices…” ^[22].

“…the priest in his bright, silver chasuble, dotted with gilt crosses, the deacon, the chanters in holiday surplice of gold and silver…” ^[21].

According to V. I. Dahl's dictionary, "chasuble" is "vestments, clothing of priests during worship" ^[8], and "surplice" is "a long, wide–sleeved garment for worship for deacons, deacons, as well as lower vestments for priests, bishops" ^[8].In his translation, Smith used the descriptive translation technique "cloth investments" for the lexeme "riza", and L.Ya. Mood used the variant "chasuble", which seems to be the most appropriate, since according to Chambers's "chasuble" is interpreted as "the uppermost garment worn by a R.C. priest at mass" ^[20]. Therefore, the "chasuble" lexeme seems to be equivalent for translating the "riza" nomination into English.

The same variant for the translation of the lexeme "surplice" is used by U.Smith and L.J. Mood – “surplice", which is defined in Chambers's as “a white outer garment worn by the clergy” ^[20]. A similar translation is indicated in the dictionary of general vocabulary, it is given the following definition: "long, wide-sleeved clothing (usually brocade) of deacons and deacons, worn during worship, as well as the lower vestments of priests and bishops" ^[16]. Thus, the "surplice" token fully conveys the meaning of the "riza" nomination.

Since the text of the novel "Resurrection" presents a wide range of religious vocabulary, not all lexical units were grouped according to the classification of G.N. Sklyarevskaya. In addition to the above, we have identified the following groups:

8. The name of the church books: the Gospel, the New Testament.

For example:

"He did not sleep all night and, as happens to many and many who read the Gospel, for the first time, when reading, he understood in all their meaning the words that had been read many times and unnoticed" ^[15].

“He did not sleep all night, and as it happens to many and many a man who reads the Gospels he understood for the first time the full meaning of the words read so often before but passed by unnoticed” ^[21].

The dictionary of V.I. Dahl provides the following definition of the lexeme "Gospel": "the teaching of the Lord about the Kingdom of God, the gospel, the first and most important part of the New Testament, consisting of the four gospels, the epistles of the apostles and the apocalypse. The Word of God about the life, deeds and teachings of our Lord Jesus Christ" ^[6]. In the Old Slavic language, the word Gospel came from the Greek euaggelion (good news), where it originally meant "recompense or reward for the good news" ^[18]. L.Ya. Mood has no difficulties translating the lexeme "Gospel" – "Gospels", which is interpreted as "the Christian revelation: the narrative of the life of Christ, as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or John: a system of religious truth” ^[20]. The very nomination "gōdspel" was used in Old English to mean "Gospel" and was translated as (gōd, "good" + spel, "news") ^[20]. The "Gospels" variant for the translation of the "Gospel" nomination is also offered by the dictionary of general vocabulary. The nomination "Gospel" is borrowed in both Russian and English, so there are no difficulties in finding an equivalent.

9. Prayers, texts of prayers and hymns and their components: prayer, akathist, Jesus, save me, Hallelujah, "Jesus, son of God, have mercy on me."

The name of the song of praise "akathist" is used in the following sentence of the novel:

"Maslova, during the akathist, took up examining him and whispering with Fedosya and crossed herself and bowed only when everyone was doing it" ^[15].

“During the acathistus Maslova occupied herself in scrutinising him and talking to Theodosia in whispers, and bowed and made the sign of the cross only when every one else did” ^[21].

"Akathist" is "a church hymn of praise and prayers to the Savior, the Mother of God and the saints" ^[6]. The ABBYY Dictionary of General Vocabulary offers a variant of “acathistus” ^[19], which is used by the translator. The following definition is offered in Chambers's: “a hymn honoring the Virgin. It was sung with the people standing in the fifth week in Lent, during the commemoration of the repulse of the Avars from Constantinople by Heraclius” ^[20]. The semantics of the word "akathist" – "acathistus" coincide, since both the Russian and English lexeme came from Greek, therefore, the translation of the lexeme does not cause difficulties.

10. Lexemes for designating customs, rituals, ritual actions: baptize – to be baptized, to cross oneself, to kiss, to speak, to sanctify, to talk, to pray. In the text of the novel, these lexemes are used to describe rituals performed by parishioners or performed by clergymen. Let's consider the functioning of the lexeme "govet" using the example of the following sentence:

"Not to mention domestic relations, especially at the death of his father, funeral services for him, and the fact that his mother wanted him to sing, and that this was partly required by public opinion..." ^[15].

“At home, when his father died, he had to be present at the masses said for his soul, and his mother wished him to go to confession or to communion, and it was in a way expected, by public opinion, but above all, Government service demanded that he should be present at all sorts of services, consecrations, thanksgivings, and the like” ^[21].

The lexeme "to speak" is given the following definition: "1) to live, to be; to reverence whom or before whom, to respect, to honor whom to the highest degree. 2) prepare for confession and communion by fasting and attending church. And to fast, not to eat anything ^[6]. In W. Smith's translation, this fragment of the text is omitted, and in L.Y. Mood's version, the option “to go to confession or to communion" is used. Thus, L.Ya. Mood uses a descriptive translation that does not fully convey the semantics of the verb, which denotes not only church attendance and communion attendance, but also the process of spiritual preparation for fasting and attending divine services. The ABBYY dictionary of general vocabulary lists the options “to fast; to prepare for Communion" ^[19]. The “fast” lexeme in Chambers's is explained as “to keep from food: to go hungry: to abstain from food in whole or part, as a religious duty; abstinence from food: special abstinence enjoyed by the church: the day of fasting ^[20]. We believe that the choice of this lexeme would allow us to reflect to a greater extent the actions inherent in the semantics of the verb "to speak" in this context.

11. Names of ritual food: Easter cake, Easter.

For example:

"... as I heard in the corridor the preparations of Matryona Pavlovna, the old maid of Maria Ivanovna, together with Katyusha to church to sanctify Easter cakes and Easter" ^[15].

“…making preparations with Katiousha to go to church and witness the consecration of the paschal bread” ^[22].

“he heard the old servant Matrona Pavlovna preparing to go to the church to get the koulitch and paski [Easter cakes] blest after the midnight service” ^[21].

Let's determine how accurate the translation of the nominations "kulich" and "Easter" can be considered in English-language texts. In the explanatory dictionary of V.I. Dahl, the following definition of the lexeme "kulich" is given: "Easter bread, in the south, Easter, baked with yeast and rich, with almonds, raisins, etc." ^[8]. In this context, the nomination "kulich" means "Easter bread", as the events take place in the northern part of Russia. Consider the lexeme "Easter". As noted earlier, the lexeme "Easter" has three meanings, but in this sentence it means: "a consecrated pile of cheese, cottage cheese, which is being crushed to this day" ^[8]. W. Smith leaves only one nomination "pashal bread" in the translation text. We assume that he chooses this translation option for the lexeme "kulich", meaning "Easter bread", and omits the nomination "Easter".

Translated by L.Y. Mood, there are two lexemes. The nomination "kulich" is translated using transliteration – "koulitch", which allows you to keep the reality in the translation text. Transliteration is also used in the translation of the lexeme "Easter" – "paski", but here L.Ya. Mood adds an explanation that does not seem quite correct, since "Easter" in this context is a dish made of cottage cheese ^[8]. The most successful method is transliteration without the author's explanation, which is incorrect. According to the author's comment, both words mean the same dish, thereby distorting the original text.

12. The name of the recipients and baptisms: godfather, godmother, goddaughter. For example:

"She baptized the girl, and then, feeling sorry for her goddaughter, she gave milk and money to her mother, and the girl remained alive" ^[15].

“She baptized the child, and in pity for her god-daughter, furnished her with milk, gave the mother some money, and the babe thrived” ^[22].

“ she offered to stand godmother to the little girl, and pity for her little god-daughter induced her to give milk and a little money to the mother so that she should feed the baby; and the little girl lived”^[21].

"Goddaughter", according to V.I. Dahl's dictionary: "a godchild, a son or daughter, a child of the cross, a son according to the Lord, accepted by someone from the font at holy baptism" ^[8]. In English-language texts, different lexemes are presented: in the variant U.Smith's nomination is "god-daughter“, which provides the following definition: "Godfather is a man who, at a child's baptism, engages to be his father in relation to God or its religious training. God'mother. ns. Godchild, God-daughter, God'son” ^[20]. However, in the version of the translation by L.Ya. Mood, this lexeme is omitted and an antonymic translation is used, which does not distort the meaning of the lexeme, but changes the structure of the sentence (in the original text there is one verb "christened", and in the English version there are two verbs: “offer” and “stand"). The ABBYY dictionary of general vocabulary allows the use of variants god(-) daughter, god(-)child ^[19], therefore W. Smith's variant is the most successful.

In this article, we examined the interpretation of the concept of religious vocabulary and identified the most frequent religious lexical units in the text of the novel "Resurrection". Referring to the novel by L.N. Tolstoy allows us to conclude that the author actively uses words and compound names related to religious topics in the speech of the characters. In the text of the work, church units are different parts of speech, among them nouns predominate (apostle, icon, censer, worship, etc.). Using the continuous sampling method, we selected religious vocabulary, which was divided into twelve thematic groups: "Names of the sacraments and lexemes associated with them", "Elements and forms of worship", "Elements of the church calendar", "Objects of worship", "Names of church hierarchies", "The Temple and its structure, parts", "Vestments of the clergy, their separate parts", "Prayers, texts of prayers and hymns and their components", "Names of church holidays", "Names of books of church content", "Names of ritual food" and "Names of persons of spiritual guarantors".

Due to the difference in the types of denominations in the territory of the Russian Empire and England (Orthodoxy and Protestantism), we have identified differences in the use or absence of certain nominations in the English language.

Thus, the author's neologism was used to translate the lexeme "unbaptized", and when translating the nominations designating the clergy "priest, deacon, sexton", appropriate equivalents were selected. The lexemes ("govet, panikadilo, surplice, goddaughter") were translated using a descriptive technique (more often in the version of W. Smith's translation), however, there are well-established equivalents for a number of lexemes. When working with the Easter nomination, both translators used the addition technique, which is not entirely justified, and in W. Smith's translation, the addition leads to an actual error. The translation of the names of church books and songs (Gospel, Akathist) does not cause difficulties – equivalents are used. In W. Smith's translation, there is a large number of omissions of lexemes and fragments related to religious topics. Omissions do not allow to fully reveal the main problems of the novel for the English-speaking reader.

Thus, the main difficulty is represented by a fairly wide and diverse use of religious nominations, for which the translator needs to understand in detail the features and differences of religious terminology.