Teaching biomedical terminology using binary texts: linguocognitive and translation aspects

Latishev Kirill Igorevich Student, Institute of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University) 105187, Russia, Moscow, Peschanaya str., 8, sq. 22 tyshenro@yandex.ru

1. INTRODUCTION

The interest of modern scientists in the study of professional languages arises not only within the framework of linguistic science. It is also caused by the needs of growing professional communication based on the interdisciplinarity of knowledge, "when there is a problem of harmonizing interlanguage factors and at the same time there is a need to standardize certain layers of a particular professional language for the successful process of professional communication between specialists speaking different languages" (Fedorenko, Sheremeta, 20221, p. 42).
In modern conditions of globalization, the quality of professional training of a future specialist is determined by the fluency of a highly specialized foreign language terminology, because this is a condition for successful professional and scientific activity, therefore there is a need for a linguognitive analysis of English and Ukrainian professional texts of the same problem (binary specialties. conclusion of highly specialized thematic mini-dictionaries) (Matko, 2009).

After all, "today the vector of research in the field of studying industry terminological systems is multidirectional, however, the issues of terminology in different sciences are still insufficiently studied, in particular, it concerns the problems of their formation and systematization" (Fedorenko, Maslova, 2022, p. 44). The features and basic concepts of professional languages, the formation of terminological systems and scientific and technical translation, are described in the research of domestic and foreign scientists, among which are the works of such linguists and translators as Bern, Bosman, Vasenko, Vakulenko, Ostrov, Dubichinsky, Duryo, Dyakov, Zubov, Klimzo, Kiyak, Kozlanyuk, Krymets, Komarova, Kuleshova, Mishchenko, Montero, Pavlyuk, etc.
"The ideas of cognitive linguistics have changed the perspective of terminology research, focusing on the inner nature of the term. Today, the term is considered as a unit related to professional communication, industry knowledge and professional activity" (Fedorenko, Maslova, 2022, p. 45). Modern linguistics researchers (Jabotinskaya, Kabre, Langacker, Temmerman, Faber, etc.), studying the functioning of terms in certain professional languages, increasingly integrate the provisions of cognitive linguistics and psychology in their scientific works on the study of concepts.
The purpose of the article is to consider some translation aspects of studying the conceptual sphere of biomedical engineering in the field of sleep disorder research. Two completely different phenomena can be seen in medical terminology: 1. precisely developed and internationally standardized anatomical nomenclature and 2. rapidly developing non-standardized terminology of individual clinical branches. Previously, new medical terms were formed mainly morphologically by the formation and addition of Latin and Greek word-forming components, but now the syntactic method prevails - the formation of terminological compounds, which later turn into abbreviations. This article discusses how semantic information can be automatically assigned to composite terms, i.e. both a definition and a set of semantic relations. This is especially important in the development of multilingual databases and in the development of multilingual information retrieval systems. It presents a system capable of labeling terms with morphologically related words, i.e. defining them, and grouping them by synonymy, hyponymy, and proximity relationships.

2. METHODS
The research methodology includes: defining criteria for the selection of material, which include temporal characteristics (texts should represent studies of the same period); genre characteristics (texts should be of the same genre); cognitive characteristics (the texts should present a common conceptual sphere); linguognitive and translational analysis with the conclusion of a matrix of subconepts as the basis for concluding a thematic glossary.
The analysis of the conceptual sphere of biomedical engineering in the field of sleep disorder research was carried out on the basis of binary texts of review articles in English and Russian on the problems of diagnostic methods of sleep disorders, in particular: “A survey on sleep assessment methods. Global. Health. Neurology” (Ibáñez, Silva & Cauli, 2018), “Review of modern technologies for sleep quality diagnostics" (Ivanova, Fedorin & Vdovichenko, 2021), “Types of bioprinters for organ printing" (Kulyavets, Bespalova, 2020).

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The field of biomedical engineering has many areas, among which are: clinical engineering, medical radiology, medical technology, microelectromechanical systems, biomaterials, biomechanics, etc. Biomedical engineers and scientists focus on advances in technology and medicine to develop new devices and equipment to improve human health. For example, they can develop software for the operation of medical equipment or computer simulations to test new treatments.
It should be noted that the professional language of such an interdisciplinary field as biomedical engineering contains concepts that concentrate specific knowledge of technical, medical and scientific experience. In cognitive linguistics, concepts are considered in connection with background knowledge and are created in the process of conceptualization (Faber, Leon Arauz, Prieto Velasco, Reimerink, 2007). The concept as the main unit of consciousness is a cognitive phenomenon, the content of which is formed in the process of structuring knowledge and experience (Prikhodko, 2008). Concepts form domains that can be considered as conceptual complexes that exist independently of their linguistic representation (Langacker, 2008). Accordingly, the professional language of biomedical engineering can be represented as a cognitive and communicative organization of concepts, concepts and related terms in such fields as bio-tools, biomedical cybernetics, biomechanics, systems physiology, rehabilitation engineering, diagnosis of diseases and disorders. The linguistic and cognitive analysis of concepts presented in the professional language contributes to the clarification of the conceptual framework and the correct use of highly specialized terminology.
Based on Langacker's assumption (2008) that most concepts have a significant array of interrelated meanings that can be represented as a chain, let's present an array of interrelated meanings in the texts under study in the form of a chain: sleep – sleep disturbance. Sleep monitoring is a sleep monitoring device.
The results of a comparative analysis of the speech representation of these concepts were entered into a schematic dictionary table. Here are some examples (see Table 1):

Table 1 – Linguistic representation of the concepts studied

Thus, in a comparative analysis of two articles on the same topic, the adequacy and representativeness of the two-way translation of modern biomedical engineering terminology is evidenced. Working with binary texts, we were able to identify some of the advantages of reproducing terminological units during the analysis. In our opinion, specialized dictionaries do not pay enough attention to the functioning of terms in specialized discourse. According to linguist Durieux (1994), translators should always consider the following criteria of context in the translation process: linguistic context, situational context and cognitive context. Of course, no one denies the importance of specialized dictionaries, but it should be noted that the linguistic context allows the translator to pay attention to both the specifics of using the term in a particular context and its compatibility. In the situational context, the author takes into account the cultural and psychological characteristics of the recipient, as well as various types of specialized discourse. Terminology in an article that is explanatory in nature or that highlights certain research results will differ significantly from the lack of vocabulary definitions. As confirmation, let's pay attention to some of the examples given in the table above, certain phenomena and concepts do not have a fixed dictionary translation. For example, the term overlap syndrome means a combination of certain disorders or diseases, this phrase is transmitted in the UKR text by the method of replication, and Nap study in the UKR text is monitoring scheduled daytime sleep. This research is motivated primarily by the fact that the field of biomedical engineering is relatively new, an industry with a terminosphere that is in its infancy.
It should be noted that a significant number of terms of Latin and Greek origin have indisputable equivalents: polysomnography – polysomnography, capnography – capnography, bruxism – bruxism, electromyograph – electromyograph, piezoelectric – piezoelectric. A comparative analysis of the terminology of binary texts showed a different number of components of terminological phrases in Ukrainian and English. For example, if you look at the equivalents of many English-language three-component terms, most often the number of term components in Russian is higher. Here are some examples from binary articles on the topic of bioprinting, selected for the study.:
laser-assisted bioprinting – bioprinting with partial laser use;
extrusion-based bioprinting – bioprinting based on extrusion;
additive manufacturing – additive manufacturing technologies;
selective laser sintering – selective laser sintering technology;
human adipose-derived stem cells are human adipose tissue stem cells.
On the other hand, we have also noted the opposite cases, when in the Ukrainian language
A shorter equivalent was chosen (often a compound word or a phrase containing a compound word). For example, a three–component term in English corresponds to a one–component or two-component term in Ukrainian: zeolite water softening plant – zero picket, computer aided design - automated design, laser-based bioprinting - laser bioprinting. By the way, a distinctive feature is that experts are increasingly trying to avoid calculations and literal translation, which means that instead of reproducing the term bioprinting in a literal transliteration method, we see a preference for a more Ukrainian version, namely bioprinting.

4. CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS OF FURTHER RESEARCH
To summarize, it should be noted that biomedical engineering focuses primarily on the latest advances in technology and medicine to develop new devices and equipment to improve human health. Specialists continue to develop new software for the operation of medical equipment, create computer simulations to test new treatment methods. Considering the relevance and intensive development of this new industry, as well as the fact that information from foreign sources is theoretically insufficiently represented in Ukrainian translation, we consider linguognitive analysis of binary professional texts to be a relevant method for concluding highly specialized thematic dictionaries.
We see the prospect of further research in expanding the genre and thematic palette of linguognitive translation analysis based on binary texts in the field of biomedical engineering to compile highly specialized thematic dictionaries.