INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC BRANCHES OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC LAW
Reference:
Malichenko V.S.
International legal means of protecting human rights in health emergencies
// International Law and International Organizations.
2024. № 2.
P. 1-11.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2024.2.70608 EDN: QOEUZI URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=70608
Abstract:
The subject of the study is international legal norms, documents of international organizations (of a recommendatory and binding nature), as well as acts of domestic law establishing guarantees for ensuring the human right to health and the right to use the results of scientific progress, as well as forming international legal mechanisms for the protection of intellectual property and technology transfer. The object of the study is public relations arising from the interaction of various subjects of international relations in the framework of countering emergencies in the field of health protection and ensuring equitable access to healthcare technologies in all regions of the world, regardless of the level of development of the pharmaceutical industry. The purpose of the study is to develop proposals for the introduction of international legal means aimed at ensuring the human right to health in the framework of achieving a balance of public and private legal guarantees of access to healthcare technologies. The research methodology is based on general scientific methods of cognition, including formal logical and situational, and private legal methods such as comparative-legal, historical-legal and formal-legal. The past decades have been accompanied by rapid rates of emergency situations in the field of public health, which have demonstrated systemic problems in the organization of medical care in each State, as well as revealing imperfections in international legal regulation of the field of health protection. Healthcare technologies, which determine the effectiveness of countering any large-scale threat of an infectious and non-infectious nature, in the vast majority of cases are developed by non-State actors, the main purpose of whose activities is legitimately to make a profit. At the same time, the obligation to ensure the right to the highest attainable standard of health and access to health technologies rests with the State, which forms stable barriers to ensuring a balance of public and private legal guarantees in the field of health protection. The paper presents a list of the main problems of international legal response to emergencies of international importance. The article consistently reveals the main international legal means of ensuring the transfer of healthcare technologies. The authors have formulated a number of practical recommendations aimed at expanding access to healthcare technologies.
Keywords:
scientific progress results, technology transfer, health emergencies, right to health, TNC, health technology, pandemics, security threats, intellectual property, vaccines
INTEGRATION LAW AND SUPRANATIONAL UNIONS
Reference:
Shugurov M.V.
The EAEU Member States and the Green Climate Fund: prospects for coordinated cooperation in the field of climate finance
// International Law and International Organizations.
2024. № 2.
P. 12-50.
DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2024.2.71516 EDN: NHUEWL URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=71516
Abstract:
The subject of the study is the system of relations between the EAEU member states and the Green Climate Fund in the field of financial support for climate programs and projects. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the model of coordinated interaction between the EAEU member states and the Green Climate Fund as one of the directions of the Union's climate agenda. The study demonstrated that several EAEU member states (Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Armenia) are actively implementing programs and projects supported by the Fund, which not only relate to various sectors, but also to the formation of a mature climate policy of these states. This group of States is at the stage of transition to a mature institutional phase of interaction with the fund. The author examines in detail the climate policy and the state of climate finance in these states. It has been established that another group of EAEU states (Russia and Belarus) do not participate in the Foundation's projects, but maintain specific relations with it. The methodological base of the research includes the following methods and approaches: historical and comparative methods, a systematic approach, a method of discursive analysis, a predictive method. The main conclusion of the study is that despite the difference in relations between the EAEU states and the Fund as a whole, the Union's climate agenda involves interaction with the Fund at the integration level as an international track for positioning the Union. The essence of this track is to expand integration into interaction with the global climate finance system in general and its individual structures in particular. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in a comparative way, at the level of a thorough and comprehensive scientific study, an analysis of the interaction of the EAEU states with the Fund was carried out. It has been established that the CCF, at the level of supported programs and projects, not only contributes to the improvement of the climate policy of the member states, but also contributes to the development of the base of climate technologies in the Eurasian space. The contribution of the article to the subject area of research is the prediction of the Fund's importance in the implementation of the EAEU climate agenda and support for integration climate projects.
Keywords:
international sanctions, climate policy, green development, climate technologies, climate projects, green finance, EAEU, climate agenda, integration processes, renewable energy