Abstract: The article examines the development of the Sevastopol garrison during the first half of the XIX century, partially touches on the events of the Crimean War (1853–1856) and the defense of Sevastopol (1854–1855). Given the fragmentary nature and poor knowledge of the subject in domestic research, the main emphasis was placed on the period from 1830 to 1850. During this historical period, active work was underway to transform not only the civilian infrastructure of the city, but also the military. The subject of the study is the garrison of the 1st class fortress Sevastopol. The object of the study is the dynamics of changes in the composition of garrison troops and the construction of military control bodies in Sevastopol, as well as the land defensive line. The purpose of the study is to examine the little-studied pages of the history of Sevastopol in the first half of the XIX century. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach. Both general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison) and specialized ones were used in the work. Specialized ones include high-quality content analysis. It was revealed that during the entire period under review, a large garrison was present in Sevastopol, as part of the 1st Infantry Division (13th Infantry Division of the 5th Infantry Corps), which was due to the status of Sevastopol as a fortress of the 1st class. However, the level of organization of the military infrastructure, the weak development of the logistics system, as well as the absence of a land line of defense testified to the inconsistency of the fortress with its status on the eve of the Crimean War. The 13th Infantry Division in Sevastopol, in addition to carrying out guard duty, was actively involved in construction work, which led to regular disputes between civil and military authorities. Experienced combat officers, some of whom were veterans of the Patriotic War of 1812, became commandants of the Sevastopol fortress. The composition of the parade ground majors and adjutants in Sevastopol was subject to constant rotation.

Abstract: The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of the French narrative of "Oriental despotism" in the first half of the 19th century with the modern political agenda of France in relation to Russia and the Special Military Operation (SVO). The subject of the study is the ideological justification and media coverage of French international campaigns in the first half of the 19th century and today. The object of the study is the narrative of "Oriental despotism" in the ideology of the political elites of France. The relevance of the research topic is justified by the wide spread of historical anti-Russian narratives in the politics of Western powers. The article examines the plot of "oriental despotism" as a justification for the population of the expansionist policy of France in the first half of the XIX century. A study is being conducted on the formation of the narrative of "Oriental despotism" in the political culture of the West and France in particular. The main elements of the narrative are determined, consisting in the dehumanization of the enemy, by constructing the image of his state and population as a barbaric uncivilized world, which needs to bring the benefits of civilization and the Christian faith.   The research methodology is based on systemic, geopolitical and civilizational approaches. Both general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison) were used in the work so it is specialized. The specialized ones include qualitative content analysis, historical and comparative method. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the narrative of "Eastern despotism" is a process of creating a dehumanistic image of an enemy or a political regime based on the antagonistic opposition of civilization and barbarism. Given the status of the French state as one of the main protectors of the Catholic faith, which has persisted throughout its centuries-old history, the narrative was supported by a religious component. The general formula of the ideological justification of the French imperialist expansion was the positioning of the initiation of hostilities by the need to protect the Christian faith and the local population from the despotic regime. In the case of the invasion of Algeria and the Crimean War of 1853-1856, French propaganda used the image of a "crusade", thereby giving the military operation the status of the highest "civilizing mission". At the present stage, France is actively using the narrative of "Oriental despotism" against Russia, which is manifested in a whole range of publications seeking to create in the eyes of the French public a picture of the Russian state as a "despotic, Asian monarchy" with pronounced expansionist aspirations.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problems of the military system of the Russian Empire in the years of the reign of Nicholas I. The subject of the study is the military organization of the Russian Empire in the middle of the XIX century. The object of the study is the Russian army in the Crimean War (1853-1856). The focus is on the organization of the armed forces of the Empire, the training of enlisted and officers, logistics and pensions, as well as military production in the middle of the XIX century. Traditionally, in Russian historiography, the main drawbacks of the military system were called the technical lag of the Russian Empire from the European armies and the serfdom structure of the domestic power. During the study of the topic, it was revealed that the issue of armament was not the fundamental reason for the defeat of the empire in the conflict. Soldiers recruited according to the recruitment system could not equivalently resist European armies based on a system of consription or voluntary recruitment. The difficult conditions of service in the army of the Russian Empire in the XIX century, led to the complete depletion of the reserve stock, which was clearly manifested in the years. The Crimean War (1853-1856). In combination with significant shortcomings in the training of private and officer, this led to the absolute hegemony of the Allied army in field battles. Many of these problems were known to the highest military and political leadership of the country, which initiated a number of military reforms to correct them. Nicholas I failed to implement these changes before the outbreak of the Crimean War. Already after the conflict, under the leadership of the Minister of War Milyutin D.A., within the framework of the "Great Reforms of the 1860s", many of these problems were resolved to one degree or another. The study is of a general nature, and this topic requires further detailed study of each of the aspects mentioned in the work.

Abstract: The author examines the publications of Western authors on the subject of hybrid warfare from 2014 to 2022, inclusive. The purpose of the study is to analyze the views of Western political and military experts that hybrid warfare is a development of Russian military thought, as one of the mechanisms to promote the anti-Russian agenda. The subject of the study is the publications of Western researchers on the topics of information and hybrid warfare from 2014 to 2022. The object of the study is a Russophobic narrative created around the phenomenon of hybrid warfare by Western political and military experts. The Russophobic narrative means a constructed sequence of images and ideas of an anti-Russian orientation, clothed in the form of a scientific narrative. Due to the huge array of publications for the period from 2014 to 2022, the work analyzed studies reflecting the main specifics of the views of Western authors on the subject under consideration. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that Western researchers began to attribute hybrid warfare to the development of Russian military theorists in 2014, which falls on a new round of active confrontation between Russia and the United States and the beginning of an active anti-Russian campaign in the West. Hybrid warfare has become a journalistic cliche today, which experts and journalists use to describe any actions that do not fit within the framework of traditional ideas about the principles of conventional warfare. Based on initially false and unsubstantiated theses, Western authors accuse Russia of waging a "barbaric war" on the territory of Ukraine in the period from 2014 to 2022. This study revealed that all the tools and elements of hybrid warfare described by Western experts have been successfully used by the United States and the NATO bloc in the course of modern military conflicts. Thus, the humanitarian sphere in the West has turned into another element of propaganda.

Abstract: The article examines the publications of the Boston Pilot for the period from 1849 to 1856, devoted to the Eastern question and the Crimean War. The purpose of the study is to analyze the views of Catholic Americans on the events of the mid-19th century, as a result of America's information policy to counter British expansionism in the 19th century. The subject of the study are the issues of the Boston Pilot magazine, which feature articles on the Eastern question and the Crimean War. The lower chronological frame is due to the fact that the events of 1849 ("Spring of the Peoples") served as a prologue to the crisis in the East. The object of the study is the information policy of America, aimed at forming a narrative about the Eastern question and the Crimean War among the American Catholic population, following the American foreign policy course of the XIX century.   According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the newspaper's publications can be divided into two periods according to their tonality. The first one, from 1849 to 1853, follows the pan-European discourse and contains statements and provisions with an anti-Russian orientation. The subsequent escalation of the conflict with the inclusion of Great Britain and France in the conflict leads to a transformation of the views of the authors of the Boston Pilot on the events taking place. The publication begins to position the conflict as a tool to weaken the British Empire, urging readers to refrain from direct participation. In this interpretation, Russia appears as a lesser evil necessary for the fight against Britain. The attitude of the Catholic population of the United States to the events of the middle should be positioned as anti-British. The assessment of sentiments as pro-Russian is erroneous and creates a misconception not only about American society of the period under review, but also about US foreign policy in the XIX century.

Abstract: This article is dedicated one of the most remarkable kings of Jerusalem Baldwin IV, also calked the “Leper King”. The goal lies in analyzing the role of Baldwin IV in military-political history of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The central task is to determine historical veracity of the positive image of Baldwin IV described in literature and cinematography. The historiographical framework is comprised on the works of national and foreign authors devoted to the history of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem; works of the Latin chronographers, as well as fragments from Arabic sources that were translated into English by M. C. Lyons and D. E. P. Jackson in their monograph “Saladin: the Politics of the Holy War”. The article raises the question of whether it is possible to advance a thesis that Baldwin IV is the prominent ruler of his time based on the analysis of personal traits and actions. Special attention is given to consideration of the domestic policy of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the late XII century, as well as relationship of the young king with different political alliances. The conclusion is made that by virtue of his personal traits and actions, Baldwin IV significantly contributed to ensuring security of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. However, serious illness alongside critical internal challenges, led to the siege of Crusader state in the Battle of Hattin. Baldwin IV was unable to prevent it. The personality of Baldwin IV has not previously become the object of separate comprehensive study, which defines the scientific novelty of this paper. The article also views the events that took place in the Kingdom of Jerusalem over the period from 1160 to 1180 from the perspective of personality approach.