Abstract: The subject of the study is the historical aspect of the formation of the Institute of Pedology and Defectology. The object of the study are the archival materials of the Central State Administration of St. Petersburg, the Central State Educational Institution of St. Petersburg, the GARF (resolutions, minutes of meetings, reports, circulars, notes and other documents of the Psychoneurological Academy, the Petrograd Pedological Institute, the Institute of Preschool Education, the Petrograd Pedagogical Institute of Social Education of Normal and Defective Children, and, directly, the Institute of Pedology and Defectology). The author examines in detail the controversial points in the work of these institutions, attempts to explain the mergers and "consolidation" of departments and universities under study into unified educational organizations. The aim of the work is to reconstruct the process of integration of educational institutions of higher education on the example of the Institute of Pedology and Defectology.   The main conclusions of the study, conducted using methods of historical analysis, systematization of factual material of documents, are: inconsistency of activities within educational institutions with a wide range of departments, the emergence of numerous educational organizations with similar functions (after 1918, the opportunity to organize an educational institution, the main activity of which will be in the field of social engineering and concern the development of the child did not leave labor, since there was a need to work with children's groups), frequent changes of subordinate organizations to monitor the activities of universities, inconsistency of financial support from the state and the results offered by institutions and organizations, an attempt to standardize the educational space to improve the quality of education by senior management after 1921 (Decree on the management of universities), formal execution of orders, etc. A special contribution of the author is an appeal to the business correspondence of the institutions under study.

Abstract: The subject of the study is the origin of the first experimental laboratories and their interaction with the pedagogical community. The emphasis is placed on the prerequisites and controversial points of this cooperation, which will become the basis for pedological experiments in the 20s, and the legal functioning of the new, at that time, research space is also taken into account. The object of the study is pedology as a new scientific direction. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as socio-economic prerequisites, formation and scientific potential of pedological experiments. Particular attention is paid to specific representatives, their professional activities, and the assessment of a new direction in the pre-revolutionary space of the Russian Empire.
The main conclusions of the study are: identification of the "artificiality" of the new trend, generalization of the experience gained, analysis of the assessment of the first successes of the laboratories, the significance of the work of the first pedological laboratory of A. P. Nechaev in St. Petersburg, comparison of the general course of development of the experimental science of pedology with European analogues. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the reconstruction of the mental space of interaction between teachers and leading specialists in the field of pedological experiments, involving archival documents of the Central State Administration of St. Petersburg regarding the history of the first pedological studio in St. Petersburg. The study attempts to trace the scientific path of the dissemination of pedagogical ideas of the new paradigm. The novelty of the study is to identify real changes in the pedagogical community of the early 20th century.