Abstract: At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, have emerged multiple works dedicated to the analysis of so-called “cultural trauma”, in other words, a psychological trauma that affects the formation of one or another collective (national, religious, class, etc.) identity. These research used the various, and at times, conflicting methodologies: behavioristic, psychoanalytic, and constructivist. The author attempts to combine all of the valuable achieved within the framework of modern methodologies, having revised the initial prerequisite of examination of cultural traumas. First assumption of the author is the hypothesis of non-communicative nature of language, according to which language is formed as a “strategic computational system” that originally was indented for interaction between people (N. Chomsky and others). The second – is a creative, essential for the establishment of personality and community character or repressed to subconscious traumatic factors (Freudism of the 1920’s – 1930’s). The third – is a “selective” character of any culture, which transmits or suppresses the existing at its disposal meanings and values (Foucault and others). As a result, the author suggests to view the cultural trauma as a process of complicated interaction of the conscious (representative, communicative) and the subconscious (strategic-intellectual) factor. Notably, at the conscious level, it would always be the traumatizing external circumstances, “hostile environment”; while at the subconscious level – about the frustrated self-abnegation, inability to “become different”. Both levels are necessary for the establishment of collective identity.

Abstract: The object of the research is the processes of national identity formation. The research is based on the history of Eastern European Jewish communities of the late XIXth - early XXth centuries. In his research A. Brodsky examines the role of psychological trauma in the process of national identity formation as well as the importance of such psychological factors as exclusion, repression and sublimation. Special attention is given to the processes of assimilation and self-isolation of nations in the course of their cultural development. Those processes were identified by such terms as Haskala, traditionalism, modernism, spiritual and political Zionism in the history of European culture. The author proceeds from the constructivist views on the process of nation's formation which, according to the author, can be completed with some provisions of psychoanalysis. The paper demonstrates that in both individual and national development early psychological trauma results not only in different painful symptoms and complexes, but also is a necessary moment in the development of self-conscience. National self-conscience reacts to traumatic circumstances in the two ways: firstly, through self-denying and desire to assume “a foreign identity”, i. e. assimilation; then if the first step was unsuccessful it comes to self-isolation and regression to its early states. However the stage of assimilation doesn’t go unnoticed and in the course of the following self-isolation process culture uses principles of the construction of meanings, which have been obtained at the stage of self-denial. Both self-denial and self-isolation are neurotic reactions of a nation to traumatic circumstances. However, cultural development is impossible without these reactions.