Abstract: This article examines the promising concepts of formation of vertical greening systems for buildings and structures, as well as the problem of development of environmental approaches towards creating architectural sites using the advanced technological means. The object of this research is the system of vertical greening of facades of buildings and structures. The subject is the analysis of installation of various vertical greening systems, which allowed conducting a comparative assessment of costs. Special attention is given to the design peculiarities of vertical greening systems and their functionality during winter. The article employs the method of systematic analysis of tested techniques for the installation of vertical greening systems based on the criteria of the type of greening to be used, method of installation, irrigation and drainage systems, convenience of use, and cost. The author describes the approaches towards creating various designs of vertical greening systems; compares the systems by technical and economic parameters. These obtained results are presented in a tabular form for selecting the system, taking into consideration various parameters. The solutions are given that allow using the vertical greening systems during winter for various types of structures, indicating that the installation costs depend on the special measures to be used. The examples of implementation of the concepts under review are provided.

Abstract: The subject of the research is the simulation model of pavements in the form of multilayered construction on the rigid (elastic) base. In his research Kolesnikov pays special attention to the simulation of rigid pavement physical behavior as a set of equations that reflect changes in stress-deformed state of such constructions. The equation system takes into account geometric nonlinearity of the construction material and gives an opportunity to analyse the influence of various parameters on the stress and displacement indicators. Boundary conditions have been chosen to satisfy various types of description. The author has shown an opportunity to optimize geometrical parameters of the constructino and to achieve minimization of weight and volume of consumable material. Nonlinear equations that model the construction behavior were solved using the Bubnov-Galerkin method. The author has used such optimization criteria as the construction shape and thickness and features of the elastic base. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author offers a simulation of the rigid pavement surface formed as a shallow shell on the elastic base with a slight chamber of arch in the middle. This makes the task more compolicated, however, it also allows to consider more real conditions of work. The task to optimize parameters and the solutions offered by the author will allow to significantly minimize the weight and to reduce the stress on the construction. 

Abstract: The subject of this study is an algorithm for determining the optimal parameters of shallow thin-walled spatial geometrically nonlinear shells on the elastic base. A main attention is paid to the selection algorithm optimization of such structures and its adaptation to the problem of finding the optimal form of shallow shell construction taking into account the material nonlinearity. The paper also demonstrates the possibility of achieving significant savings in volume (weight) of structures such as thin shallow shells on elastic base by changing its shape and thickness distribution. The optimization algorithm is based on a modification of a method of random search, including a combination of random and gradient search, as well as a method of "ravines". The algorithm for determining the optimal parameters of thin-walled spatial structures can be used to determine critical force and stresses for geometrically nonlinear shallow shells on an elastic base with a variable middle surface shape under various constraints. The novelty of the research is to use the combined method of finding the extremum of nonlinear functions with various restrictions.