Abstract: The subject of the research is the features of the cognition and affection in the internal picture of the disease of patients with neurological disorders. The object of the research is the structural elements of the internal picture of the disease as it is presented in the characteristics of the affective sphere (attitude to the disease, presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms) and cognitive sphere (attitude to the disease, basic cognitive ideas about the disease) of patients with neurological pathology (based on the the example of patients with Parkinson's disease (G20), multiple sclerosis (G35), spinal osteochondrosis (M42), consequences of a stroke (I67), dizziness and instability (R42)). The following methods and techniques are used: anamnestic survey,  set of psychodiagnostic methods ("Type of attitude to the disease", "Questionnaire of cognitive ideas about the disease", "Hospital anxiety and depression scale") and methods of mathematical statistics. The features of the cognitive and emotional spheres in the internal picture of the disease of each nosological group are determined. An ambiguous combination of types of attitude towards the disease was found in the presented clinical groups (ergopathic, anosognosic and anxious types prevail); the presence of various basic cognitive strategies with a predominance of the strategy of “perception of the benefits of the disease”; differences in the severity of (clinical and subclinical) anxiety and depression. It has been revealed that the changes associated with the presence of neurological pathology are most clearly manifested in the features of the cognitive and emotional sphere of ICD patients, which is important for the clinical and psychological work with patients.