Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of precariat and its comprehension in the context of social philosophy. The author examines the key features of this “class”, its specificity and role in the modern world. Special attention is given to the methodological aspect of the problem. The article analyzes various approaches towards social differentiation, as well as establishes the causes for using the new methodology of such differentiation. The author determines the correlation between the growing number of precariat and dismantlement of the social state, associated with the refusal of precariat to perform mutual obligations. The following conclusions were made: the growth of precariat seems a dangerous and negative tendency, affecting the representatives of diverse social groups; becoming precariat may be caused by either difficult life circumstances or voluntary. The latter is especially risky for youth, as an unstable heterogeneous social group, which should be prevented by education, science and political authority. The author’s main contribution lies the examination of the role of risk society in establishment of precariat, as well as identification of main risks related to its expansion.  

Abstract: The subject of this research is the interrelation between the changes of interpreting tolerance within the history of philosophical thought and the transformation of penitentiary system throughout history. Particular attention is given to the search for concordance between the concepts of tolerance and approaches to punishment within the framework of the philosophy of law. The author believes that through the prism of changes in penitentiary field, the boundaries of tolerance within intolerance become evident. This, in turn, reflects the level of development of humanism in the society, readiness of the government to contribute to re-socialization of a perpetrator, and provide him with opportunity to become a full-fledged member of society. The main research method is the functional analysis that allows determining the important aspects in social interaction of tolerance and punishment. The scientific novelty consists in reflecting the correlation between the tolerance and penitentiary system for a more competent explanation of transformation of these phenomena. The author also analyzes the essence of the approaches towards punishment in the context of the philosophy of law. The main conclusion lies in understanding of the fact that the higher is the level of tolerance, the more the government and society are interested in re-socialization of a person who got into trouble – the higher is the likelihood of his return to the civilized way of living. Namely such attitude is the closest to the idea of tolerance.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of political marginality common to the contemporary history. The author meticulously examines the differences between social and political marginality, emphasizing the reasons why the political marginality must be viewed as a peculiar phenomenon of modern social reality. The key place in this study takes up the problem of establishment of the acceptable boundaries thermistor, tolerance with regards to new, nonclassical ideas and movements, as well as negative consequences of the excessive tolerance attitude and insufficient tolerant attitude towards the political subjects that can be recognized as marginal. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of such comparatively new phenomenon as the political marginality and its demarcation from the social marginality. In the course of this demarcation, the author underlines the distinct features and specificity of political marginality. The novelty consists in the establishment of strong correlation between marginality and tolerance. The main conclusion lies in the need for appropriate boundaries of tolerance pertinent to the new and nonclassical political movements, in order to use their potential for the benefit of entire society and hear out the majority of citizens, but at the same time withstand radicalism and violence.  

Abstract: The subject of this work is the systemic analysis of dialectic correlation between patriotism and cosmopolitism within the modern society. In the author’s opinion, in the conditions of globalization, this issue gains new essences and aspects, as well as includes news questions which lead to the involvement of new disciplines for its solution. The goal of this work is the formation of such model of understanding of the global political and cultural space, which will encourage a maximal productive dialogue of cultures and its carriers, but produce minimal damage for the uniqueness of each culture and consider the rights of a human. The author concludes that the problem of interrelation and interaction between patriotism and cosmopolitism in order to reach the maximal efficiency, have to be solved systemically and comprehensively, or the attempt to improve the situation without taking into account one or another factors or parameter can negatively affect the social system. At the same time, a special role belongs to understanding, “empathy” into the cultural and historical specificity of the conflicting sides, which besides the practical implementation of these knowledge, carries an important social and pedagogical aspect in educating the current and future generations. In order to prevent interchange of the terms patriotism, nationalism, and Nazism, these aspects should be better explained; and in order to prevent the spread of extremism among youth, the should know the real life of other nations alongside their living conditions, which will increase tolerance on one hand, and also preserve patriotism as love and pride for their own country, but eliminating the hatred towards other nations, on the other. The scientific novelty consists in the systemic approach and integration of various issues into e unified complex, which allows lowering the risks of the improper solution of the problem, as well as the possible negative consequences during the course of its solution.