On the Principles of Compiling a Bilingual Dialect Dictionary (Based on the Haidak-Russian Dictionary)

Yusupov Khizri Abdulmadzhidovich ORCID: 0000-0003-3195-722X PhD in Philology Head of the Department; G. Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art; Dagestan Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 367008, Russia, Rep. Dagestan, Makhachkala, Kirovsky district, Arukhova str., 5, sq. 3 h-yusupov@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Temirbulatova Sapiyahanum Murtuzalievna ORCID: 0000-0001-7526-3831 Doctor of Philology Chief Researcher; G. Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art; Dagestan Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences Russia, Rep. Dagestan, Makhachkala, Gaidar Gadzhiyev str., 12a, block 67 sapiiakhanum@mail.ru

Introduction.

The description of unwritten languages, as well as dialects, is one of the most important tasks of Dagestan and Caucasian linguistics. Nowadays, when the processes of urbanization are intensively underway, leading to the leveling of dialects and dialects, when infants in many families begin to speak not their native language or dialect, but in Russian, dialect vocabulary must be recorded, documented, otherwise it may be lost. "The study of dialectal and branch vocabulary (collection and systematization)," writes M. Sh. Khalilov, "also remains the most important task of Dagestan lexicology, since many dialectal words and terms related to branch vocabulary and folk crafts are lost and disappear due to the ongoing processes of dialect leveling. All this must be preserved and saved for science, for the reconstruction of the history of languages and peoples" ^{[1, p. 306]}.

The main purpose of this article is to develop the theoretical foundations and practical experience in compiling a dialect dictionary. Russian Russian Dictionary The specific purpose of the work is to compile, on the basis of generalization and systematization of the existing experience of compiling bilingual national–Russian dictionaries, a "Khaidak-Russian dictionary" that meets the requirements of today.

In accordance with the set goal, the following tasks were solved::

1) translating the capital words into Russian with the selection of equivalents of all the meanings of the lemma (in the absence of an equivalent, carry out an explanatory translation);

2) selection of the necessary illustrative material, including the material placed behind the diamond (stable combinations, phraseological units, proverbs, etc.);

3) synchronous description of lexical units using statistical, comparative and structural methods;

4) writing a preface, instructions for compiling a dictionary "On dictionary construction"; a short grammatical essay; a Russian-Khaidak dictionary (index), an anthroponymicon (lists of personal names), oikonymy of Kaitag (names of settlements), microtoponymy of several Khaidak villages.

The relevance of this research is due to the immeasurably increased interest of people in their own (national) culture and native language. "The issue of dialect dictionaries is relevant and interesting, since they are a tool for understanding and analyzing complex and contradictory phenomena in various fields of linguistic knowledge, thus being a solution for deeper study and cognition of language" ^{[2, p. 44]}.

A dictionary of a non-written language is, strictly speaking, the same dialect dictionary, which is, in essence, a dictionary of a dialect language. According to academician G. G. Gamzatov, dictionaries of individual dialects and dialect languages reveal significant features not only in their goals and objectives, but also in their nature and type. Due to a number of characterological features, the dictionary of this category is even "more linguistic" compared to the dictionary of a language that has passed the school of literary norms. In a linguistic situation caused by multilingualism, paradoxically, it seems more relevant, priority, and optimal to compile a dictionary of a language that exists only in its dialects, as well as dictionaries of a non-written language ^{[3, pp. 4-28]}.

Currently, the Khaidak dialect language functions mainly in the spoken and everyday sphere. The languages of instruction, office work and interethnic communication are Darginsky literary and Russian languages. More than twenty thousand people speak Haidak. Under the name Kaitag (Kaitak, Khaidak), the dialect of the Darginsky language is listed in the "Red Book of Languages of the Peoples of Russia" ^{[4, p. 82]}.

The main part.

Fifteen bilingual translation dictionaries on Dagestan unwritten languages have been published over the past forty years. Considerable experience has been gained in their compilation. However, Dagestan lexicography actually has neither theoretical calculations nor practical work on compiling bilingual dialect dictionaries. The only work of this kind is the Kubachinsky-Russian Dictionary, published in 2017. The situation is better with the preparation of dialectological dictionaries of Dagestan languages (dictionaries that study dialects as a branch of linguistics). For example, dialectological dictionaries of the Agul language (2003), the Avar language (2008), the Dargian language (2022), and the Caesic (Didoic) language (2023) have already been published. A dialectological dictionary of the Lezgian language is being prepared for publication. Russian Russian Dictionary ^[5] and Kubachinsky-Russian Dictionary ^[6] have served as a definite help for the creation of the Khaidak-Russian Dictionary. Russian Russian Dictionary and the Dialectological Dictionary of the Darginian Language ^[7] also provided some assistance in compiling a dictionary and selecting equivalents when translating words into Russian ^[8]. According to some researchers, "the specificity of the lexicographed object, the variety of tasks solved by dialect dictionaries, their borderline position between historical and synchronous lexicography with simultaneous inclusion in both genres – all this poses dialect lexicography a number of complex theoretical and practical issues" ^{[9, p. 216]}.

The "Khaidak-Russian dictionary" has a definite and fairly stable structure, about which we give brief information below.

Megastructure of the dictionary:

1) the introductory part of the dictionary (introductory article by academician G. G. Gamzatov, preface, on the construction of the dictionary, abbreviations);

2) the dictionary corpus (a collection of dictionary entries with letters from A to Z);

3) appendices (Russian-Khaydak index, grammatical essay, microtoponyms, anthroponyms, used literature).

The macrostructure of the dictionary is the order of the dictionary entries (in our dictionary it is alphabetically continuous, i.e. the vocabulary is arranged in strict alphabetical order).

Microstructure of the dictionary (i.e. the structure of the dictionary entry) – for the dialect "Khaydak-Russian dictionary", the structural components (zones) of the dictionary entry are:

1) the capital word (vocabulary – the registry word, the entry unit of the dictionary, the lexical entry of the dictionary entry);

2) the zone of meaning (interpretations of all lexical meanings of the word are given; different ways of interpreting dictionary definitions are used: descriptive, synonymous, referential;

3) the form zone (grammatical categories are indicated: part of speech, gender, type, number, etc.);

4) litter zone (except for the noun, adjective and verb, the belonging of a word to any part of speech is indicated by marks: place, adverb, number, postposition, interjection, conjunction, particle, etc.);

5) illustrative material (phrases that provide additional characterization of the semantic features of words);

6) "rhombic zone" (after the rhombus, phraseological phrases, stable expressions, folklore material, etc. are given).

The vocabulary of the dictionary is a collection of capital words forming the left part of the dictionary (mainly represented by the vocabulary of the Sanchi dialect of the Haidak language dialect). The dictionary of the dialect dictionary consists of lexemes (words in the "basic form").

Lexicographic marks. Capital words, if necessary, for stylistic purposes, are marked in accordance with the above list of abbreviations. The following types of lexicographic litters are used in the dictionary:

1) grammatical marks: whether a word belongs to any part of speech (other than a noun, adjective, and verb) is indicated by appropriate marks: places. (pronoun), adverb (adverb), number. (numeral), postposition, interjection. (interjection), conjunction, particle, etc.; the number is indicated by: unit (singular), plural (plural). For example: number of places."I"; gyarakhli adverb. "far away"; gy inter."hey"; almas ed. and mn. "diamond", etc.

2) semantic tags: translated. (portable). For example: kIana a) a handkerchief; b) a feather. a cloud, a tangle.

3) terminological marks: scientific, technical and other terms, words used in any special field, are provided with marks indicating the scope of their application: spec. (special), rel. (religious), chem. (chemical), physical. (physical), bot. (botanical), medical (medical), anat. (anatomical), zool. (zoological), agricultural (agricultural), etc. For example: Gilkhiyam rel. "Surah of the Quran"; likka anat. "bone"; kIacI anat. "spleen"; dercky bot."medlar"; nevsh honey. "lymph node"; and so on.

4) stylistic marks: poet. (poetic), razg. (colloquial). For example: shahli biccuv dubura is a poet. "a mountain scorched by frost"; pargatli ugara razg. "behave well (calmly)", etc.

5) emotionally expressive litters: joking. (playful), vulgar (vulgar), abusive. (expletive), bran. (expletive), blessed. (benevolence), procl. (curse). For example: bang kabikav, arts dikav shutl. let a month pass, the money will come; kvachchi write scolding. vile antics; t I ut I ukyakyali verk! Proclus. May he be damned!

6) Chronological notes: outdated. (obsolete), east. (historical), nov. (new). For example:It's outdated."provision, salary, salary", parang east. "French, European," etc.

7) statistical litters: rare, less frequent, usually, etc.

In addition, the dictionary uses indexes of Haidak dialects: Barsh (Barshamai), Jib (Jibakhninsky), Irch (Irchamulsky), Kartz (Karatsansky), Ktg (Kattagninsky), Sanch (Sanchinsky), Shurk (Shurkkantsky), etc.

Example of a dictionary entry:

BEKI ¹, -li, -la; BiKi; 1) head, head; dukhu bek I sober head; bek I la ma brain; lacI bek I bald head (lit. shiny head); 2) peren. head, head, chief, chief, head; administratiala bekI head of administration; shilla bekI head of village; xalibarkla bekI head of family. There's a bunch of phrases. to pester, to annoy (lit. eat the head). BekI chihbarara to be proud (lit. raise your head). Bek I la vacqa skull (lit. head box). Bekiye gyatara pogov. put it on your head (spoil it). BekI bicchahan, you name it! pogov.If you love your head, come on, your legs! Ila bek I the squirrel! Proclus. Get your head smashed in. Cinna bek I gjabic! Proclus. May they cut off his head!

BEKI ², -li, -la; bikIi; 1) head; ear, cob; sherzhila bekI head of garlic; Achialla bekI ear of wheat; Gajilachi bekI ear of corn; 2) chapter, section; kitavla tsaibil bekI the first chapter of the book.

BEKI ³ kr. f. adj. from bekIel; main, main, decisive; Bekiel is the main reason. BekI igit lit.the main character. Beki dushman is the worst enemy (lit. the main enemy).

As can be seen from the examples we have given, "another problem in the development of dictionary entries is the identification of homonyms, often due to the lack of etymological developments of lexicographed dialect data" ^{[10, p. 62]}.

The formants of the ergative, genitive, and plural are always given to the capital noun. A feature of the Haidak language-dialect is the presence of variability in the use of such formants (-li, -la; -lli, -lla; -ni, -na; -nni, -nna).

The following types of dictionary definitions (ways of interpreting meanings) are used in the meaning area: descriptive, synonymous, and referential (derivational). Each of the definitions reflects some essential features of meaning, but the most complete description is carried out only by a set of definitions that complement each other. If we talk about the specifics of definitions in the dialect dictionary, then there may be linguistic facts of a different nature in the area of interpretation. V. D. Tabanakova believes that "the problem of the dictionary definition of the term is poorly developed. There is still no clear understanding of the terms “definition”, “definition”, “interpretation", “description". The requirements for the form and content of the lexicographic definition of a term have not been developed, depending on the type of dictionary and the characteristics of the term itself. ...There are still no comprehensive studies of theoretical and practical plans. In practical terms, it would be interesting to trace and describe all the existing types of definitions of the term in all types of dictionaries, in theory, to develop models of possible dictionary definitions" ^{[11, p. 86]}.

The following types of dictionary definitions (ways of interpreting meanings) are distinguished: descriptive, synonymous, and referential (derivational).

1. The descriptive definition defines the meaning of a word by referring to a phenomenon of real reality, which boils down to defining a generic concept and a set of differential (distinctive) features. For example, you can give an article from the dictionary:

GJABIG, -li, -la; -i; fruit bundle (interconnected fruits suspended from the ceiling – a way to store fruits); hyarala gjabig bunch of pears; gyintsala gjabig bunch of apples.

2. The synonymous definition reveals the meaning of a word through words that are identical or similar in meaning. When translating a word, its equivalent in Russian is given. Example:

BetHijil prich.annoying, dreary; annoying, moody, boring; Betijil dalai sad (dreary) song; Betijil argu annoying annoying weather; Vetijil urtah annoying companion; Retijil umra khulum annoying neighbor; Betijil Xianchi Zuzbitun annoying work dragged on.

3. The reference definition contains a characteristic of the motivating meaning of the word and preserves the motivating and motivated connections of meanings. A reference becomes a reference definition only when it is the only definition in a dictionary entry. For example, causative verbs are sometimes given as independent articles in the Dictionary with reference to the original word without translation with grammatical forms.:

barahara "force to do"ponud. from the "make" blog;

Bulchiakhana is "forced to learn" by force. from bulcHian to "learn".

In cases where opposable specific pairs of verbs are formed in a suppletive way, verbs of the imperfect type are given as independent articles: luccan "to give" (Soviet beccara "to give"); lucIana "to write" (Soviet belkIvana "to write"), etc.

In general, the illustrative material provides a complete description of the semantic features of the words. Translations marked with letters. (literal meaning) helps the reader to better understand the capital word, for example: bald head (lit. shiny head), molest, annoy (lit. to eat the head), etc. Rich material is contained in the so-called "bomb" zone. There are 9 expressions in the two articles given as an example (4 stable expressions, 2 sayings, 2 curses, 1 literary term). In accordance with this, "a dialectal dictionary can be called a conditionally closed supertext. It is based on the alphabetical order of dictionary entries, therefore, it has a marked end, characterized by completeness" ^{[12, p. 9]}.

Thus, a dictionary entry is the main structural unit of a dictionary and consists of a heading unit and its description. According to L. P. Stupin, a dictionary entry is "a relatively autonomous section of the dictionary, which presents a multi-faceted characteristic of a word or any other unit of the language" ^{[13, p. 47]}.

The analysis of the lexical material is carried out by identifying the meanings of Haidak words and accurately, concisely translating them into Russian. Dialectal metalanguage consciousness is currently becoming the object of lexicographers' research. Dialect words are a valuable source for studying etymology, word formation, inflection, semantic development, and semantic shifts of words. To some extent, dialect words are monuments of antiquity. For writers, knowledge of dialects helps to recreate the picture of the events described and add realism to it. For linguists, writers, and teachers of the Darginian language and literature, the study of dialect words is as valuable as the preservation of artifacts, museum exhibits, and historical descriptions of events for historians. Tracing the dynamics of the development of the vocabulary of a language, fixing disappearing lexical units and preserving them for future generations as a real reflection of historical heritage is one of the most important tasks of linguistics.

When designing dictionary entries, highlights and signs are of no small importance. "In lexicography, different markings are used to mark different zones. Graphical highlights help the reader identify the types of information presented in a dictionary entry. Dagestan lexicography uses methods of graphic highlighting adopted in the Russian lexicographic tradition" ^{[14, p. 43]}.

The following selections are used in the dialect dictionary of the Khaidak dialect: bold (vocabulary, phraseological units), italics (markings), rhombus (phraseological units), etc.

The following characters are also used: a dot (the end of a dictionary entry), a comma (homogeneous examples), a semicolon (the area of interpretation of each of the meanings), a hyphen (highlighting the end of the vocabulary), square brackets (variants of vocabulary units), round brackets (explanatory text), a slash (variants of meanings, phonetic variants), two slashes (highlighting a part of the vocabulary) , etc .

Conclusion.

The article analyzes the draft dialect dictionary created on the basis of the Khaidak dialect language, as well as the structure features of the dictionary entry. In particular, the use of illustrative material in dictionary entries is considered.

It is noted that the dialect dictionary contains a lexicon with maximum linguistic information and detailed illustrations. Dictionary entries use large dialect texts and folklore sources. The dictionary contains all the vocabulary that has been recorded as fully as possible. It is well known that dialect dictionaries cover vocabulary that is absent in the dictionaries of the literary language or has differences in morphemic structure or meaning in dialect speech. These principles are followed when creating a dictionary of the dialect vocabulary of the Haidak language-dialect. A special feature of this dictionary is that it presents not only the vocabulary (with phonetic variants of dialects), but also the phraseology of the Sanchi dialect.

The article is published in the version approved by the reviewers (after receiving a positive review recommending the manuscript for publication) with corrections made by the author (after receiving the editor’s comments, if any).
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