Abstract: The author examined the place of the victim in the crime notion according to medieval Russian legislation. The author notes that the medieval period is an important stage in the development of criminal law. The analysis of the Russian medieval criminal law allowed to establish the origins of of modern criminal law, to identify the causes and regulation of the modern understanding of the victim within the framework of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In the study, the author limits himself to the analysis of the Russian Pravda in three editions (Short, Long and Abridged), the Pskov Judgment Charter and the Code of Laws, since they are the main written monuments of law in legal history of Russia. The article reveals significant number of scientific works related to the doctrine of the victim. This allows to talk about the sustainable development of a conceptual apparatus, as well as the development of a system of scientific views that can be incorporated into a scientific school. Based on the results of the study, the author draws a number of conclusions. In particular, it is indicated that the understanding of the legal status of the victim in medieval legislation largely comes down to criminal procedure. At the same time, there are provisions indicating that the victim is secured in the substantive and legal aspect. Victims within the framework of medieval legislation can be differentiated according to two characteristics - social and physical. The latter, includes in particular social characteristics such as marital status, profession, nationality, social status, and physical characteristics – helplessness, gender. A comparative analysis of the modern legal regulation of the traits of a victim within the framework of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation compared to the provisions of medieval legislation demonstrates their undoubted continuity. This is observed, in particular, when regulating specially qualified and privileged crimes.

Keywords: crime, criminal law, sign of a crime object, optional characteristics, signs of a crime, medieval legislation, signs, victim, corpus delicti, criminal law theory

References:
Abdraupova, R.R. (2021). The place of the victim in criminal law. Modern view of science and education: collection of scientific articles / scientific. ed. IN AND. Spirina, pp. 138-141. Moscow.
Anoshchenkova, S.V. (2006). Criminal law doctrine of the victim. Moscow.
Anoshchenkova, S.V. (2004). Training about the victim in Russian criminal law: dis. ...cand. legal Sci. Saransk.
Batyukova, V.E. (1995). Victim in criminal law: dis. ...cand. legal Sci. Moscow.
Wo Kim Dung. (2020). Comparative legal analysis of the formation and development of the consequences of the victim in the legislation of Russia and Vietnam. International criminal law and international justice, 4, 23-26.
Ibragimov, I.M. (2008). Legitimate possibilities for protecting the rights of the victim in Russian criminal proceedings. Moscow.
Karelina, A.E. (2022). Status of the victim in domestic criminal legislation: history and modernity. Jurisprudence, state and law: current issues and modern aspects:

Abstract: The subject of the study is the legal culture of the northern peasantry of post-reform Russia in the period from 1861 to 1917. The implementation of the bourgeois reforms of the second half of the XIX century was due to the absence of private feudal dependence of the majority of the northern peasantry and bright regional aspects of the peasant community. Under the influence of the history of settlement, occupation, climatic and socio-economic conditions of existence, as well as state regulation of the peasant community in the European North, the provincial legal culture of the northern peasantry was formed. Through the prism of bourgeois reforms carried out in the second half of the XIX century, the article analyzes its qualitative state and external manifestation. The study uses a formal legal method, as well as a multidimensional statistical analysis by identifying, interpreting the content and interrelationships of semantic units of protocols of parish courts, regulatory legal acts, norms of customary law. Based on the understanding of archival material and information from pre-revolutionary periodicals introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, conclusions are substantiated about a sufficiently high level of legal culture of the peasantry and the readiness of the population to be included in the legal culture of Russian society common to all estates. The study of the main results of peasant, judicial and zemstvo reforms in the northern provinces leads to the conclusion about the inconsistency and inefficiency of the policy of the government of the Russian Empire in the field of the peasant question, the unresolved nature of which led to problems not only economic, but also political. The contradictory nature of the reforms and their uneven implementation have slowed down democratic processes and violated the principle of equality of all before the law.

Keywords: peasant community, law, legal custom, volost court, zemstvo reform, judicial reform, peasant reform, European North, legal culture, northern peasantry

References:
Bezgin V.B. Legal customs in the everyday consciousness and everyday life of the Russian peasantry of the second half of the XIX – early XX century // Law and politics.-2013. – No. 10. – 1373-1380 p.
Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, published by the Highest order at the First Department of the Department of the General Staff. Vol. 2. Part 1. Arkhangelsk province. St. Petersburg, 1835. – 282 p.
Kabuzan V. M. Changes in the placement of the population of Russia in the XVIII – first half of the XIX century: (based on the materials of revisions). M., 1971. – 190 p.
Kolychev A. Zemstvo on the outskirts of the Arkhangelsk province // Izvestiya Arkhangelsk Society for the Study of the Russian North. – 1909. – No 8.
Culture of Russian Pomors: experience of system research / Bazarova E. L., Bitsadze N. V., Okorokov A.V., Selezneva E. N., Chernosvitov P. Yu. / edited by P. Yu. Chernosvitova. M., 2005. – 400 p.
Linitseva K. S. Basic approaches to understanding legal culture // Quest

Abstract: The purpose of the study of the article is to consider the legal regulation of the field of pharmacy in the late 17th - early 19th centuries, using the methods of historical heuristics and general statistics. The relevance of studying the problem of legal regulation of pharmacy is due to the fact that, despite the high scientific interest in the history of medicine, as one of the leading areas of interdisciplinary research, there is an extremely limited number of works on the issue under consideration, mainly represented by general lecture courses for medical students. The object of this study is the process of legislative regulation of pharmacy in the late 17th - early 19th centuries. The subject of study is a wide range of normative legal acts presented in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. A special contribution of the authors of the study of the topic is the analysis of more than 150 legal acts (NLA) for the specified historical period. The authors carry out the distribution of the NPAs under consideration according to the subjects of their regulation by the periods of leadership of the country by the Russian rulers. The authors conclude that pharmacy was an important component of legislative activity in the field of legal regulation of healthcare. Directions of regulation within the framework of pharmacy for the period under review cover a wide range: from military pharmacies to determining the behavior of pharmacy students. The formation of pharmacy in Russia has largely developed, as legal sources show, thanks to the imperative norms of the supreme power.

Keywords: statistics, history of law, legal registration of pharmacy, history of pharmacy, pharmaceutical science, pharmacy business, Complete collection of laws, historical heuristics, Pharmacy, Russian legislation

References:
Benyumov R.Ya. From the history of the development of pharmacy business in Russia in the 18th and first half of the 19th centuries // Medical business-1953-No. 9.-P. 851-854.
Bolshakov A.M. Development of hygiene in Russia. / General hygiene: Textbook for medical schools.-M .: Medicine, 2002.-384 p.
Vishlenkova, E.A. Legal regulation of drug supply to the army and the population of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century // History of Medicine.-2021.-T. 7.-No. 1.-P. 13-22.
Gravchenko L.A., Geller L.N. History of Pharmacy. Teaching aid.-Irkutsk: IGMU-2014.-111 p.
Ivanov V.S. Legislative policy of Alexander I // Science and modernity. 2010. No. 7-2. pp. 251-255.
History of Medicine in Russia, / Composed by Wilhelm Richter, Acting State Councilor, Order of St. Anne of the second class cavalier, Professor of Medicine, President of the Physico-Medical Society, Imperial: Academy of Sciences, Medical-Surgical Academy, Kharkov University and the Society of Naturalists Honorary mem

Abstract: The problem of centralization and formation of a single legislative space in the USSR was one of the directions of maintaining the unity of the Soviet Union state. Even during the creation and the first years of the RSFSR's existence in the first Soviet Federal Republic, this issue was among the priorities in the policy of the RCP (b) and the Soviet state, which considered the "revolutionary codification" of Soviet legalizations as the main means of forming "proletarian legality and law and order". Already the first codes of the RSFSR laid down a steady trend of using the systematization of legislation to create a single regulatory space in the conditions of the Soviet socialist federation. With the creation of the USSR in 1922, the issue of coordinating and ensuring the unity of legislative activity and legislation within the USSR was actualized due to the presence of their own legislation in the Union republics and the need to streamline approaches to legal regulation within the Union and republican legal space. In this regard, the second half of the 1950s was a period of increasing the level of legislative centralization through the use of the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics as an instrument of unification and the creation of single approaches to sectoral legal regulation in the USSR. The scientific novelty of the article is that the analysis of the phenomena under consideration and the main conclusions allow us to talk about a new stage in the creation of sufficiently effective mechanisms to ensure the unity of the legislative space as one of the main elements of the unity of the USSR as a federal state as a whole.

Keywords: legal technique, Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR, experience of systematization of legislation, codes of the Union republics, codification of legislation, centralization of the legislation of the USSR, systematization of legislation, history of the USSR, legal history, legal sciences

References:
Alekseev, S. S. (1982). General theory of law. Moscow: Legal Literature, Vol. 2.
Biyushkina, N. I. (2018). Codification of Soviet legislation (mid-1950s-mid-1970s). Nizhny Novgorod: Dyatlovy mountains.
Biyushkina, N. I., & Kodan, S. V. (2021). Political and legal mechanisms for ensuring the unity of legality and the system of legislation of the RSFSR in 1917–1922. Electronic Supplement to the Russian Legal Journal, 4, 66–75.
Gabov, A. V. (2022). Codification of domestic civil legislation: individual pages of history. Nomothetika: Philosophy. Sociology. Right, 47( 2), 271–298.
Golubitsky, V. M., & Kodan, S. V., & Renov, E. N., & Shaikenov, N. A. (1991). Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and the republics about culture. What should they be? The opinion of scientists. Moscow: Legal Literature.
Zivs, S. L. (1981). Sources of law. Moscow: Nauka.
Zlatopolsky, D. L. (1977). Some features of the legal nature of the Fundamentals of Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics. Soviet

Abstract: The object of the study was the federal relations within the USSR and the RSFSR, developing in the crisis conditions of ethnic conflicts and stagnation of the official Soviet ideology. The subject of the study was ethnic conflicts and separatism as prerequisites for the collapse of the Soviet Union in the context of the crisis of communist ideology. The purpose of this study was to study certain negative trends in the development of federal relations in connection with the growing crisis phenomena in the USSR. To achieve this goal, a set of universal (dialectics), general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, structural-system method), private scientific methods (historical method), special methods (formal-legal) were used. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that on the basis of archival documents, the author substantiates the dualistic nature of the genesis and development of interethnic conflicts, which, on the one hand, have deep historical roots, and on the other hand, were aggravated due to the miscalculations of Soviet federal construction. In addition, the crisis of the ideology of Soviet internationalism, which degenerated into scholastic dogmatism, mechanically exploited by the supreme power, without successful attempts at modernization, is clearly shown. A special contribution of the author to the research of the topic is the introduction into scientific circulation of archival documents from the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the State Archive of Socio-Political History.

Keywords: national self-determination, sovereignty, USSR, RSFSR, soviet federalism, state structure, separatism, ethnic conflict, unitary state, asymmetric federation

References:
Mirsky G. (1997). Once again about the collapse of the USSR and ethnic conflicts. World economy and international relations, 2, 12 – 22.
Shubin A.V. (2019). Reasons, consequences and evaluation of "perestroika" and the collapse of the USSR. Electronic scientific and educational journal "History", S20, 20.
Arbatova N.K. (2019). Three dimensions of post-Soviet "frozen" conflicts. World economy and international relations, 63, 5, 88 – 100. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-5-88-100
Kulumbegova L.T. (2018). The problem of national identity as a factor in the emergence of unrecognized states in the post-Soviet space. International Relations, 2, 32-39.
Fedorishchenko A.I. (2020). "Birthmarks of socialism" in the post-Soviet space of interethnic relations. Philosophical journal "Sofia", 2 (9), 7-14.
Podpryatov M.V., Solovyov R.A., Suslov M.G. (2011). Interethnic contradictions and causes of nationalism in the USSR in the 50 – 80s of the XX century. Vesnik Vyatka State University for the Humanities,

Abstract: The subject of the study is the insufficiently studied problem in the historical and legal science of the state-legal regulation of the processes of patent and licensing activities in the USSR, and especially the administrative and legal mechanisms of the formation of this activity in the first half of the 1960s. It was during this period that the Soviet State began to actively pay attention to the issues of patent protection of industrial products exported and the organization of patent business within the country. The paper investigates archival materials of the Novosibirsk region, which allow describing administrative and legal ways of organizing patent work on the example of the West Siberian State Farm. The purpose of the study is the analysis of administrative and legal acts of state authorities of the USSR of 1961-1965, which allows to expand the range of knowledge about the organization of patent and licensing activities in the USSR, to identify its rational elements, which in the future could be used in modern conditions in an updated form.
In the course of the study, the formal legal method, traditional for historical and legal science, was used, which allowed interpreting the content of the legal prescriptions under study by describing the norms of law, establishing legal signs of patent and licensing activities in the period under study. System-structural methods of analysis made it possible to isolate the elements of the organizational and legal structure of patent and licensing work in the USSR in the first half of the 1960s. The analysis of the sources allowed the author to conclude that in 1960-1965 in the USSR there was the formation of a system of patent and licensing work, the main purpose of which was the protection of state interests in the field of invention.
The organizational basis of the activity consisted of patent divisions of research institutes, patent examination groups, as well as patent divisions of enterprises and organizations.
The main mechanisms of the organization of patent and licensing activities were based on the directive and instructional provisions of the Committee for Inventions and Discoveries of the USSR.

Keywords: history of licensing, copyright certificate, invention, author's expertise, innovation, innovative activity, inventive law, licensing activities, patent law of the USSR, patent

References:
Sagdeeva G.S., Sagdeev A.A., Rakhmatullin D.R. History of the organization of invention and innovation //Actual problems of humanities and natural sciences. 2017. No. 4 – 5, pp. 68-70.
V.I. Afanasyeva The policy of the Soviet state in the field of inventive law of the second half of the twentieth century. Part one. Law and the State: theory and practice. 2017. No. 3 (147). pp. 52-55.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 38., L. 10-11.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 31., L. 3.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 31., L. 3.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 31., L. 8.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 31., L. 8.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 31., L. 9.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 54., L. 26.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 54., L. 72.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 54., L. 73-76.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 31., L. 16.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 31., L. 22.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 31., L. 24.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 31., L. 26 – 27.
GANO, F. R-1653, Op. 4., D 54., L. 16 - 17.
GANO, F. R-1653,

Abstract: The subject of the study is various aspects of the formation of the personnel of the police of Mordovia, determined by the regulatory framework at all levels. The object of the study includes factors determining the nature of the formation and functioning of the militia, considered taking into account regional peculiarities.
The work is aimed at highlighting the political situation, historical moments that influenced the organizational and legal foundations of the militia, as well as at outlining the essence of the processes that had a direct impact on the training of law enforcement officers and the reorganization of the workers' and peasants' militia in the 1930s. It is possible to distinguish all-Russian, local conditions, national features of historical development.
Conclusions:1. In the 1930s, the militia of Mordovia continued to be formed as an integral part of the unified state mechanism, in accordance with the tasks, functions and operational situation of that time. 2. An important role was assigned to the development and adoption of regulatory legal acts and job descriptions, on the basis of which significant changes were made to the procedure for recruitment, training and service by the police personnel of the region. 3. These processes were carried out in the conditions of the folding of the command and administrative system, the class approach used in the selection of employees, placement and training of personnel, as well as the strengthening of totalitarianism. 4. The reorganization of the police of Mordovia and the training of personnel were influenced by abrupt changes in the socio-economic and political course of the country, as well as the peculiarities of their development in Mordovia. 5. Endless innovations and measures to reorganize the police apparatus in connection with the "second birth" of the Mordovian militia also did not contribute to improving the efficiency of its activities. 6. The development of the regional militia was influenced by the situation prevailing in the country as a whole. That is, the development of the organizational and legal foundations of the activities of the Mordovian militia has features that were characteristic of the police apparatus of the country as a whole.

Keywords: regulatory acts, incentives, disciplinary penalties, class approach, the system of professional training, personnel, police management, soviet militia, state policy, regional police

References:
Sizov V.E., Zhukov V.G. The main problems of the formation of professional legal awareness of police officers at the present stage // Bulletin of the Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2019. No. 1. P. 130-134.
Mylnikov M.M. To the question of the use of personnel technology «employee transfer» in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation: legal and organizational aspect // Yurist-Pravoved. 2021. No. 3(98). pp. 53-58.
Kashkina E.V., Mikhailenko S.V. Solving the problems of professional activity of employees of internal affairs bodies and related issues of anti-corruption behavior // Actual problems of administrative law and process. 2019. No. 2. S. 28-33.
Razhivina I.V. Problematic issues of the formation of the personnel of the territorial bodies of the internal in modern conditions // Legal Sciences and Law Enforcement Practice. 2013. No. 2(24). pp. 96-100.
Sumina E.A., Zadorozhnaya Yu.A. On some issues of staffing the internal affairs bodies of the

Abstract: The subject of the study was the reception (borrowing) of the norms of Roman law by the legislation of barbarian states that gained independence after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, as well as the accompanying vulgarization (simplification) of legal norms. The object of the study was the Edict of Theodoric - a collection of legal norms of the VI century, adopted on the territory of Italy on the initiative of the Ostrogothic ruler Theodoric the Great. This document was aimed at ensuring the peaceful coexistence of the Gothic and Roman populations of Italy, which is why it demonstrates the mechanism for including the norms of Roman law familiar to a significant part of the population into a single system of legislation of the barbarian Ostrogothic Kingdom. The main research methods were comparative legal and historical. The main conclusions of the study are the following: 1) the reception of Roman law by barbaric legislation, on the example of the Edict of Theodoric, took place in three directions - the expansion of the original norm, its narrowing and qualitative reinterpretation; 2) vulgarization was an integral part of the reception, but one should not perceive the process of simplifying the norms of Roman law as exclusively negative, vulgarization was one of the mechanisms that ensured the survival of Roman law and the subsequent revival in the legal systems of continental Europe. The novelty of the research is based on the use of comparative legal and historical methods: they allowed to identify the main sources of the Theodoric Edict, compare the provisions of the original norms with their interpretation in the text of the Edict, identify the reasons for verbatim borrowing or rethinking of specific norms.

Keywords: late antiquity, ostrogoths, barbaric truths, vulgarization, Theodoric 's Edict, Roman law, reception, Theodoric the Great, barbarians, Italy

References:
Aurov, O. V. (2010). The concept of "Hereditas" in the IV–early IX centuries : a plot from the history of the "Vulgarization" of Roman law. Bulletin of the Russian State University. Series: Literary Studies. Linguistics. Cultural studies, 10 (53), 231–248.
Baiteeva, M. V. (2010). Reception of Roman law and the formation of the public legal sphere in the system of Roman-Germanic law. Actual problems of economics and law, 2, 106–111.
Zaitseva, L. A. (2015). Roman Law as one of the fundamental sources of German law. History of the state and law, 18, 14–18.
The Justinian Codex. (1999). In Anthology of World legal thought. Moscow: Nauka.
Metelev, S. E., Zulfugarzade, T. E. (2019). The main stages of the reception of Roman law into European jurisprudence. Law enforcement, 3(4), 5–23.
Pshenichnov, M. A. (2002). The Constitution of Russia and international law: problems of interaction (Master`s thesis). N.Novgorod.
Sokolskaya, L. V. (2014). Reception as a historical form of legal acculturation

Abstract: The Bolsheviks, alongside their mentors K. Marx and F. Engels, were staunch opponents of the federal structure. However, the political goals of the revolutionary party were put at the forefront; thus, V. I. Lenin viewed federation as the method for uniting the proletariat into a single union. The leader of the revolution developed the forms of structurization of this union on multinational basis throughout his entire creative life. The article traces the evolution of V. I. Lenin's representations of the state structure of Soviet Russia – from the unitary centralized state to the federation of free nations. Such political and legal views on the Soviet federation underlines the development of the constitutional doctrine of the Soviet State. However, the constitutional commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee did not reach a common ground on which type of federation should be built on the territory of the former Russian Empire, thereby offering different projects of federal structure. The author describes the reflection of Lenin’s ideas on the Soviet federation in perception of majority of the members of the constitutional commission, as well as the corresponding political projects.

Keywords: Constitution of RSFSR, Constitutional Commission, Soviet Constitutionalism, Lenin, federalism, soviet federation, state structure, democratic centralism, multinational state, socialism

References:
Ford, E.C., Foster, Wm.Z. Syndicalism. – Chicago: William Z. Foster, 1913. – 47 p.
Berezko, V.E. Leninskoe ponimanie problem gosudarstva i prava // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2008. №9. S. 1-5.
Vsemirnaya istoriya v desyati tomakh. T.VI / pod red. N.A. Smirnova, N.A. Erofeeva, A.R. Ionnisyana, A.S. Nifontova. – M.: Izdatel'stvo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy literatury, 1959. – 830 s.
Goykhbarg Aleksandr Grigor'evich // Letopis' Moskovskogo universiteta. URL: http://le-topis.msu.ru/peoples/1243 (data obrashcheniya 01.12.2021).
Goykhbarg, A.G. O Sovetskoy konstitutsii // Proletarskaya revolyutsiya i pravo. 1918. №3-4. S. 3-15.
Gurvich, G.S. Istoriya sovetskoy Konstitutsii. – M.: Izdanie Sotsialisticheskoy Akad., 1923. – 216 s.
Deklaratsiya prav trudyashchegosya i ekspluatiruemogo naroda // Sobranie uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy rabochego i krest'yanskogo pravitel'stva. №15. Ot 13 yanvarya 1918 g. Otdel pervyy. St. 215.
Kaykhanidi, A.E. Razrabotka V.I. Leninym osnovnykh printsipov organizatsii mnogonatsional'nogo sotsialisticheskogo gosuda

Abstract: The subject of this research is the poorly studied in the domestic historical legal science problem of legislative and administrative activity of anti-Soviet authorities in the territory of the Armed Forces of South Russia in the tax sphere during the Civil War. It is determined that tax legislation and law enforcement practice of the white governments were based on the laws of the former Russian Empire and the Provisional Government, which underwent adequate amendments over time. For pumping up the budget in the environment of economic devastation and rapid inflation, the legislator increased the rates of direct and indirect taxes, as well as introduced the new sources of taxation and revision of tax incentives. The author concludes that due to tax evasion of the population, the revenue from direct taxes into the budget, including commercial and industrial classes, were insignificant. Attempts of the government to concentrate legislative and administrative activity on indirect taxation also did not bring expected results; indirect taxes or non-taxable fees barely covered the expenses on the rapidly expanding bureaucratic bodies of civil administration. It is revealed that the supply of warring armies in such conditions was mainly through the uncontrolled issue of banknotes, which boosted inflation, and thus, plundered the public treasury. Being the main source of filling the state budget, it became one of the methods of comprehensive compulsory taxation. It is stated that due to shortage of budgetary funds, military commanders were forced supply the troops via conducting contributions and requisitions, which in fact was tax in kind and negatively affected public image of the government.

Keywords: tax authorities, requisitions, inflation, indirect taxes, direct taxes, government, legislation, state formations, finances, state budget

References:
Timoshina T.M. Ekonomicheskaya istoriya Rossii: Uchebnoe posobie / Pod red. prof. M.N. Chepurina. 15-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: ZAO Yustitsinform, 2009. 429 s.
Denikin A. I. Ocherki russkoy smuty. V 5-ti tt. T. 4. Vooruzhennye sily Yuga Rossii. Oktyabr' 1918 g. – Yanvar' 1919 g. M.: Izd-vo Nauka, 2000. 327 s.
Vladimirskiy M. V. K istorii finansirovaniya belogo Yuga (1918–1920) //Otechestvennaya istoriya. 2008. № 3. S. 37–51.
Kinvig C. Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918-1920. London, 2006. 373 p.
Cherchill' U. Mirovoy krizis. Avtobiografiya. Rechi. M: EKSMO, 2003. 768 s.
Khanafeev F. F. Istoricheskie etapy stanovleniya i razvitiya nalogovogo administrirovaniya v Rossii // Innovatsionnoe razvitie ekonomiki. 2013. № 1(13). S. 165–173.
Vrangel' P.N. Zapiski (noyabr' 1916 – noyabr' 1920) // Beloe delo. Letopis' beloy bor'by. Kn. V. Berlin: Mednyy vsadnik, 1928. 246 s.
Karpenko S.V. Nalogovaya politika belykh pravitel'stv na yuge Rossii v 1919–1920 gg. // Ekonomicheskiy zhurnal. 2011. №4 (24). S. 111–121

Abstract: The subject of this research is the traditional representations of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North that reflect the system of punishments and protection of their infringed rights when they commit a crime in a community living by the traditional culture. The article employs the following sources: codes of customary law created in Russia in the XIX century, as well as ethnographic data that include field materials collected by the authors in 2019 – 2020, and published sources that reflect the norms of customary law of the indigenous peoples of the North in the XIX – early XX centuries. The goal of this work consists in revealing the peculiarities of traditional views of the indigenous peoples of the North in the sphere of criminal law relations and protection of the infringed rights. The scientific novelty consists in two aspects: 1) consideration of the so-called “witchcraft component” in analyzing the norms of customary law; 2) use of the General System Theory of L. von Bertalanffy as methodology (synergetic approach). This approach is not usually used for cross-disciplinary historical and legal research; however, allows us understanding the mechanism of transformation of legal norms of the indigenous peoples of the North in the conditions of influence of Russian legislation. The point of bifurcation is the turning periods, when the content of legal views is being changed irrevocably, and the new version is accepted as traditional and consolidated in the customary law. In conclusion, the authors note that in the XIX – early XX centuries, the criminal law representations and mechanism of protection of rights in the traditional culture of the indigenous peoples of the North implied communication with  the spirits and hope for their justice in punishing the criminals. Certain norms of the Russian legislation that are similar to representations of the indigenous peoples of the North, infiltrated into the traditional culture, adapting to the customs; but overall, the criminal legislation of the Russian Empire collided with the views of the aborigines, which entailed the creation of the codes of customary law that were implemented in the judicial practice.

Keywords: indigenous peoples of the North, protection of rights, criminal law, Yugra, Yamal, Siberia, legal custom, The Arctic, XIX century, Shamanism

References:
Filant K. G. Obychnoe pravo korennykh malochislennykh narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka. Programma uchebnoy distsipliny. Salekhard, 2017. 41 s.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Drevnikh aktov (RGADA). F. 214. Stb. 425, L. 110–114.
Samyy strashnyy plen: pochemu russkie bol'she vsego boyalis' popast' v zalozhniki khantam i mansi. [Elektronnyy resurs]. Rezhim dostupa: https://cyrillitsa.ru/narody/149159-samyy-strashnyy-plen-pochemu-russkie-bo.html
PMA – polevye materialy avtora. Informator: Zasluzhennyy deyatel' nauki KhMAO-Yugry, k.i.n. Moldanova Tat'yana Aleksandrovna, g. Khanty-Mansiysk.
Novikova N. I. Obychnoe pravo korennykh narodov Severa Rossii: arkhaizatsiya ili pravovaya zashchita// Obychay. Simvol. Vlast'. M.: Institut Afriki RAN, 2009. S. 68-79.
Novikova N. I. Obychnoe pravo korennykh malochislennykh narodov Severa v sisteme rossiyskogo zakonodatel'stva: proshloe i nastoyashchee // Obychay i zakon. Issledovaniya po yuridicheskoy antropologii. Otv. red. N.I. Novikova, V.A. Tishkov. M., 2002, S. 175-193.
Novikova N. I. Z

Abstract: This article is aimed at determination of the factors and circumstances, which in different historical periods most significantly impacted the formation of the norms of inheritance that regulate inheritance of a business, and currently contribute to the formation of legal constructs of the inheritance fund. The author believes that such reasons are of both, sociocultural and political nature. Widening the circle of heirs from immediate family through paternal lineage to the possibility of leaving to any person, as well as drawing up a will upon the condition of creation an inheritance fund, the mission of which could be only philanthropic, and reflect the development of legal thought and freedom of a testator the correspond to the relevant needs of the society. The main conclusion consists in tracing the causal link between the relevant needs of civil circulation and the arising need of providing its participants with the efficient tools for hereditary succession a business in different periods of development of national legislation. The importance of providing extensive tools for inheritance planning is justified by the complexity of modern business structures and objects that can be a part of them.  Rapidly changing economic and social conditions of modern world dictate the responsibility of a legislator to render the subject of law flexible and thought-out tools for inheritance planning. Establishment of the institution of inheritance fund, as a result of the conducted reform of inheritance, became a naturally occurring stage in improvement of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: history of civil law, civil law,  will, historical review, inheritance fund, business, succession, inheritance law, beneficiary, heir

References:
Begichev, A. V. Nasledovanie predpriyatiya / A. V. Begichev. – M. : Volters Kluver, 2016. – 128 s.
Grazhdanskiy kodeks RSFSR : utv. Verkhovnym Sovetom RSFSR ot 11 iyunya 1964 g. (s izm. i dop. ot 26 noyab. 2001 g.). – Vved. 1964–10-01 // Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta. – 1964. – № 24 (18 iyunya). – St. 24. – (Utratil silu : 01.01.2008 g.).
Dekhanov, S. A. Votchiny i pomest'ya v rossiyskom grazhdanskom prave: osobennosti zakrepleniya i nasledovaniya / S. A. Dekhanov // Nasledstvennoe pravo. – 2018. – № 3. – S. 3–6.
Dozhdev, D. V. Rimskoe arkhaicheskoe nasledstvennoe pravo / D. V. Dozhdev ; Ros. Akademiya nauk, In-t gosudarstva i prava. – M. : Nauka, 1993. – 188 s. – (Yuridicheskie nauki).
Isaev, I. A. Istoriya gosudarstva i prava Rossii : kurs lektsiy / I. A. Isaev. – M. : Bek, 1993. – 245 s.
Kartashov, M. A. Nasledstvennyy fond: novoe rossiyskoe zakonodatel'stvo i inostrannyy opyt / M. A. Kartashov // Sovremennoe pravo. – 2017. – № 10. – S. 83–90.
Manannikov, O. V. Nasledstvennoe pravo Rossii : ucheb. posobie / O. V. Manann

Abstract: The object of is the process the establishment of mechanism of the government of the newly-formed Greek State as a result of national liberation struggle of  non-Turkish population against the Ottoman yoke. The subject of this research is the problems of institution and functionality of mechanism of the government, faced by Greece in establishing the first administrative system in revolutionary period. Attention is given to the Greek communities as a form of sociopolitical structure that comprised a local primitive political system of quasi-state structure, the form and content of which were determined with the end of revolutionary process. The author examines such aspect as inability of the community to perceive drastic transformation and new functions of administrative structures in the context of the new and unified bourgeois state. The main conclusion lies in formulation of the problems that emerged in establishment of mechanism of the government in Greece during the revolutionary period: absence of solid plan of national development; prevalence of the interests of pressure groups over socially significant decisions; unproductive role of Greek communities in the process of creation of  administrative mechanism in the context of development of production resources of the society; dominance of the factional interests of Peloponnesian leaders; state of “disastrous equilibrium” that impedes adoption and implementation of the universal normative legal act, the regulatory effect of which would be aimed at establishment and consolidation of formation an d functionality of basic links of mechanism of the government.

Keywords: National liberation struggle, Greece, Newly-Greek state, Common bourgeois state, Political system, Administrative system, Commune, Social structure, State mechanism, Revolution period

References:
Petrunina O.E. Grecheskaya natsiya i gosudarstvo v XVIII-XX v.: Ocherki politicheskogo razvitiya [Tekst] / O.E. Petrunina. – M.: KDU Moskva, 2010. – S. 136-141.
Σταματόπουλος Τάκης Αργ. Ο εσωτερικός αγώνας – πριν και κατά την επανάσταση του 1821, Τ. Α΄. - Αθήνα, 1978. - σ. 239-240, 252.
Μάμουκας Ανδ. Ζ. Τα κατά την αναγέννησιν της Ελλάδος – Ήτοι συλλογή των πε

Abstract: The subject of this research is the process of state legal regulation of evolution of the definition of crime and category of crimes within the Russian criminal law. Special attention is given to the analysis of normative sources, which allows determining the key stages of development of the doctrine on crime and categorization of crimes. The author substantiates the opinion that normative documents of the Soviet period regulated the provisions regarding crime and categorization of crimes to the fullest extent, which laid the groundwork for the development of current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The conducted analysis of sources allowed concluding that the criminal legal policy in definition of crime and category of crimes, implemented by a legislator at various stages of social relations, is characterized by priority vectors in criminal policy of the state and caused by objective needs of the society. The complicated by their nature criminal-legal relations are constantly changing, which justifies the need for improvement of criminal legislation. The author comes to the conclusion that formalization and further development of the doctrine on crime and categorization of crimes retains its relevance in light of reform in criminal legislation.

Keywords: stage of development, source of law, reformation of legislation, category of the crime, crime, criminal legislation, criminal code, criminal policy, criminal responsibility, political change

References:
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Sochinenie v 9-ti t. M.:1987.-T. I.-S.-227.
Naumov A.V. Rossiyskoe ugolovnoe pravo. Kurs lektsiy. T. 1. Obshchaya chast'. M.:-2011. – S.-70.
Yushkov S.V. Pamyatniki russkogo prava. Vypusk pervyy. M.: 1952. -S.-81–83.
Yushkov S.V. Pamyatniki russkogo prava. Vypusk pervyy. M.: 1952.- S.-121.
Yushkov S.V. Pamyatniki russkogo prava. Vypusk pervyy. M.: 1952.- S.-123
Samokvasov D.Ya. Istoriya russkogo prava (lektsii). M.: 1906.-S.-362.
Naumov A.V. Rossiyskoe ugolovnoe pravo. Kurs lektsiy. T. 1. Obshchaya chast'. M.: 2011.-S.-71.
Yushkov S.V. Pamyatniki russkogo prava. Vypusk pervyy. M.: 1952.- S.-251.
Yushkov S.V. Sudebnik 1497 goda: (k vneshney istorii pamyatnika). Saratov.-1926.-S.-13.
Samokvasov D.Ya. Istoriya russkogo prava (lektsii). M.: 1906.-S.-548.
14 Rossiyskoe ugolovnoe pravo. Obshchaya chast' / pod red. V.S. Komissarova. SPb., 2005. S. 29.
15. Logetskiy A.A. Prestuplenie i prostupok v ugolovnom prave XIX – nachalo XX vekov. Dissertatsiya na soiskanie uchenoy stepeni kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk. MGYu

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis of implementation of the norms of criminal law in the process of formation of doctrine on overcoming obstruction of investigation of crimes. Literary and theoretical provisions on the matter are reviewed. Emphasis is made on the historical aspects of the formation of stages of forensic doctrine on overcoming obstruction of investigation of crimes as its integral system, assemblage of interrelated ideas of interpretation the development patterns of private forensic theories and doctrines. In the course of research, the author applied the following methods: general scientific, logical, mathematical, special methods of forensics – forensic identification, dactyloscopy, odorology, investigative procedure planning, organization of investigation. The special methods of other sciences include physical, chemical, physicochemical, anthropological and anthropometric, sociological, psychological. The scientific novelty of this work is defined by the historical aspect of formation of stages of doctrine on overcoming obstruction of investigation of crimes; its emergence and establishment; formation and completion of forensic doctrine as an integral system of theoretical provisions and practical recommendations.

Keywords: doctrine stages formation, history of criminalistics, forensic doctrine stages, doctrine structure, forensic doctrine, overcoming the counteraction, counteraction to the crimes investigation, forensic methods, subject of forensic doctrine, objects of forensic doctrine

References:
Voinskiy Ustav Petra I [elektronnyy resurs] / URL: http://adjudant.ru/regulations/1716-01.htm (data obrashcheniya 15.06.2020).
Imennoy ukaz ot 24 dekabrya 1714 g. "O vospreshchenii vzyatok i posulov i o nakazanii za onoe" [elektronnyy resurs] / URL:https://www.pravo.by/upload/pdf/krim-pravo/imennoj_ukaz_o_vosprechenii_vsjatok_i_posulov_1714_goda.pdf (data obrashcheniya 15.06.2020).
Osnovnye etapy razvitiya istorii [elektronnyy resurs] / URL: https://studopedia.ru/3_158161_osnovnie-etapi-razvitiya-istorii.html (data obrashcheniya 15.06.2020).
Chel'tsov-Bebutov M.A. Kurs ugolovno-protsessual'nogo prava. SPb., 1995.-846 s.
Tishutina I.V. Preodolenie protivodeystviya organizovannoy prestupnoy deyatel'nosti: organizatsionnye, pravovye i takticheskie osnovy.dissertatsiya ... doktora yuridicheskikh nauk : 12.00.12 / Tishutina Inna Valerievna; [Mesto zashchity: Mosk. un-t MVD RF].-Moskva, 2013.-488 s.
Polikarpov B.A.Protivodeystvie ugolovnomu presledovaniyu v sledstvennykh izolyatorakh i kriminalisticheskie sredstva ego preodoleniya: dis. ...

Abstract: In 1895 Russian scientist Alexander Popov created the first radio set and demonstrated its opportunities which predetermined the rapid development of radio communication in the Soviet time. In the history of Russia, the beginning of the XXth century related to intensive progress of radio means and systems, from telegraph to wired broadcasting. Developing radio communication means required proper legal regulation as well as issuance of associated legal acts. In this article Blyashkin analyzes the main stages of creation and development of principles of payments for the use of radio-frequencty spectrum during the period of New Ecoomic Policy, industrialization and collectivization, describes dynamics of the legislation development and how the society's and government's attitude to this phenomenon has been changing over times. Along with general research methods, the author of the article has also used the historical legal approach to analyze events happening during the period since 1918 till 1937. For the first time in the academic literature the author has described the main stages in the development of the legal regulation of paying for radio communication, has analyzed the main trends in the development of the legislative base and has compared the framework of legal terms and concepts used today and at the beginning of the XXth century. 

Keywords: regulatory approval system, USSR, charging, fees, history, legislation, communications, radio stations, radio-frequency spectrum, radio communication

References:
Postanovlenie SNK SSSR ot 27 marta 1934 goda № 656 «O translyatsionnykh radiouzlakh, translyatsionnykh radiotochkakh i radiopriemnikakh» // SZ SSSR. 1934. №
st. 136. 17. Narodnoe khozyaystvo SSSR: Statistiko-ekonomicheskiy ezhegodnik. Vypusk 4. Za 1923 – 1924 god. M.: Ekonomicheskaya zhizn'. 837 s.
Postanovlenie SNK SSSR ot 7 marta 1933 № 377 «O vvedenii abonementnoy platy za pol'zovaniem priemnikami dlya radioslushaniya» // SZ SSSR. 1933. № 18, st. 104.
Postanovlenie TsIK SSSR ot 12 noyabrya 1923 goda «Polozhenie o Narodnom Komissariate Pocht i Telegrafov Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik» // SU RSFSR. 1923. № 109 – 110. st. 1038.
Postanovlenie SNK SSSR ot 28 iyulya 1924 goda «O chastnykh priemnykh radiostantsiyakh» // SZ SSSR. 1924. № 3. st. 40
Postanovlenie SNK SSSR ot 28 iyulya 1924 goda «Vremennye taksy abonentskoy platy za pol'zovanie priemnymi radiostantsiyami» // SZ SSSR. 1924. № 3. st. 41.
Postanovlenie SNK SSSR ot 05 fevralya 1926 goda «O radiostantsiyakh chastnogo pol'zovaniya» // SZ SSSR. 1926. № 9. st. 75.
P

Abstract: The object of the research is the relations arising in the process of protection of property rights in the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russian Empire. The subject of the research is the civil laws effective in the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russian Empire since 1809 till 1917, in particular, provisions that regulated the protection of property rights in the territories of the Grand Duchy of Finland and Russian Empire. The author of the article focuses on particular methods and peculiarities of protection of property rights in the civil law of the Grand Duchy of Finland. In the course of the research Seregin has used the following methods: analysis, synthesis, extrapolation, systems approach, hermeneutical, comparative historical methods. The main conclusions of the research are the following: 1. The civil law of the Grand Duchy of Finland had a singular form of protection of property rights, self-help. 2. The civil law of the Grand Duchy of Finland used retention of item as the means of protection of property rights, however, the method was applied mostly to protection of a particular object. 3. In the Grand Duchy of Finland, vindication protection had one peculiarity: sometimes there was a need to prove the property right. 4. Both the Russian Empire and Grand Duchy laws had provisions about responsibility of a 'possessor mala fide'. However, in the Russian Empire possession male fide did not refer to violation of a legal procedure. 5. The civil law of the Grand Duchy of Finland set forth restrictions of vindication borders as particular actions precedent to vindication itself. The civil law of the Russian Empire restricted vindication through judicial practice. 

Keywords: Grand Duchy of Finland, body of law, suit, protection of property, legal history, claims history, Russian empire, replevin, retention, self-help

References:
Pobedonostsev K.P. Kurs grazhdanskogo prava. Pervaya chast' M., 2002. S. 800
Pakhman S.V. Obychnoe grazhdanskoe pravo v Rossii. Tom 1. SPb, 1877. S. 337-339
Pakhman S.V. Istoriya kodifikatsii grazhdanskogo prava. Spb., 1876. T.2. S. 485
Obshchee ulozhenie i dopolnitel'nye k nemu uzakoneniya Finlyandii: Novoe izdanie, na osnovanii ofitsial'nykh shvedsko-finlyandskikh istochnikov / Kronida Malysheva, chlena Konsul'tatsii pri Ministerstve Yustitsii, starshego chinovnika Kodifikatsionnogo Otdela pri Gosudarstvennom Sovete. SPb.: V Gosudarstvennoy tipografii, 1891. XX. S. 1004
Nol'de A.E. Ocherki po istorii kodifikatsii mestnykh grazhdanskikh zakonov pri grafe Speranskom. – SPb., 1914. C.75-280
Meyer D. I. Russkoe grazhdanskoe pravo: v 2 ch. Po ispr. I dop. 8-muizd. 1902 g. Izd. 2-e, ispr. M., 2000. S. 252
Korkunov N.M. Velikoe Knyazhestvo Finlyandskoe // Yuridicheskaya letopis'. 1890. № 4. S. 317-329
Malyshev K.I. Kurs obshchego grazhdanskogo prava Rossii. SPb., 1878. T. 1. S.61-317
Kasso L.A Obshchie i mestnye grazhdanskie zakony. Khar'kov,

Abstract: The object of the research is the relations that arose in the process of protection of property rights in Polish Kingdom and Russian Empire. The subject of the research is the civil laws that were effective in Polish Kingdom and Russian Empire during the period since 1812 till 1917, in particular, the provisions that regulated protection of proiperty rights in the territories of Polish Kingdom and Russian Empire. The author of the article focuses on particular peculiarities of negatory protection of property rights as well as the point at which property was recognized as illegal by the civil law of Polish Kingdom. In the course of the research the author has used the following methods: analysis, synthesis, extrapolation, systems approach, hermeneutical and comparative law method. The main conclusions of the research are as follows: 1) the law of Polish Kingdom set forth negatory actions as an individual means of protection of property rights, however, it had individualization signs in relation to particular items. Thus, it was limited by applicability to particular items; 2) the civil law of Polish Kingdom viewed the point when an individual found out about insufficiency of base for his or her rights as the point when his or her property became illegal; 3) Differences in regulation of vindication as the means of protection of property rights were insignificant. The law of Polish Kingdom fixed vindication limitations by outlining a list of items subject to vindication while the Russian Empire did not have evident restrictions of vindication. 3) Distinguished feature of negatory protection in Polish Kingdom was caused by the fact that it could be applied through particular physical action for restoration of violated right. 

Keywords: illegal possession, body of law, the law of Polish kingdom, protection of property, legal history, claims history, negatory defence, negatory action, Russian empire, replevin

References:
Teslya A.A. Istochniki grazhdanskogo prava Rossiyskoy imperii XIX – nachala KhKh veka. – Khabarovsk, 2005. S. 68-77
Sobranie grazhdanskikh zakonov guberniy Tsarstva Pol'skogo .-SPb., : Izd. F. Sushchinskogo, 1877 . S.165-641
Zashchita grazhdanskikh prav korennykh zhiteley Tsarstva Pol'skogo v sudakh imperii// Vestnik prava. Kn.3(mart). 1905. S.237-261
Reynke N.M. Ocherki zakonodatel'stva Tsarstva Pol'skogo// Zhurnal Ministerstva yustitsii. (N 8). 1901. S.1-65
Pobedonostsev K.P. Kurs grazhdanskogo prava. Pervaya chast': Votchinnye prava SPb., 1896. S.165-169
Pobedonostsev K.P. Kurs grazhdanskogo prava. Pervaya chast' M., 2002. S. 238-239
Pakhman S.V. Istoriya kodifikatsii grazhdanskogo prava. T.2. Spb., 1876. S.415
Konstitutsiya Tsarstva Pol'skogo i ee sud'ba (1815-1830). / Yu. Podvinskiy. – M.: Izd. E. V. Kozhevnikovoy i E. A. Kolomiytsevoy, 1906. S. 47
Nol'de A.E. Ocherki po istorii kodifikatsii mestnykh grazhdanskikh zakonov pri grafe Speranskom. – SPb., 1914. C.75-280
Kodan S.V., Fevralev S.A. MESTNOE PRAVO TsARSTVA POL'SKOGO: F

Abstract: The object of the research is the relations that arise in the process of protection of property rights in Bessarabia and Russian Empire. The subject of the research is the civil laws that were effective in Bessarabia and Russian Empire during the period since 1812 till 1917, in particular, the provisions that regulated protection of proiperty rights in the territories of Bessarabia and Russian Empire. The author of the article focuses on particular methods and means of protection of property rights in civil law of Bessarabia as well as their peculiarities. In the course of the research the author has used the following methods: analysis, synthesis, extrapolation, systems approach, hermeneutical and comparative law method. The main conclusions of the research are as follows: 1) Bessarabian laws set forth negatory actions as an individual means of protection of property rights. 2) Differences in regulation of vindication as the means of protection of property rights were insignificant. Bessarabian laws fixed vindication limitations while the rest of Russian Empire restricted the aforesaid means of proteciton of property rights through judicial practice. Actual judicial decisions of the Civil Cassation Department of Directing Senate proved impossibility of making a claim in particular cases and imposed certain limitations (such as vindication procedure). 3) Distinguished feature of vindication in Bessarabia was its partial restriction in reference to bona fide owner and particular items. 4) Violence claim was one of the means of protection of property rights in Bessarabia. 5) The author also analyses whether it is possible to apply some principles and constructs in modern law to eliminate gaps. 

Keywords: Bessarabia law, suit, protection of property, legal history, claims history, negatory defence, negatory action, Russian empire, case of violence, body of law

References:
Teslya A.A. Istochniki grazhdanskogo prava Rossiyskoy imperii XIX – nachala KhKh veka. Khabarovsk, 2005 S. 68-77
Pobedonostsev K.P. Kurs grazhdanskogo prava. Pervaya chast': Votchinnye prava. SPb., 1896. S.800
Pergament M.Ya. O primenenii mestnykh zakonov Armenopula i Donicha. Spb., 1905. S. 8
Nakko A. Ocherk grazhdanskogo ustroystva Bessarabskoy oblasti s 1812 po 1828 g. // Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey. – Odessa, 1900. S. 115
Nol'de A.E. Ocherki po istorii kodifikatsii mestnykh grazhdanskikh zakonov pri grafe Speranskom. SPb., 1914. C.75-280
Pakhman S.V. Istoriya kodifikatsii grazhdanskogo prava. Spb., 1876. T.2 S. 485
Morozan V.V. Formirovanie i deyatel'nost' administrativnykh organov upravleniya v Bessarabskoy oblasti v nachale KhIKh v. // Klio. Zhurnal dlya uchenykh. 2005. № 1 (28). S. 125–134
Linovskiy V.A. O mestnykh bessarabskikh zakonakh. Odessa, 1842. S. 39
Kasso L.A. Vizantiyskoe pravo v Bessarabii. M., 1907. S. 49
Kodan S.V., Fevralev S.A. FORMIROVANIE I RAZVITIE MESTNOGO PRAVA

Abstract: The first half of the nineteenth century is the time of both military actions and civil initiatives aimed at the development of regulatory systems in various fields of life of the highlanders. The subject of the research is the regulatory system created by the Russian Empire in the North Caucasus in the field of religious life. The object of study is the process of introducing civil and military principles into life the mountaineers in the first half of the nineteenth century. The purpose of the article is to show the extent to which the Russian authorities used legal instruments to form regulatory systems in the religious sphere. The researcher has used the historical method that allowed to collect, analyze and interpret archival documents of the first half of the nineteenth century and made it possible to study the legal foundation of the religious component of the Russian Empire through time and space. This article was prepared on the basis of archival materials (both published and found in three archives: the State Archive of the Krasnodar Territory, the Russian State Military Historical Archive, the National Archive of Georgia). Despite the fact that the history of the North Caucasus has repeatedly been the object and subject of research, nevertheless, we have taken an aspect, namely: the analysis of historical documents from a legal point of view has not yet been done. Only individual works on this topic can be cited. Nevertheless, there are works in which similar problems were posed in relation to the whole of Russia. There are scientific studies and the formation of regulatory systems in the religious sphere in the South Caucasus.

Keywords: Protestantism, officials, Cossacks, the peoples of the North Caucasus, military, power, Russia, religion, law, the South Caucasus

References:
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy voenno-istoricheskiy arkhiv. F.13454. Op.2.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Krasnodarskogo kraya. F.249. Op.1.
Nemytina M.V. Pravo Rossii kak integratsionnoe prostranstvo. Saratov, 2008. 260 s.
Kuliev F.I. Gosudarstvennaya politika Rossiyskoy imperii v otnoshenii staroobryadtsev na Severnom Kavkaze v KhVIII – nachale KhKh vv. // Vzaimootnosheniya organov gosudarstvennoy vlasti i religioznykh konfessiy na yuge Rossii do revolyutsii 1917 g. Pyatigorsk, 2013.
Vyshlenkova E.A. Zabotyas' o dushakh poddannykh: religioznaya politika Rossii pervoy chetverti KhIKh v. Saratov. 2002. 467 s.
Vorob'eva E.I. Musul'manskiy vopros v imperskoy politike rossiyskogo samoderzhaviya: vtoraya polovina KhIKh v. – fevral' 1917 g.: Avtoref. dis. … kand. ist. nauk. SPb., 1998. 35 s.
Severnyy Kavkaz v sostave Rossiyskoy imperii. M., 2007. 460 s.
Vert P. Pravoslavie, inoslavie i inoverie: ocherki po istorii religioznogo raznoobraziya v Rossiyskoy imperii. M., 2012. 280 s.
Tunyan V.G. Tserkovnaya politika samoderzhaviya v Zakavkaz'

Abstract: Analysis of peculiarities, mechanisms and instruments of the legal regulation of the food market in England during the first half of the XVIIth century is becoming especially important as the cause of the English Revolution. The object of the research is the food policy of the first Stuarts. The subject of the research is the legal regulation of the meat and live-stock product market during the era of the first Stuarts. The aim of the research is to analyze peculiarities and methods of the legal rellgulation of the food issue practiced by the early Stuarts (the period since 1603 till 1640) based on the example of one of the market segments, i.e. sales of meat and live-stock products. The research targets have been achieved by the historiographic analysis of the documents found in parliament statutes and journals, royal proclamations and other official documents of the English monarchy. The research methodologies include the comparative historical method, analysis and synthesis, and legal regulation analysis. The authors compare the documents published in the era of the reign of James Stuart I and Carl Stuart I. They outline the main trends and mechanisms of the regulation of the internal and external trade of meat and live-stock products. As a result of their research, the authors come to the following conclusions. The main corpus of the legislative acts in the era of the first Stuarts continued the legislative principles of the Tudors. The Stuarts used the old-fashioned feudal methods of the legal regulation of the food market with the reinforced administrative conotrol which hindered the development of free internal and external market. The Stuarts legislation reinforced the position of big monopolies on the food market and hindered the development of the most independent and economically viable social groups. 
 

Keywords: food policy, the Royal proclamation, English law, medieval law, English trade, legislation of the Stuart, the English monarchy, food market, Stuart dynasty, regulation of trade

References:
Istoriya Velikobritanii. Pod red. Kenneta O. Morgana. Seriya «Natsional'naya istoriya». M.: «Ves' mir», 2008. – 680 s.
Samoylova I. V. Golodnye vystupleniya v Anglii v kontse XVI veka i mery pravitel'stva po ikh predotvrashcheniyu / I. V. Samoylova, T. G. Dorofeeva, N. P. Pugacheva // Nauchnyy dialog. – 2016. – № 11 (59). – S. 317– 326.
Bacon N. The official Papers of sir Nathaniel Bacon of Stiffkey, Norfolk as Justice of Peace 1580—1620 / ed. H. W. Sanders, F. R. Hirst // Camden Society Publications. Series, 3. — London: Offis Society, 1915. — Vol. XXVI-L. – P. 11– 123.
Vsemirnaya istoriya v 10 tomakh. Pod red. Zhukova E. M. T.5. M.: Izdatel'stvo sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoy literatury, 1958. – 819 s.
The Victoria History of The Counties of England. / A History of Lincoln. Vol. II, L. 1906. – 528 P.
The Victoria History of The Counties of England. / A History of Berkshire. Vol. II, L. 1907. – 353 P.
The Victoria History of The Counties of England. / A History of Surrey. Vol. IV, L. 1912. – 464 P.
Istori

Abstract: The subject of this research is the sources of formation of a subject domain as well as conceptual and methodological bases of comparative law in ancient philosophical and legal discourse. The authors address to the heritage of Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman philosophy of law, reveal specifics of antique legal thinking, offer sociocultural and mental assessment of its contents and orientation of development of the latter. They emphasize the importance of the Ancient comparative and legal discourse for the formation and development of legislative, law-enforcement and right interpretative practice of the past and the present. In their research the authors have used historical and legal and comparative and legal methods. As the methodological strategy of the research they have used the discourse approach offered by M. Foucault who insisited that the appeal to the research of various sociocultural phenomena including the state and legal phenomena and processes should be realized in terms of of acting social practices that influence the essence of the latter. For these research objectives, the authors have described a number of social practices that predetermined the development of both public, and hidden comparative and legal discourses which defined formations and development of the classical Ancient philosophy and law. In their research the authors have described particular features of the formation and development of a subject domain and methodlogical grounds of of comparative law in Ancient socio-cultural and political and legal scenarios. They have proved that Greek and Roman concepts of the political and legal relaities, their forms and means of constructing legal terms and practical tools became a substantive beginning and course of an original and unique European (and later EuroAmerican) legal universum.

Keywords: legal thinking, intuitivism, social practices, philosophy of law, law, comparative law, society, antiquity, legal systems, evolution

References:
Istoriya gosudarstva i prava zarubezhnykh stran. Ch. II. Kn.1 / Sost. prof. I.A. Krasheninnikova. M., 2014. 624 s.
Marchenko M.N. Sravnitel'noe pravovedenie. M., 2015. 560 s.
Tsvaygert K., Ketts Kh. Vvedenie v sravnitel'noe pravovedenie v sfere chastnogo prava: v 2-t. – Tom 1. Osnovy. M., 2000. 480 s.
Aristotel'. Sochineniya v chetyrekh tomakh. M., 1983. 830 s.
Chirkin V.E. Sravnitel'noe pravovedenie. M. 2012. 336 s.
Platon. Sochineniya v 3-kh tomakh. M., 1972. T. 3. Ch.2. 688 c.
Reale Dzh., Antiseri D. Zapadnaya filosofiya ot istokov do nashikh dney. I.Antichnost'. SPb., 1994. 579 c.
Gegel' G.V.F. Filosofiya prava. M., 1990. 524 s.
Mordovtsev A.Yu., Mamychev A.Yu. Pravovoy mentalitet kak osnovanie issledovaniya natsional'nogo prava i publichno-vlastnoy organizatsii v XXI veke // Azimut nauchnykh issledovaniy: ekonomika i upravlenie. 2016. T. № 4 (17). S. 444-447.
Mamychev A.Yu. «Postdistsiplinarnyy diskurs» arkhetipicheskikh issledovaniy: postanovka problemy //Territoriya novykh vozmozhnostey. Vestnik Vladivostokskogo gosudarst

Abstract: The 1920s faced the ideological pressure on the rural crime studying methodology as the peasant policy tightened. During the period of narrowing economic independence of peasants, all researches were marked as 'Marxist understanding of crime factors'. Collectivisation resulted in recognition of the 'anti-scientific nature' of the factors theory and reduction of rural crime researches. The object of this research is the social relations that relate to the existence of crime in the country-side and measures undertaken to prevent it during the first years of the Soviet regime. The purpose of the research is to discover criminological features of rural crime during the first years of the Soviet regime. The subject of the research includes the criminological features of rural crime; measures of overall social and special legal prevention of rural crime; and results of multi-year researches carried out by the authors. The research methods used by the authors included general research methods and special research methods such as logical, historical, comparative law, structured system and statistical methods. The methodological basis of the research implied the founding categories of the dialectical materialism such as negation of the negation, transition from quantity to quality, and others. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that for the first time in the academic literature the authors describe criminological features of rural crime and specific measures of prevention of this kind of crime as a result of their analysis of rural crime during the first years of the Soviet regime. The main conclusion of the research is that not only rural living conditions influenced the crime factors but so did repression and prohibition of crime studies in the USSR. 

Keywords: statistical account, Soviet criminal statistics, economic conditions, ideological pressure, fight against crime, scientific studying of crime, studying methodology, prevention of crime, rural crime, crime problems

References:
Problemy prestupnosti. Sbornik. Vypusk pervyy. M-L. Gos.izd. 1926 g.
Pomerantsev V. K kompanii po bor'be s samogonovareniem.// Administrativnyy vestnik. №2. Fevral' 1928 g.
Pirogov. Sel'skie ispolniteli (k proektu novoy instruktsii).// Administrativnyy vestnik. №8. Avgust 1928 g.
Osherovich B.S. Predislovie//Gertsenzon A.A. Sovetskaya statistika. Uchebnoe posobie dlya institutov sovetskogo prava i yuridicheskikh kursov. M. OGIZ. 1935.
Gertsenzon A.A. Sovetskaya ugolovnaya statistika. Uchebnoe posobie dlya institutov sovetskogo prava i yuridicheskikh kursov. M., OGIZ. 1935 g.
Novaya ekonomicheskaya politika.// MSE, t. 6. 1959. St. 659-660.
Utevskiy B.S. Znachenie nauki v bor'be s prestupnost'yu// Administrativnyy vestnik. №10. Oktyabr' 1928 g.
Spasokukotskiy N. Deyatel'nost' Gosudarstvennogo instituta po izucheniyu prestupnosti i prestupnika// Problemy prestupnosti. Sbornik. Vypusk vtoroy./ pod red. Shirvindta E. i dr. M-L. Gos.izd. 1927 g.
Il'inskiy I. Retsenziya na sbornik «Problemy prestupnosti». Vypusk 3. 1928 g./

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyze the main components of the institution of blood vengeance in Chechen and Ingush communities over the period of time since 1870 till 1960 and compare it to other nations of the North Caucasus in order to discover differences and similarities. According to the author, this approach will allow to define a number of associated legal tendencies. The object of the research is the institution of blood vengeance and how it had been developing over 100 years in the North Caucasus. The subject of the research is the main components of the aforesaid institution such as causes of conflicts, forms of revenge, subjects and objects of revenge, rules of behavior, etc. The research is based on the historical ethnographical research method that allowed the author to carry out a field research and collect ethnographical material about the existence of the institution of blood vengeance since 1870 till 1960. The field research involved interviews of old people (90 - 100 years old) who either witnessed such conflicts themselves or heard stories about them in their family. In addition, the author also used archives of the North Caucasus as the material to compare those stories to. Even though there are researches on blood vengeance in the North Caucasus, so far there have been no researches devoted to the institution of blood vengeance of the Chechens and Ingush and how it had been developing since 1870 till 1960 that would imply ethnographical data and archives of the Supreme Courts of a number of North Caucasian republics. Analysis of that institution of previous times allows to better understand modern legal processes in the North Caucasus. 

Keywords: forms of revenge, adat, Ossetians, Adygs, Ingush, Chechens, North Caucasus, Blood vengeance, subject of revenge, object of revenge

References:
Babich I.L. Evolyutsiya obychnogo prava adygov v sovetskoe i postsovetskoe vremya // Etnograficheskoe obozrenie. 1997. № 3. S. 95-108
Babich I.L. Polevye materialy avtora, Severnaya Osetiya.
Arkhiv Verkhovnogo Suda Kabardino-Balkarskoy Respubliki.
Arkhiv Verkhovnogo Suda Checheno-Ingushskoy ASSR.
Groznenskiy rabochiy. 1930. № 121.
Materialy Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta Checheno-Ingushskoy ASSR // arkhiv A.A. Plieva.
Mamakaev M. Chechenskiy tayp (rod) v period ego razlozheniya. Groznyy, 1973. 100 s.
Ladyzhenskiy A.M. Adaty gortsev Severnogo Kavkaza. Rostov na Donu, 2003. 198 s.
Luguev S.A. Terminologiya, svyazannaya s sudoustroystvom i sudoproizvodstvom u laktsev v KhIKh-nachale KhKh v.// Otraslevaya leksika dagestanskikh yazykov. Makhachkala, 1984.
Tsentral'nyy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Respubliki Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya.
Babich I.L. Polevye materialy avtora, Kabardino-Balkarskaya Respublika.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Krasnodarskogo kraya.
Pliev A.A. Polevye materialy avtora. Chechnya, Ingushetiya.
Albogachieva M.S-G., Babich I.L.

Abstract: The subject of the research is the process of establishing and developing the procedural status of the convict and suspect in Russian criminal proceedings. For this purpose, the author of the article focuses on key sources of criminal procedure law. The author describes four historical stages in the process of developing the procedural status of the aforesaid actors, the key stage being the period when The Statute of Criminal Procedure of 1864 and The Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 1960 were issued which created the grounds for modern procedural position of the suspect and accused. In the course of his research Abazaliev mostly used the method of historical law analysis as well as general and special research methods. The main conclusion of the research is the author's statement that new priorities of the criminal procedure policy and development of the humanities that created the ground for adopting The Russian Federation Code of Criminal Procedure of 2001 extended the list and content of personal rights and responsibilities of the suspect and accused. 

Keywords: criminal procedure legislation, sources of the criminal procedure right, historical and legal analysis, participants of criminal trial, rights and duties, procedural status, defendant, suspect, brining a charge, indictment

References:
Chel'tsov-Bebutov M. A. Kurs ugolovno-protsessual'nogo prava: Ocherki po istorii suda i ugolovnogo protsessa v rabovladel'cheskikh, feodal'nykh i burzhuaznykh gosudarstvakh. – SPb., 1995. – 846 s.
Khimicheva O. A., Andreev A. V. Rol' Ustava ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva 1864 goda v stanovlenii instituta privlecheniya v kachestve obvinyaemogo // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. – 2015. – № 3. – S. 109.
Fasmer M. Etimologicheskiy slovar' russkogo yazyka. – V 4 t. – T. 2 (E – Muzh) / Per. s nem. i dop. O.N. Trubacheva. – 2-e izd., ster. M.: Progress, 1986. – 672 s.
Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva ot 20 noyabrya 1864 g. // Dostup iz SPS «Garant».
Ugolovno-protsessual'nyy kodeks RSFSR ot 27 oktyabrya 1960 g. (red. ot 27 oktyabrya 1960 g.) // Biblioteka normativno-pravovykh aktov SSSR. URL: http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_5601.htm (data obrashcheniya: 18.02.2018).
Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. 3-e izd. – SPb., 1857. – T. XV. – Ch. 2. – 441 s.
Russkaya Pravda (Prostrannaya redaktsiya) / Podgotovka teksta, perevod i ko

Abstract: The object of the research is social relations arising in the process of implementing the institution of the judge dissenting opinion before The Judiciary Reform of 1864 and until the end of the XIXth century. The subject of the research is the legal regulation of the institution of the judge dissenting opinion in Russia since XVIIIth till XIXth centuries. The author of the article examines how that legal phenomenon evolved during the aforesaid period and analyzes the practice of the Senate in appealing to dissenting opinions to court proceedings, archives, and all cases when court decisions were not ordinary. The methodological basis of the research involved such research methods as systems analysis, historical and legal analysis, dialectical, formal (logical) methods, complex approach, etc. The main contribution of the author to the studies of the institution of the judge dissenting opinion in civil legal proceedings is her attempt to study how the institution evolved from the point of view of causal and competitive models of civil legal proceedings. The author comes to the conclusion that the main features of this phenomenon, although naturally integrated into basic principles of the causal model, were set forth by The Senate in the course of the development of the institution of the judge dissenting opinion. 

Keywords: judge opinion, Senate, reformation of civil legal proceedings, court decision, Statute of Civil Procedure, justice, civil legal proceedings, causal model, competitive model, dissenting opinion of a judge

References:
Ustav grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva / Sost. I.M. Tyutryumov. SPb., 1912. 1984 s.
Uchrezhdenie dlya upravleniya guberniy // Rossiyskoe zakonodatel'stvo X-XX vekov. T. V. M.: Yuridicheskaya literatura, 1987. 432 s.
Ustav grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva // Sudebnye ustavy 20 noyabrya 1864 goda, s izlozheniem rassuzhdeniy, na koikh oni osnovany. Ch. I. SPb.: Tip. II otd., 1867. 687 s.
Krapivkina O.A. Sub'ekt osobogo mneniya konstitutsionnogo sud'i: skriptor ili lichnost'? // Zhurnal konstitutsionnogo pravosudiya. 2011. № 6. S. 23-28.
Tay Yu.V. Osoboe mnenie sud'i // Vestnik grazhdanskogo protsessa. 2016. № 3. S. 25-51.
Dikarev I.S.Osoboe mnenie sud'i: vopros o pravovykh posledstviyakh// Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. 2014. № 10. S. 56-59.
Kononov A.L. Pravo na osoboe mnenie // Zakon. 2006. № 11. S. 43-46.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Orlovskoy oblasti. F. 714. D. 310.
Golovinskaya I.V. Osoboe mnenie sud'i: istoriya, geografiya, problemy i ikh reshenie // Sovremennoe pravo. 2014. № 5. S. 94-98.
Gadzhiev G.A. Publikatsiya osobogo mneniya sud

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to analyse dynamics of the legal status of The Senate as the highest administrative and judicial authority of The Grand Duchy of Finland as part of The Russian Empire. The object of the research is social relations arising during development of the status of The Imperial Senate of Finland in the XIXth - XXth centuries. The subject of the research is histriographical sources including foreign sources as well as legal documents of the XIXth - XXth centuries on the matter. The authors of the research define and analyse the most important stages of the development of The Imperial Senate of Finland status determined by adoption of relevant decisions and instructions of Russian emperors. The authors of the article analyze both organisation and functions of the status of The Senate of Finland and describe the influence of The Senate on the development of administrative and managerial relations in The Grand Duchy of Finland as well as the role of The Senate in the development of administrative and economic laws of Finland. The authors use general research methods (deduction and induction) and special research methods such as periodisation and normative analysis of legal documents during the aforesaid period. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors describe stages of the development of The Senate legal status as the highest authority of The Grand Duchy of Finland when it was part of The Russian Empire (XIXth - early XXth centuries). The novelty of the research is also caused by the conclusions that are made by the authors based on the description of aforesaid stages. 

Keywords: stages, development of legislation, administrative justice, functions, organisation chart, Russian Empire, Grand Duchy of Finland, evolution, legal status, Senate of Finland

References:
Vysochayshee E.I.V. Postanovlenie ot 6 avg. 1809 g. (Uchrezhdenie i Reglament) // Pribavlenie k Ulozheniyu, sushchestvuyushchemu v Velikom knyazhestve Finlyandskom. SPb, 1827.
Korhonen K. Suomen asiain komitea.Turku,1964.
Ohjesäänto Hallituskonseljille 6 p:ltä elok., 1809. Art. 41 ja 32 //Suomen Perustuslait ja järjestäivät asetukset. Helsinki,1907.
Dusaev R.N. Ugolovnoe ulozhenie Velikogo knyazhestva Finlyandskogo. L.,1988.
Jullistus Hallituskonseljin nimen muuttamisesta Senaatiksi 21 p:ltä helmik., 1816 // Suomen Perustuslait ja järjestäivät asetukset. Helsinki,1907.
Holmberg H.(Keisarillisen) Suomen Senaatin talouosaston puheenjohtajat jäsenet ja virkamiehet 1809-1918. Helsinki,1964.
Bergholm A. Keisarillisen Suomen hallituksen ja Senaatin puheenjohtajat, jäsenet ja virkamiehet 1809-1909. Billiografisia tietoja. Porvoo,1912.
E.I.V. Instruktsiya Finlyandskomu General-gubernatoru ot 31 yanv.1812 g. // Pribavlenie k Ulozheniyu, sushchestvuyushchemu v Velik

Abstract: The article considers the process of formation of the elements of a new collective (public) experience, which in Ancient Greek traditions was called “policy”, and the reflection of this process in Greek tragedies. Greek tragedies reflected the situation of conflict in a homogenous social group. It resulted from the confrontation of public and private interest. Tragedies documented the limitedness of positive experience. Conflicts originated from the decisions the heroes had made in the context of misleading information. Such socio-political conflicts led to inevitable death of heroes. The research is based on the scientific methods of hermeneutical analysis, the historical method, the method of intellectual experiment and transcendent analysis. The author concludes that tragedies demonstrated the hopelessness of solving problems using traditional means – orders and customs – and the need to define a stable (permanent) sphere of public interest. Tragedies were a prerequisite of political philosophy in Ancient Greece, they are full of political and legal sense. Tragedies defined the political philosophy agenda for Plato and Aristotle. 

Keywords: power, conflict, individual experience, collective experience, policy, private law, public order, order, custom, law

References:
Tsar'kov I.I. Sotsial'no-politicheskie predposylki proiskhozhdeniya drevnegrecheskoy politiko-pravovoy mysli // Vestnik Volzhskogo universiteta im. V.N. Tatishcheva. Seriya «Yurisprudentsiya». 2008. № 70. S. 172-207.
Fukidit. Istoriya. V 2-kh t. T. 1. M., 1915. 403 s.
Fuko M. Nuzhno zashchishchat' obshchestvo. SPb., 2005. 312 s.
Freydenberg O.M. Mif i literatura drevnosti. M., 1978. 605 s.
Sofokl. Tragedii. M., 1988. 493 s.
Platon. Fedr / Platon. Soch. v 4-kh t. T. 2. M., 1993. S. 135-191.
Evripid. Tragedii v 2-kh t. T. 1. M., 1980. 549 s.
Grant M. Klassicheskaya Gretsiya. M., 1999. 335 s.
Bonnar A. Grecheskaya tsivilizatsiya. Ot Antigony do Sokrata. M., 1992. 202 s.
Gerodot. Istoriya / Istoriki antichnosti. V 2-kh t. T. 1. M., 1989. 406 s.
Aristotel'. Poetika / Soch. v 4-kh t. T. 4. M., 1983. S. 645-680.
Eskhil. Prikovannyy Prometey / Antichnaya literatura. Gretsiya. Antologiya. Ch. 1. M., 1989. S. 222-259.

Abstract: The article studies the peculiarities of review of judicial decisions according to the 1923 Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR. The author studies the established forms of review of judicial decisions in their interconnection with the peculiarities of organization of the judiciary responsible for effective monitoring of judicial acts. The author notes the similarities and differences between the Soviet cassation, proceedings in the order of supervision and reopening cases in view of newly discovered facts. The author considers the topical questions of review of facts of a criminal case in court of review in the context of direct prohibition against reviewing the essence of a judicial decision. The author notes limited cognitive abilities of a cassation court and the related problems of proving in reviewing judicial decisions, which haven’t yet become effective in law. The article analyzes general reasons for reviewing judicial decisions in the order of cassation or supervision, which allow for repeated review of the facts. The author defines the peculiarities of review of judicial decisions, which have become effective in law, determined by the initiation of such a review and a special position of a prosecutor in reopening cases in view of newly discovered facts. The research subject of the article determines the use of a set of general scientific (system analysis, empirical material description, comparison and generalization) and specific (historical-legal, law enforcement practice generalization and technical-legal) methods. The author concludes about the range of significant institutional contradictions between legislative regulation of the system of review of judicial decisions according to the 1923 Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR and law-enforcement practice. The revealed contradictions made the legislator look for their settlement, and criminal procedural law scholars – substantiate the Soviet doctrine of review if judicial decisions. 

Keywords: 1923 Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR, reformatio in pejus, review procedure, private appeal, reopening of cases, review proceedings , Soviet court of cassation, review of judicial decisions , judicial system, criminal proceeding

References:
Bertovskiy L. V., Nichiporenko A. A. Vozbuzhdenie nadzornogo proizvodstva po ugolovnomu delu resheniem upolnomochennogo dolzhnostnogo litsa v Rossii i za rubezhom: sravnitel'no-pravovoy analiz // Rossiyskiy sud'ya. 2016. № 9. S. 60-64.
Galkin A. Kassatsionnyy sud // Ezhenedel'nik sovetskoy yustitsii. 1923. 27 dekabrya (№ 50). S. 1157-1158.
Grodzinskiy M. M. Kassatsionnoe i nadzornoe proizvodstvo v sovetskom ugolovnom protsesse. 2-e izd. M., 1953. 231 S.
Kozhevnikov M. V. Istoriya sovetskogo suda, 1917-1956. M., 1957. 386 S.
Kutsova E. F. Sovetskaya kassatsiya kak garantiya zakonnosti v pravosudii. M., 1957. 228 S.
Mukhin I. I. Kassatsionnoe obzhalovanie, oprotestovanie i peresmotr prigovorov. M., 1956. 200 S.
Nichiporenko T. Yu. Edinolichnoe rassmotrenie sud'ey ugolovnykh del. Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 1998. 308 S.
Panokin A. M. Nespravedlivost' prigovora kak osnovanie otmeny ili izmeneniya sudebnogo resheniya, ne vstupivshego v zakonnuyu silu // Biblioteka kriminalista. Nauchnyy zhurnal. 2016. № 3 (26). S. 103-109.
R

Abstract: When considering the sphere of social deviations, one should give attention to gender factors, i.e. the peculiarities of criminal and deviant behavior of men and women. In the period of modernization of the late 19th – the early 20th century, part of Russian population chose deviant model of behavior, and the crime rate increased. Among typical female crimes of that period the author points out child abandonment and infanticide. The subject of crime was a female person, specifically, a mother, and the object of crime was a child, more often, illegitimate. The author studies the Central Black Earth Region – a rural, patriarchal, peasant, weakly urbanized provincial region of European Russia. The study is interdisciplinary. The methods of social history and legal analysis reveal the problem under study from different scientific positions and as a historical and legal phenomenon as a whole. The scientific novelty consists in the variety of the applied approaches. The author introduces previously unpublished scientific data. The problem under study is topical. The phenomenon of infanticide is still present in Russian society in marginalized segments of the population. Gender factors are still important for the study of modern forms of deviant behavior. 

Keywords: Central Black Earth Region, ways of commission of crime, motives of crime, subject of crime, criminal statistics, criminal legislation, illegitimate child, illegal abortion, infanticide, child abandonment

References:
Ugolovnyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii. [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://base.garant.ru/10108000/ (data obrashcheniya: 05.03.2017 g.)
Ulozhenie o nakazaniyakh ugolovnykh i ispravitel'nykh 1885 g. SPb, 1908. 959 s.
Bezgin V.B. Infantitsid i kriminal'nyy abort v sel'skoy Rossii: proshloe i sovremennost' // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. — 2013.-№ 4.-S.196-229. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.4.653. URL: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_653.html
Vremennik Tsentral'nogo statisticheskogo komiteta Ministerstva vnutrennikh del № 35. Umershie nasil'stvenno i vnezapno v Evropeyskoy Rossii v 1875 – 1887 gg. SPb., 1894. 67 s.
Vremennik Tsentral'nogo statisticheskogo komiteta Ministerstva vnutrennikh del № 41. Umershie nasil'stvenno i vnezapno v Rossiyskoy imperii v 1888 – 1893 gg. SPb., 1897. 95 s.
Gernet M.N. Detoubiystvo. Sotsiologicheskoe i sravnitel'no-yuridicheskoe issledovanie. M, 1911. 318 s.
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Rossiyskoy Federatsii. Fond 102.
Kozlovskaya gazeta. 1902.
Neklyudov N.A. Rukovodstvo k osobennoy chasti ru

Abstract: The article considers the development of one of the most controversial proprietary institutions – the real burden right. The author analyzes the formation of this concept in Russian law and considers particular provisions of the Patrimony charter and the Civil Code of the Russian Empire, containing information about this institution. The author pays special attention to the fact that real burden right doesn’t originate from Roman law, it is a result of German civil theory of the 19th – the 20th centuries. The author applies the historical method, the method of system and complex analysis, and the method of comparative jurisprudence. The author reveals and systematizes particular stages of development of real burden right in Russian law. The author formulates the periodization of development of this concept, consisting of five stages, and each of them is characterized by unique peculiarities. 

Keywords: legislative construct, limited proprietary right, personal debt, corvee, owner, divided property, periodization, evolution, real burden, property granting

References:
Schwarz I.C. Das Institut der Reallasten auf deutschen Bauerngütern. 1827. P. 35.
Gablenz K.B. Grundstückswertermittlung für Praktiker: Bewertung nach ImmoWertV. 2014. P. 296.
Nipperdey H.C. Das deutsche Privatrecht in der Mitte des Jahrhunderts: Festschrift für Heinrich Lehmann zum 80. Geburtstag. 1956. P. 352.
Füller J. T. Eigenständiges Sachenrecht? Berlin. 2006. P. 74-75.
Brehm W., Berger C. Sachenrecht. Tubingen. 2006. P. 332-333.
Freytag-Loringoven A.L. Material'noe pravo proekta Votchinnogo ustava. T. 1. Yur'ev. 1914. S. 197-240.
Sinayskiy V.I. Russkoe grazhdanskoe pravo. Vypusk 1. Kiev. 1917. S. 222.
Proekt Votchinnogo ustava s ob'yasnitel'noy k nemu zapiskoy. T.2. Spb. 1893. S. 196-199.
«O vnesenii izmeneniy v chasti pervuyu, vtoruyu, tret'yu i chetvertuyu Grazhdanskogo kodeksa RF, a takzhe v otdel'nye zakonodatel'nye akty RF»: proekt Federal'nogo zakona ot 27.03.2012g. URL://http://www.consultant.ru/law/hotdocs/12976.html (data obrashcheniya: 27.03.2017g.)
Pok

Abstract: The author considers the inaccuracies and mistakes made by the authors of the multi-authored monograph in legal terminology. In the author’s opinion, it is necessary for legal terminology to accurately reflect not only the realia of the studied historical period, but also the legislative and other legal instruments of that period. It is necessary to be scientifically correct, evaluating the scientific works, reports and statements of practitioners. And certainly, subjectivism and prejudgment are absolutely unacceptable in a work, aspiring to be a scientific one. The author applies general scientific and special research methods including analysis and synthesis, abstraction, the system-structural, historical and genetic, comparative-legal, topological and other methods of analysis. The author uses the dialectical method of cognition which is the methodological base of the study. The author concludes that it is impossible to study any sphere, including jurisprudence, without a good command of a special vocabulary. Even the rapid development of science and the appearance of new terms doesn’t excuse change and substitution of the existing system of legal terms, causing problems of their interpretation. 

Keywords: Communist party, Constitution, Ministry, people's Commissariat, notion, bodies, court, justice, terminology, Prosecutor's office

References:
Chirkin V.E. Slovo o konstitutsionnoy terminologii //Zhurnal rossiyskogo prava. 2013. N 12. C.25-30.
Kodintsev A. Ya. Organy spetsial'noy yustitsii SSSR v 1930–1950-e gg. : kollektivnaya monografiya / A. Ya. Kodintsev, D. N. Shkarevskiy, V. V. Yanoshi ; nauch. red. A. Ya. Kodintsev / Surgut. gos. un-t. – Surgut : ITs SurGU, 2016.
SU RSFSR. 1922. N 36. St. 424.
Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. N 9. 1955. Ct.222.
Pravosudie v sovremennom mire: monografiya / V.I. Anishina, V.Yu. Artemov, A.K. Bol'shova i dr.; pod red. V.M. Lebedeva, T.Ya. Khabrievoy. M.: Norma, Infra-M, 2012. 704 s.
Konstitutsiya (Osnovnoy Zakon) Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. utv. Postanovleniem Chrezvychaynogo VIII S'ezda Sovetov SSSR ot 05.12.1936 // Izvestiya TsIK SSSR i VTsIK. № 283. 06.12.1936 g.
Krasnykh V.I. Spetsial'nyy ili spetsializirovannyy// Russkiy yazyk. №46. 2001.S.45-48.
O sudoustroystve SSSR, soyuznykh i avtonomnykh respublik. Zakon SSSR ot 16.08.1938 // Vedomosti VS SSSR. 1938. № 11.
Ivanova G. M. Istoriya GULAGa. 1918–1958: s

Abstract: The research subject covers the provisions of such historical legal documents as “Russkaia Pravda” (the Brief and the Extended versions) and the provisions of the Decree of Prince Yaroslav on church courts (12th – 13th centuries). The research object is the social relations in Ancient Rus in the 12th – the 13th centuries, connected with the infringement on reputation as an intangible benefit. The author analyzes the provisions of the Old Russian sources of law and demonstrates that, despite the absence of a direct legal consolidation of punishments for abuse of reputation as an intangible benefit, reputation as a legal phenomenon did exist in social relations of that period of time. The research methodology is based on general scientific and specific research methods: historical, theoretical, comparative-legal, the methods of analysis, synthesis and others. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the conclusion about the existence of such an intangible benefit as reputation on the base of the existing knowledge base in the sphere of Russian law history in its early stage of development (12th – 13th centuries). The author defines the cause-and-effect linkage of infringement on personal integrity as an intangible benefit, with other types of intangible benefits, such as honor and dignity, and a further negative impact on an intangible benefit of the higher level, such as personal reputation. The author reveals the criteria of definition of the degree of infringement on personal reputation, the consequences of such a violation depending on the social level of a person whose reputation has been damaged by unlawful actions. Besides, the author formulates the proposals about the improvement of current civil legislation in order to regulate social relations in the sphere of intangible benefits more effectively. 

Keywords: Protection of reputation, infringement on benefits, Personal non-property rights, Intangible benefits, Russkaia Pravda, Person reputation, Reputation, Protection of intangible rights, offence, Personal integrity

References:
Khrestomatiya po istorii gosudarstva i prava Rossii: ucheb. Posobie / sost. Yu.P. Titov. – 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: TK Velbi, Izd-vo Prospekt, 2007, S. 11
Khrestomatiya po istorii gosudarstva i prava Rossii: ucheb. Posobie / sost. Yu.P. Titov. – 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: TK Velbi, Izd-vo Prospekt, 2007, S. 18
Khrestomatiya po istorii gosudarstva i prava Rossii: ucheb. Posobie / sost. Yu.P. Titov. – 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: TK Velbi, Izd-vo Prospekt, 2007, S. 18
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Sochineniya v 9 t., pod red Yanina V.L., T.1, M., Mysl', 1987-1990, S. 255
Dukhovskiy M.V. Ponyatie klevety kak prestupleniya protiv chesti chastnykh lits po russkomu pravu. Yaroslavl', 1873, S. 164
Vladimirskiy – Budanov M.F. Khrestomatiya po istorii russkogo prava. SPb-Kiev, 1889, M., 1888, Vypusk pervyy, izdanie pyatoe, S. 26-27
Khrestomatiya po istorii gosudarstva i prava Rossii: ucheb. Posobie / sost. Yu.P. Titov. – 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. – M.: TK Velbi, Izd-vo Prospekt, 2007, S. 5
Rozin N.N. Ob oskorblenii chesti. Ugo

Abstract: The research subject is the system of Russian legislation regulating the organization and work of local authorities in 1990 – 1992. Since the late 1980s, the attempts have been made in the USSR to regulate the issues of legislative guaranteeing of local authorities’ work by means of amending and altering the current legislation. The author considers the dynamics and contradictions of Russian lawmaking in this period and analyzes the legal concepts of local authorities reforming. The generalization and interpretation of the results are carried out on the base of general scientific principles of historicism, objectivity and systematicity. The author applies the comparative-legal, formal-legal, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The research methodology is based on the modernization theory and the concepts of structural-functional analysis, the theories of separation of powers, federalism and the institutional approach. The author concludes that in 1990 – 1992, despite all the legislative efforts, the conceptual legislative base, ensuring the organization and activities of local authorities, hasn’t been created. The author pays particular attention to the contradictions between legal norms and new demands of state development in statutory instruments. The author notes that the main concept of development of the legislation in that period was the integrity violation within the legal system, the attempts at its de-sovietization in the context of preservation of the conceptual framework of the socialist legal system, the breach between the legislation and its practical implementation, the borrowing of legal institutions without understanding of their importance for the state system. 

Keywords: legislation modernization, Soviet law system, legislative authority, executive authority, powers of public authorities, separation of powers, regional authorities, local authorities, legislative regulation, public authority

References:
Zakon Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 5 marta 1992 g. «Ob oblastnom kraevom Sovete i oblastnoy, kraevoy administratsii» // Vedomosti s'ezda narodnykh deputatov i Verkhovnogo Soveta Rossiyskoy Federatsii. 1992. № 13. St. 663.
Reshenie Tomskogo oblastnogo Soveta narodnykh deputatov ot 6 sentyabrya 1991 g. «O vyborakh glavy administratsii Tomskoy oblasti» // GATO. F. 829. Op. 1. D. 2133. L. 57; Reshenie IX sessii Novosibirskogo oblastnogo Soveta narodnykh deputatov XX sozyva ot 17 yanvarya 1992 g. «O proekte Zakona o kraevom, oblastnom Soveta i kraevoy, oblastnoy administratsii» // GANO. F. 700. Op. 1. D. 40. L. 73.
Vedomosti S'ezda narodnykh deputatov i Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR. 1991. № 34. St. 1146.
Zakon RSFSR ot 6 iyulya 1991 g. «O mestnom samoupravlenii v RSFSR» // Vedomosti S'ezda narodnykh deputatov i Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR. 1991. № 29. St. 1010.
Postanovlenie Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR ot 21 avgusta 1991 g. «O dopolnitel'nykh polnomochiyakh Prezidenta RSFSR po obespecheniyu zakonnosti deyatel'nosti Sovetov narodnykh deputatov v

Abstract: The article studies letters of grants of the 17th – 18th centuries and demonstrates their role within the system of sources of Russian law. The author proves that letters of grants gave definite rights and privileges to towns and town population as autonomous subjects of legal relationship. The author finds out that the problem of inclusion of new areas into the jurisdictional space of the Russian state was the dominant in the policy of the supreme power in those regions. To study the nature of letters of grants as the sources of Russian town law, the author applies the method of historiographical and clausal analysis of sources along with the formal-legal method, generalization and abstraction. The author concludes that the legal nature of letters of grants was conditioned by certain peculiarities: their standardized and stereotyped character, adoption of foreign statutory concepts and compulsory approval by the supreme power. The study proves the thesis that, starting from the 18th century, the problem of defining operation limits of letters of grants within a town area has appeared, and it had to be incorporated in Russian legislation. 

Keywords: source of law, voivodes, town population, town management, hetman's directives, Magdeburg law, town law, letters of grants, clause, privileges

References:
Fevralev S.A. Mestnoe zakonodatel'stvo v gosudarstvenno-pravovom razvitiiRossii (vtoraya polovina XVII – nachalo XX vv.) // Pravo i politika. - 2011. - 7. - C. 1171 - 1181.
El'chaninova O.Yu. Istochniki russkogo prava XVII veka: problemy definitsii i klassifikatsii // Yuridicheskie issledovaniya. - 2015. - 4. - C. 66 - 119. DOI: 10.7256/2409-7136.2015.4.14421. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_14421.html
Sobranie gosudarstvennykh gramot i dogovorov, khranyashchikhsya v gosudarstvennoy kollegii inostrannykh del. Ch. 4. M.: Tip. S. Selivanovskogo, 1826. 678 s.
Filippov A.N. Uchebnik istorii russkogo prava. Yur'ev': Tipografiya K. Mattisena, 1907. 732 s.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie pervoe. T. XXII. (1784-1788 gg.). SPb.: Tipografiya II otdeleniya sobstvennoy ego imperatorskogo velichestva kantselyarii, 1830. 1174 s.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie pervoe. T. IV. (1700-1712 gg.). SPb.: Tipografiya II otdeleniya sobstvennoy ego imperatorskogo velichestva kantselyarii, 1

Abstract: The research object includes social relations emerging in the process of application of facilitated civil legal proceedings in Russia in the late 19th century. The author considers the process of civil legal proceedings optimization, which had been carried out during the mentioned period, and reveals the shortcomings of the reform. The research subject is legal regulation of the facilitated procedure of civil cases consideration in Russia in the late 19th century. Special attention is paid to the judicial practice of application of this procedure, the information about which is contained in the archive materials. The research methodology is based on the system, historical and legal, dialectical, formal-logical methods and the complex approach. The author comes to the following conclusions. Firstly, the attempt to introduce facilitated legal proceedings in Russia in the late 19th century was unsuccessful. Secondly, the legislator had made two key mistakes when establishing the new procedure: the attempt to preserve the general principles of civil proceedings typical for the general order, and to entrust a claimant with the application of facilitated proceedings allowing him a free hand in deciding on the procedure of consideration of the case. Thirdly, the author offers two ways to solve the problem of establishing an effective mechanism of civil legal proceedings optimization: firstly, to establish an imperative list of cases, subject to a facilitated procedure; secondly, to provide for an instrument of economic incentive of facilitated civil proceeding application via establishing a complex system of court costs distribution. 

Keywords: history of judicial reform, judicial reform, justice, problems of optimization, facilitated proceedings , civil legal proceedings , civil legal proceedings reform, The Statute of civil procedure, courts, efficiency

References:
Yablochkov, T.M. Uchebnik russkogo grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva. Yaroslavl': Knigoizdatel'stvo I.K. Gasanova. 1910. 336 s.
Engel'man I.E. Kurs russkogo grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva. Yur'ev: Tip. K. Mattisena. 1912. 616 s.
Papulova Z.A. Istoricheskiy aspekt reglamentatsii uproshchennogo proizvodstva v rossiyskom zakonodatel'stve // Pravo i politika. 2013. № 7. C. 938-940.
Vysochayshe uchrezhdennaya komissiya dlya peresmotra zakonopolozheniy po sudebnoy chasti. Podgotovitel'nye materialy. T. VII.
Nefed'ev E.A. Uchebnik russkogo grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva. M.: Litogr. Prostakova, 1904. 567 s.
Verblovskiy G. L. Sudoproizvodstvo grazhdanskoe i ugolovnoe v sudebno-administrativnykh uchrezhdeniyakh. SPb: izdanie yuridicheskogo knizhnogo magazina N.K. Martynova, 1898. 266 s.
Zakharov V.V. Problemy effektivnosti otechestvennogo ispolnitel'nogo proizvodstva v XIX-nachale XX v. // Lex russica. 2013. № 6. S. 662-672.
Zakharov V.V., Terekhin V.A. Nekotorye aspekty optimizatsii grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva // Arbitrazhnyy i grazhdan

Abstract: The research subject is the process of development of the provisions and principles of the Soviet criminal law in the first criminal codes of the Russian Federation and their transformation during the period of laying the groundwork of socialism and establishing the authoritarian Stalin regime in the USSR. The main attention is paid to the content of the articles of the criminal law on responsibility for the crimes against the state, public management and military service, many of which demonstrated the punitive and deterrent function of criminal law and didn’t correspond with the general principles of socialist legality, justice and humanism. The research methodology is based on the traditional approaches and methods of dialectical materialism allowing studying all the processes and phenomena in their development, interrelation and interdependence. The author concludes that, despite the fact that none of the Soviet criminal code had contained the notion “principle”, this term was often used in scientific and special literature; in the beginning of its development, the Soviet criminal law admitted law enforcement based on the revolutionary legal consciousness of judges and analogy of the law; the punitive and preventive function of the criminal law transformed into the punitive and deterrent one during the period of establishment of the authoritarian regime. 

Keywords: state crimes, public enemy, punitive and deterrent function, authoritarian regime, criminal liability, justice, legality, principles and provisions, criminal code, criminal law

References:
Alekseev S. S. Obshchaya teoriya sotsialisticheskogo prava. Vyp. 1. Sverdlovsk, 1963. S. 156 – 160.
Kurskiy D. I. Izbrannye stat'i i rechi. M.: Yurizdat, 1948. S. 81 – 82, 87.
Ugolovnyy kodeks RSFSR 1922 g. //Sobranie uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy rabochego i krest'yanskogo pravitel'stva ( dalee – SU) RSFSR, 1922. № 54. St. 683.
Istoriya gosudarstva i prava SSSR. Ch. 2. Pod red. O. I. Chistyakova i Yu. S. Kukushkina. M.: Izd-vo Mosk. Un-ta, 1980. S. 160.
Ugolovnyy kodeks RSFSR 1926 g. //SU RSFSR, 1926. № 80. St. 600.
Polozhenie o prestupleniyakh gosudarstvennykh //Sobranie zakonov i rasporyazheniy Raboche-krest'yanskogo pravitel'stva Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (dalee – SZ SSSR ). M., 1927. № 12. St. 123.
Polozhenie o voinskikh prestupleniyakh //SZ SSSR. M., 1927. № 50. St. 504.
Postanovlenie SNK SSSR i TsK VKP(b) ot 17 noyabrya 1938 g. //Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv sotsial'no-politicheskoy istorii. F. 17. Op. 163. D. 1204. L. 108 – 117.
Postanovlenie TsIK i SNK SSSR ot 7 avgusta 1932 g. //SZ SSSR. M.,

Abstract: The research subject is the historical process of foundation and development of civil legislation regulating social relations burdened with a foreign element. Based on the generalization and analysis of statutory instruments of 1917 – 1991, the author defines the development tendencies of the institution in question. Particularly, the author analyzes the tendencies of legislating of property rights and personal non-property rights of foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Soviet legislation, including the right to possess particular forms of property, the right to succeed and to devise and bequeath. The author applies the dialectical method of cognition and specific scientific methods. The general method is the historical method. The author defines the tendencies of development of the Soviet civil legislation regulating social relations burdened with a foreign element. Particularly, the author studies the legislating of the right of foreigners to purchase and alienate particular forms of property, to succeed, and to devise and bequeath in the context of private property denial in the first post-revolutionary years, its revival in the context of development of the new economic policy and in other periods of development of the Soviet law and state. 

Keywords: custody and guardianship, property right, succession, foreign citizens, private property, civil legislation, Soviet Union, civil legislation fundamentals, Constitution, Civil Code

References:
Mikhaylova E.V. Nasledstvennaya pravosposobnost' inostrannykh grazhdan i obladateley dvoynogo grazhdanstva // Pravo i politika. 2014. № 2. C. 233-238. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2014.2.10637.
Artem'eva Yu.A. Osobennosti pravovogo statusa nalogoplatel'shchikov // Nalogi i nalogooblozhenie. 2012. № 2. C. 13 - 18.
Sobranie uzakoneniy RSFSR. 1923. № 32. St. 360.
Sobranie Zakonov SSSR. 1925. № 69. St. 514.
Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. 1961. № 50. St. 526.
Grigor'eva O.G. Mezhdunarodnoe sotrudnichestvo SSSR po grazhdanskim delam. M., 2015. S. 56.
Grigor'eva O.G. Mezhdunarodnaya pravovaya pomoshch' v grazhdanskikh delakh kak fenomen sovetskogo prava i gosudarstva // V sbornike: Nauchnye trudy. Rossiyskaya akademiya yuridicheskikh nauk. M., 2015. S. 100-105.
Osnovy grazhdanskogo zakonodatel'stva Soyuza SSR i soyuznykh respublik: utv. Zakonom SSSR ot 8 dekabrya 1961 g. // Vedomosti VS SSSR. 1961. № 50. St. 526.
Vedomosti VS RSFSR. 1964. № 24. St. 407.
Materialy pervogo soveshchaniya nauchnykh rabotnikov prava, 16-19 iyulya 1938 g

Abstract: The research subject is the interconnection between the reform of judicial authorities of Moscow state and the limitation of the accusatory form of judicial proceedings in the early 16th century. The author characterizes three judiciary systems which formed in Moscow state in the period of adoption of the code of law of Ivan the Terrible. The author specifies the differences between the concepts “historical type” and “historical form” of judicial proceedings. The author analyzes the reasons for the growth of influence of the grand-ducal court, the development of the prikaz system, and the limitation of powers of local judicial authorities, and points out the interrelation between these phenomena and the limitation of the accusatory form of judicial proceedings. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematicity, and objectivity. The author applies the dialectical, formal logical, system, historical-legal and comparative-legal methods. The author analyzes the evolution of judicial system of Moscow state in the context of typology of judicial proceedings. The author concludes about the specific peculiarities of the change of the historical type of judicial proceedings in Russia in the 16th century, which had been connected with a long-term existence of accusatory and investigative grounds in the judicial system and the legal procedure. The author concludes that the limitation of the sphere of application of the accusatory form of judicial proceedings was a logical consequence of the social developments, such as the decentralization of the state, the creation of the power vertical, and, finally, the mere convenience of application of investigative forms for the reasonable solution of cases. 

Keywords: conviction process, order, governor, Zemsky judge, Muscovy, of Law, justice, inquisitorial system, the judiciary, Boyar Duma

References:
Akty, sobrannye v bibliotekakh i arkhivakh Rossiyskoy imperii arkheologicheskoy ekspeditsiey imperatorskoy Akademiey nauk. Tom I (1294 – 1598 gg.). SPb: Tipografiya II Otdeleniya Sobstvennoy E. I. V. Kantselyarii, 1836. №242. 491 s.
Gogenko A.L. Normativno-pravovoe obespechenie deyatel'nosti instituta predstavitel'stva tsentral'noy vlasti v regionakh Rossii vo vtoroy polovine XV nachale XVII vv. // Universitet im. V.I.Vernadskogo. №4(35). 2011. S.337-343
Zabolotskaya T.V., Efimova T.A. Sudebnyy protsess v srednevekovoy Rusi // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2007. №
S.19-20 4.Zakharov V.V. «Sud po forme» kak osobyy poryadok rossiyskogo grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva v pervoy polovine XIX stoletiya: normativnaya model' i ee prakticheskoe osushchestvlenie // URL: http://scientific-notes.ru/pdf/006-12.pdf (data obrashcheniya: 17.09.2015).
Kostomarov N.I. Ocherk torgovli Moskovskogo gosudarstva. M.: Izdanie Nikolaya Tiblena. 1862. 300 s.
Lezina E.P. Voevodskoe upravlenie pogranichnykh territoriy Rossiyskogo gosudarstva v XVII veke

Abstract: The aim of the research is to study the influence of the legislation of the Russian Empire on the life of the Jews. The author characterizes criminal and political persecution of the Jewish people in the late 19th – the early 20th centuries and studies the Jews’ struggle against discrimination in this period. The subject of the research is the Russian legislation on the Jews. The object of the research is the range of social political and legal relations in the Russian Empire in the 18th - the early 20th centuries influencing the character and the peculiarities of regulation of condition of the Jewish population in Russia. The author uses the formal-logical, the historical-legal methods, the method of historical and political interpretation of law. The author concludes that the most important motivational components of the policy of the Russian Empire in relation to the Jews were heterogeneous: on the one hand, the government tried to incorporate the Jewish population into the Russian society by means of overcoming the main feature separating the Jews from the majority of the population – Judaism. On the other hand, the fear of a political, confessional, economic and national supremacy of the Jews took place. The author outlines the motivational components of the Jewish population in their struggle for wider rights: 1. The will to overcome the Jewish Pale, which became the most important impetus to their aspiration for a comprehensive development, first of all, for education; 2. The will to become a political actor of the Russian society and to change the legal situation in Russia. 

Keywords: acculturation, legal standing, discrimination, policy, restrictive legislation, the Jewish Pale, the Jews, Judaism, Christianization, Russification

References:
GARF. F.102. Op.3. D. 219. L. 1-4.
GARF. F. 102. Op.
D. 278. L. 1 – 2. 3.GARF. F. 102. Op. 1. D. 341. L. 4 – 20.
GARF. F. 102. Op. 1. D. 342. L. 2 – 4.
GU TsANO. F. 179. Op. 1. D. 61. L. 1-6.
GU TsANO. F. 179. Op. 1. D. 113. L. 1.
GU TsANO. F. 179. Op. 1. D. 113. L. 31-44.
Imennyy, dannyy Senatu. – «O predostavlenii Evreyam prav grazhdanstva v Ekaterinoslavskom Namestnichestve i Tavricheskoy oblasti» ot 23 dekabrya 1791 g. // Poln. sobr. zakonov Ros. imperii. Izd. 1-e. SPb.: Tip. II Otd. Sobst. E. I. V. kants., 1830. T. 23. St. 17.006.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe Polozhenie. – «O ustroystve Evreev» ot 9 dekabrya 1804 g. // Poln. sobr. zakonov Ros. imperii. Izd. 1-e. SPb.: Tip. II Otd. Sobst. E. I. V. kants, 1836. T. 28. St. 21.547.
Imennyy, dannyy Senatu. – «Ob uchrezhdenii Komiteta dlya vsekh obrashchayushchikhsya v Khristianstvo Evreev i o darovanii im prav i vygod, s otvedeniem k poseleniyu zemel' v Yuzhnykh i Severnykh Guberniyakh pod naimenovaniem onogo Obshchestvom Izrail'skikh Khristian. S prilozheniem pravil dl

Abstract: The subject of the research is the legislative system of the 1730th – the 1740th. The authors attempt to objectively assess certain institutions of the system of law of the Russian Empire in the reign of Anna Ioannovna. Special attention is paid to the specificity of the form and the content of legal acts. The authors prove that the legal practice of that period was unstable and imperfect. The authors note a significant influence of German law-making culture on the form and the content of legal documents. At the same time it is shown that a great deal of legal acts had a bulky and unstructured linguistic form without a division into clauses, paragraphs, etc. On the base of the logical and system-structural methods the authors consider the types of the sources of law of this historical period, analyze and structure them. The authors come to the following conclusions: during the reign of Anna Ioannovna there had been made an unsuccessful attempt to separate the court from the administrative bodies; the Senate had again been made the highest appellate judicial institution; the 1714 primogeniture act had been abrogated; the issues of the responsibilities of the authorities had been actively managed; special attention had been paid to the activities of fiscal bodies and to the regulation of the military department; the system of criminal penalties remained unchanged except for the toughening of sanctions for state crimes. 

Keywords: law, law-making, system of punishment, decree of the Senate, decree, statutes, manifest, legal act, state, legislation

References:
Khakimov T.U. O nekotorykh istoricheskikh tendentsiyakh stanovleniya i razvitiya zakonodatel'stva ob administrativno-pravovom rezhime prebyvaniya inostrantsev na territorii Rossii // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo. - 2014. - 7. - C. 700 - 706. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.7.12275.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii s 1649 goda. T. V (1713-1719 gg.), T. VIII. (1728-1732 gg.). SPb.: Tipografiya II Otdeleniya sobstvennoy Ego imperatorskogo velichestva kantselyarii, 1830.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Sochineniya v 9 t. T. IV. M.: Mysl', 1989. 400 s.
El'chaninov A.P., El'chaninova O.Yu. Kontseptual'nye podkhody k evolyutsii zakonodatel'stva v sfere primeneniya smertnoy kazni v epokhu Elizavety Petrovny // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2014. №3. S. 54-59.
Dem'yanenko M. A. Osobennosti absolyutizma kak formy gosudarstvennogo pravleniya i razvitie pravovoy sistemy v period vlastvovaniya imperatritsy Anny Ioannovny: 1730-1740 gg.: avtoreferat dis. ... kandidata yuridicheskikh nauk. Krasnodar: Kuban. gos. agrar. un-t, 2013. 24 s.
An

Abstract: The subject of the research is the problem of unification of the concept of "sources of Russian law of the XVII century" and their classification. The author studies the correlation between the concepts "source of law", "form of law", and others. The author attempts to review legal documents in historical perspective, the formulation of the definition of sources of domestic law of the XVII century. In order to identify relationships between classes of sources, understand their subordination, orient in their diversity the author provides the criteria for the classification of sources of Russian law of the XVII century.The study is based on the idea that in a formal understanding the sources of Russian law of the XVII century can be divided into two groups: those set by the state and the state-sanctioned. The first group included the sources of law, which came from the state (the czar's decrees, decisions of the Boyar Duma, acts of Zemsky Sobor, etc.) and contained the power prescriptions. The second group formed a system of sources, which had been originally formed by society for maintenance of public order (legal customs, legal practice and doctrines, and others.), and were subsequently sanctioned by the state. The author uses the general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis), and the special scientific methods: the formal-legal method and the comparative legal method. In the result of the study of different approaches to the essence of this concept the author concludes that as "Russian law sources of the XVII century" one should understand the sources of law developed in a certain order by the competent authorities both individually and collectively, and published in the period from 1601 to 1700 in the form of handwritten or printed legal documents imposing the administrative functions on the persons on the territory of Russian state and establishing a certain order in social relations.

Keywords: decrees, definition, judicial precedent, classification, customary law, sources of Russian law, form of law, source of law, diplomas, boyar sentences

References:
Kerimov D.A. Filosofskie problemy prava. – M.: Mysl', 1972. – 472 s.
Komarov N.I., Pashentsev D.A., Pashentseva S.V. Ocherki istorii prava Rossiyskoy imperii (vtoraya polovina XIX – nachalo XX vv.). Monografiya. – M.: Statut, 2006. – 384 s.
Kashtanov S.M. Russkaya diplomatika: Uchebnoe posobie dlya vuzov po spetsial'nosti «Istoriya». – M.: Izdatel'stvo. Vysshaya shkola, 1988. – 229 s.
Zivs S.L. Istochniki prava. – M.: Nauka, 1981. – 240 s.
Zagoskin N.P. Istoriya prava Moskovskogo gosudarstva: T. 1: Vvedenie. Vneshnyaya istoriya prava. O verkhovnoy vlasti v Moskovskom gosudarstve i o zemskikh soborakh, 1877; T. 2: Tsentral'noe upravlenie Moskovskogo gosudarstva. Vyp. 1: Duma boyarskaya. Prikazy, 1879. T. 1-2 /-Kazan': Univ. tip., 1877.-519 c.
Gribovskiy V. M. Drevnerusskoe pravo. T. 2. (Period moskovskiy. Gosudarstvennoe ustroystvo i upravlenie). – Petrograd: Tipografiya «Dvigatel'», 1917. – 298 s.
Dorskaya A.A. Tserkovnoe pravo v sisteme prava Rossiyskoy imperii kontsa XVIII – nachala KhKh veka: Avtoref. dis. ... dokt. yurid. n

Abstract: Integration processes are now the integral part of global development. Virtually, all modern states are participating in at least one regional association, and often in several at once, depending on the objectives pursued by the organization.The African continent is not an exception, where the history of the integration process accounts for decades. Initially, the regional associations had been created among the countries in the basins of the rivers. Later the associations covered the entire regions of the continent - Central Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa etc. Finally, the currently existing African Union includes virtually all states of the African continent.Many of the previously created associations are not existing now, but their experience and achievements can serve for the efficient development of the existing regional organizations.One of those organizations was the Central African Customs and Economic Union, created in 1964 and existed until 1999.The analysis of UDEAC activity is important for two reasons. Firstly, it is the first successful example of regional association on the African continent. Secondly, it has become the base for the most successful African regional organization - the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC).

Keywords: economic integration, cooperation, customs union, economic union, Central Africa, integration, regionalization, the representation of states, regional law, treaty of creation

References:
R.A. Kurbanov Ekonomicheskoe i monetarnoe soobshchestvo stran
tsentral'noy Afriki kak naibolee integrirovannaya
afrikanskaya subregional'naya organizatsiya // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnye organizatsii / International Law and International Organizations. - 2013. - 1. - C. 49 - 77. DOI: 10.7256/2226-6305.2013.01.4.
Ershova I.V. Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie tsen v usloviyakh ekonomicheskoy integratsii // Finansovoe pravo i upravlenie. - 2014. - 1. - C. 110 - 119. DOI: 10.7256/2310-0508.2014.1.10019.
I.V. Ershova Bukhgalterskiy uchet v usloviyakh chlenstva
Rossii v VTO i Tamozhennom soyuze // Finansovoe pravo i upravlenie. - 2013. - 1. - C. 24 - 35. DOI: 10.7256/.2013.1.9646.
Ershova I.V. Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie tsen v usloviyakh ekonomicheskoy integratsii // Finansovoe pravo i upravlenie.-2014.-1.-C. 110-119. DOI: 10.7256/2310-0508.2014.1.10019.
R.A. Kurbanov Ekonomicheskoe i monetarnoe soobshchestvo stran tsentral'noy Afriki kak naibolee integrirovannaya afrikanskaya subregional'naya organizatsiya // Mezhdunarodnoe pr

Abstract: The subject of the research is the evolution of functional content of the prosecutor's activities at pretrial stages of criminal process. The author outlines the functions of  procedural oversight and prosecution in the prosecutors' activities. The author analyzes the normative base of Russian legislation from Peter the Great to the present day, which is a means of these functions implementation. The author examines such aspects of the issue as the origins of the prosecutor's criminal procedural functions, their dependence on the role of the prosecutor in the state mechanism as a whole. The article shows the historical continuity of Russian prosecutors of different epochs in implementation of these two functions. The methodology of the study is based on the provisions of the dialectical method of cognition. Along with it the study uses the comparative legal, the system, the logical-legal and the historical methods of scientific research. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the complex historical and legal study of the implementation of the functions by the prosecutor in the criminal trial in Russia from Peter the Great to the present day. The article shows the historical continuity of the role of the prosecutor's figure in the criminal proceedings in different historical epochs. The research provides the extensive analysis of pre-revolutionary and contemporary authors' views towards the issue. The author comes to the conclusion about the necessity of simultaneous possession by the prosecutor of functions of prosecution and supervision, and the necessity of a further conservation of such a model of the prosecutor's activities.

Keywords: prosecutor, type of process, investigation model, prosecutor's functions system, supervision, criminal prosecution, directions of criminal procedure, criminal procedural functions, pre-trial criminal proceedings, law

References:
http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=144657;dst=0;ts=5E3729A9796498D4328CB30E590CCD06;rnd=0.8536901106998782.
http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=156899;dst=0;ts=5E3729A9796498D 4328CB30E590CCD06;rnd=0.1639429114536466.
Chayka Yu.Ya. Vystuplenie na parlamentskikh slushaniyakh 18 noyabrya 2013 goda na temu «Sovershenstvovanie zakonodatel'stva v sfere ugolovno – pravovoy politiki». M.: Sovet Federatsii Federal'nogo Sobraniya rossiyskoy Federatsii. Ofitsial'nyy internet – portal. Rezhim dostupa: http://www.council.gov.ru/media/files/41d4a3d29393c52a1bd0.pdf, svobodnyy. Zagl. s ekrana.
Golovko L.V. Arkhetipy dosudebnogo proizvodstva, vozmozhnye perspektivy razvitiya otechestvennogo predvaritel'nogo sledstviya // Ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo. 2014. № 2. S. 9-16.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii. Pervoe sobranie. SPb., 1830.
Murav'ev N.V. Prokurorskiy nadzor v ego ustroystve i deyatel'nosti. Posobie dlya prokurorskoy sluzhby. M., 1889.
Baev O.Ya. Prokuror k

Abstract: The article considers the development of financial control in Russia at the local level. The analysis covers the period of XVII-XIX centuries. The author studies the basic reforms of the Russian legislation in the field of financial control. The main local institutions of financial control (voivodes, departments, government boards etc.), as well as the structure and jurisdiction of national audit institutions. The author traces the periodicity of financial control development in pre-revolutionary Russia, where effective financial control was established only in the middle of the XIX century. The author uses the classical methods of juridical science. The author focuses on the historical and legal analysis of normative acts. The author supposes that local financial control in pre-revolutionary Russia could be characterized as centralized, that is typical for any absolute monarchy, but at the same time, as deconcentrated. Such a characteristics is based on the fact that financial control was entrusted to local representatives of the state authority, instead of the local governments or their representatives. 

Keywords: Russia, jurisprudence, history of the state, history of law, financial control, public authorities, local governments, province, uyezd, pre-revolutionary period

References:
«Blagochestiveyshiya samoderzhavneyshiya velikiya gosudaryni imp. Ekateriny Vtoryya.. uchrezhdeniya dlya upravleniya guberniy Vserossiyskiya imperii». PSZ-1, T.20. №.14392.
Zertslov A.N. Okladnaya raskhodnaya rospis' denezhnogo i khlebnogo zhalovan'ya za 1681 g. 1893. 70 str.
Ukaz ot 11 (22) dekabrya 1717 g. «O shtate Kollegiy i o vremeni otkrytiya onykh». Reformy Petra I. Sbornik dokumentov. Sost. V.I.Lebedev. M., Gos.sots.-ek.izd-vo, 1937.
Reglament ili Instruktsiya Revizion-kollegii : [Utverzhden 7 maya 1733 g.].-[Sanktpeterburg] : Pechatan pri Imperatorskom Sukhoputnom shlyakhetnom kadetskom korpuse, marta 20 dnya 1776. URL: http://www.prlib.ru/Lib/pages/item.aspx?itemid=49311.
Imennoy ukaz ot 8 dekabrya 1742 goda «Ob otmene schetnykh kontor pri Voennoy kollegii i komissariatakh i ob otsylke vpered schetov so vsekh vedomstv Voennoy kollegii na reviziyu v Revizion-kollegiyu». PSZ-1.T. P. №8676.
Tsentral'nyy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv drevnikh aktov (Dalee: TsGADA), f. 141, Prikaznye dela starykh let. 1666 g., d. 54, l.1.
Konyaev A.I. Finans

Abstract: The research is devoted to judges endowment mechanism normative regulation in the projects of the Commission aimed at the revision of the statutes of the so-called "N.V. Muravyev's Commission". The article considers law enforcement in the sphere of judges endowment legal regulation in Russia in the late 1860s - the early 1890s. The author outlines the key problems in the state justice financing, analyzes the measures proposed by the Muravyev's Commission to improve the mechanism of judges endowment. The author uses chronological method, historical and typological method, comparative and juridical method, comparative and historical method, and others. The scientific originality is based on the formulation of the problem and the lack of study of this problem in the Russian historiography. The author comes to the conclusion that the question of judges endowment was considered one of the most important in the work of the Commission. Realizing the importance of high rates of wages for judges' independence and the problem of current financing of both crown and local courts, the Commission had made some important decisions in the sphere of judges endowment mechanism improvement. Realization of those measures could have raised the level of social and legal safeguards of judjes' independence, but it never happenned due to the government's refusal to formalize the bills. 

Keywords: judges' independence , judge, rate of wage, judges endowment, majistrate, crown judge, N.V. Muravyev, long service, Senate, Ministry of Justice

References:
Vysochayshe uchrezhdennaya komissiya dlya peresmotra zakonopolozheniy po sudebnoy chasti. Ob'yasnitel'naya zapiska k proektu novoy redaktsii uchrezhdeniya sudebnykh ustanovleniy. T. II. Chast' II. Obshchie voprosy sudoustroystva (glavy I-XVI). SPb: Senatskaya tipografiya, 1900. 471 s.
Gorodyskiy Ya. K. Ocherki sudebnoy praktiki v svyazi s ee bytovymi usloviyami // Zhurnal ministerstva yustitsii. 1896. Noyabr'. № 9. S. 45-76.
Longinov Ar. Zhelatel'nye izmeneniya v shtatakh sudebnykh ustanov-leniy // Yuridicheskiy vestnik. 1884. № 2. S. 310-316.
O poryadke raspredeleniya mezhdu chlenami okruzhnykh sudov summy, assignovannoy Vysochayshim poveleniem 12 iyunya 1884 goda na dobavochnoe soderzhanie oznachennykh lits: Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe mnenie Gosudar-stvennogo Soveta ot 30 aprelya 1885 g. // PSZ RI. Sobr. III. T. V. № 2906.
Ob uvelichenii soderzhaniya chlenov okruzhnykh sudov i ob izmeneni-yakh v sostave okrugov i shtatakh sudebnykh palat: Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe mnenie Gosudarstvennogo Soveta ot 12 iyunya 1884 g. // PSZ RI. Sobr. III. T. IV. № 2513
Otkrytie blag

Abstract: This article deals with the history of creation of creating the civil control forms in the legal process of ancient Russia, its specific features and peculiarities. It shows the influence of conflict resolution studies and jurisprudence on performing mediation procedures. The importance of this work may be put down to the fact that the number of published works on the subject of mediation in ancient Russia is relatively small. The role of a mediator in conflict resolution in the legal process of ancient Russia has hardly been studied. The objective of this research is to analyses the creation of the institute of mediation in Russia. The author examines the officers of the judicial system in ancient Russia which were responsible for resolving disputes using alternative methods. in order to examine this subject, the following literature was analyzed: known scientific articles on the subject of pre-court proceeding, the texts of Pskovian court documents of the 15th century and Novgorod  birchbark letters. Alternative methods of dispute resolution as institutes of self-regulation in civil society could be used in ancient Russia along with the legal remedies. Such procedures did not replace public justice and did not violate the citizens’ lawful right to legal protection. Thanks to the alternative methods of dispute resolution, the parties could settle their conflict independently on mutually acceptable terms, which strengthened their reputation and preserved their partnerships. The author identifies the persons responsible for alternative dispute resolution methods among the workers of the court system of ancient Russia.

Keywords: civil society, conflict, mediation, amicable dispute settlement in Novgorod, Novgorod birchbark letters, negotiations, settlement arrangements, court bailiffs, dispute, mediation court

References:
Seleznev V.A. Osobennosti instituta mediatsii v zakonodatel'stve
nekotorykh gosudarstv blizhnego zarubezh'ya // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel'stva i sravnitel'nogo pravovedeniya. - 2014. - 1. - C. 110 - 116.
Yushkov S V Istoriya gosudarstva i prava SSSR M, 1947. Ch. 1. S. 140–141
Entsiklopedicheskiy Slovar' F.A.Brokgauza i I.A.Efrona (V 86 tomakh s illyustratsiyami, tablitsami i dopolnitel'nymi materialami) / Pod redaktsiey professora I.E. Andreevskogo, K.K. Arsen'eva i zasluzhennogo professora O.O. Petrushevskogo. S.-Peterburg, 1890–1907.
Shchuplenkov N. O. Konstitutsionnye osnovy informatsionnoy svobody v Rossii [Elektronnyy resurs] // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki. 2013. № 10. S. 35–92. Rezhim dostupa: http://e-notabene.ru/lr/article_9617.html
Shchuplenkov N. O. Transformatsiya vlasti v protsesse postroeniya grazhdanskogo obshchestva v Rossii [Elektronnyy resurs] // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki. – 2013. № 9. S. 20–88. Rezhim dostupa: http://e-notabene.ru/pr/article_9053.html
Shchuplenkov N. O. Natsional'no-kul'turnaya identichnos

Abstract: This article attempts an additional review of the history of creation of police law as a legal science and a branch of jurisprudence which was originally created in Germany at the end of the 18th century. It delineates the police science from the police law. The article reviews certain individual provisions of the police manual of the city of Augsburg as amended in 1683 being the most typical example of legal documents which served as the source of the police law. It cites draft police codes of the Russian Empire and similar legal documents of German states of the 19th century. The article takes a note of the similarity between the problems related to the application of the above documents. The main method of the work performed is the source study and analysis of the police law documents and of the works on the police science and the police law written in the 16th - 19th centuries.
Currently, it has become necessary to correct certain well-establish notions of the history of police science and police law due to the expansion of the source base and inclusion in it of the works which were not mentioned earlier in Russian literature or which did not get the attention they deserve from scientists. The analysis of such papers makes it possible to talk about the original division of the police law from the police science.
The work of H. U. Ditmar published in 1731 should be viewed as one of the first scientific rationales for the police science, despite the commonly accepted opinion. The work of I. Goiman which came out in 1757 should be considered the first attempt at establishing the scientific foundation for the police law. In Russia, the first work on the subject of police law was the paper written by L. H. Iakob published in 1809 in Kharkov. The first police code of the Russian Empire was drafted by H. E. Globig in 1815.

Keywords: police law, police science, policistics, police punishment code, codification of the police law, police manuals, biblical police, cameralistics, police, police punishment law

References:
Malakhov V.P. Edinstvo i razlichie administrativnogo i politseyskogo prava // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo.-2010.-2.-C. 82-92.
Radochina T.N. Britanskiy opyt profilaktiki pravonarusheniy podrazdeleniyami konnoy politsii // Politseyskaya deyatel'nost'.-2014.-4.-C. 363-369. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1964.2014.4.12772.
Biyushkina N.I. Problemy pravovogo regulirovaniya administrativnogo nadzora v RF // Administrativnoe i munitsipal'noe pravo.-2014.-9.-C. 922-928. DOI: 10.7256/1999-2807.2014.9.12856.
Wolzendorff K. Der Polizeigedanke des modernen Staats. Breslau, 1918. S. 227.
Op. cit. S.228.
Borisov S.V. Ekspozitsiya ili "Filosofskiy glaz" dlya nauki // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-7.-C. 1-99. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.7.444. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_444.html
Borisov S.V. Skertso ili Nauka i razum // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-9.-C. 212-332. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.9.5105. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_5105.html
Gromova G.A. Teoreticheskie problemy vydele

Abstract: The author studies the main tendencies in the development of military criminal legislation regarding desertion, analyzing the system of criminal responsibility for it.  It is shown that the criminal responsibility for desertion was introduced in the second half of the 1918, when desertion became a mass matter in the second half of 1918, when the mass draft to the Red Army took place. The author singles out the main motives for the unlawful behaviour of the draftees.  The main causes for desertion at the time of the Civil war involved social, economic, moral and psychological factors, and they formed the main motivation for the desertion. The moral and psychological reasons involved a religious factor, namely, refusal to serve in the army due to the moral values.  The Soviet Russia provided a legal opportunity to avoid military service due to the moral issues, and this opportunity was often abused in order to avoid mobilization to the army.  The author also analyzes the main factors and methods for fighting desertion: measures of criminal prosecution, taking hostages, proprietary sanctions, etc.  It is also noted that military criminal legislation of the time of the Civil War concentrated first of all on the development of legal norms against desertion. There was also an obvious tendency for stricter punishments for the desertion and facilitating actions: сoncealment of desertion and instigation to desertion. The criminal legislation also widened the range of aggravating circumstances. The conclusion is made that military criminal legislation regulated fighting desertion and by the end of the Civil War, a developed system of specific criminal sanctions with great differentiation of applied measures depending on the character of an action, degree of its maliciousness, role and character of co-participation and direction of the intents of the co-participants existed. Therefore, the military criminal legislation at the time of the Civil War in Russia has formed the basis for the later Soviet military criminal legislation.

Keywords: desertion, military criminal legislation, criminal responsibility, civil war, punishment, collective responsibility, taking hostages, military justice, intent of co-participants, alternative service

References:
Golovin H. H. Rossiya v Pervoy mirovoy voyne. — M.: Veche, 2006.
Sobranie uzakoneniy i rasporyazheniy Rabochego i Krest'yanskogo Pravitel'stva RSFSR (SU RSFSR).
Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Tambovskoy oblasti (dalee GATO).
Dekrety sovetskoy vlasti. M., 1968. T. 4.
Aletkin G, Adamenko V. Otkaz ot voennoy sluzhby v pervye gody sovetskoy vlasti. Bor'ba za otkaz ot voennoy sluzhby i politika bol'shevikov po otnosheniyu k otkazchikam ot voennoy sluzhby v 1917-1939 g.g. [Elektronnyy resurs]-URL: http://userdocs.ru/voennoe/51479/index.html(data obrashcheniya: 21.02.2014).
Grazhdansko – protsessual'nyy kodeks RSFSR (GPK RSFSR).
Savin A.I. Al'ternativnaya grazhdanskaya sluzhba v sovetskoy Rossii v 1920–1930-e gody: normativno-pravovoe pole i prakticheskaya organizatsiya // Instituty grazhdanskogo obshchestva v Sibiri (XX — nachalo XXI v.). / Otv. red. V.I. Shishkin. Novosibirsk, 2009. S. 71–93.
Sobranie zakonodatel'stva SSSR (SZ SSSR).
Ugolovnyy kodeks RSFSR 1926(UK RSFSR).
Osipova T.V. Rossiyskoe krest'yanstvo v revolyutsii i g

Abstract: The author has made an attempt to study the genesis of the institution of registration of rights and titles to immovable property in Russia. For that purpose the author has studied the historic documents regulating the procedure and conditions for the registration of immovable property, as well as related problems. The author also provides conclusions, which may be taken into account by the developers of the modern system of registration of rights and titles to immovable property. The author presents the viewpoints of renowned civil law scholars of the time, such as D.I. Meyer, I.M. Tyutryumov, G.F. Shershenevich, etc.  Applying the methods of synthesis and comparative analysis the author draws an analogy of problems which were faced by the owners of immovable property in XVIII - XIX centuries and current problems in the same sphere, drawing a conclusion that many issues have not been resolved in several decades, while in other countries the legislators have developed efficient mechanisms for dealing with such problems. Taking into account the current social relations regarding making deals with certain types of items and the perspectives for the market development, the author substantiates the position that official recognition of the division of objects into movable and immovable ones is a progressiveachievement of the Russian civil law studies, which was further regulated in the norms of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and a number of other Federal Laws.  This consecutive movement of the Russian legislation shall strenghen the protection of rights of owners and other title-holders of immovable property.

Keywords: genesis of the institution of immovable property, history of registration of titles, registration of rights, registration of immovable property, votchina law, deed of purchase register, inventory of the capital assets, state registration of land, notarial certification, the Moscow state

References:
Novitskaya T.E. Grazhdanskiy kodeks RSFSR 1922 goda. M. 2002. S. 73.
Tyutryumov I.M. Zakony grazhdanskie s raz'yasneniyami Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata i kommentariyami russkikh yuristov. Kniga vtoraya. M.2004.
Shershenevich G. F. Uchebnik russkogo grazhdanskogo prava. V 2-kh t. T.1. M. 2005.
Tamazyan S.K., Ogurtsova M.N. Reshenie suda o priznanii nezakonnymi deystviy registratsionnykh organov i ego ispolnenie // Urbanistika i rynok nedvizhimosti.-2014.-1.-C. 22-31. DOI: 10.7256/.2014.1.10178.
Kasso L.A. Ponyatie o zaloge v sovremennom prave. M. 1999.
Meyer D.I. Russkoe grazhdanskoe pravo. Ch. 2. M., 1997.
Novitskaya T.E. Pravovoe regulirovanie imushchestvennykh otnosheniy v Rossii vo vtoroy polovine XVIII veka. M., 2005.
Venediktov A.V. Izbrannye trudy po grazhdanskomu pravu. V 2-kh t. T. II. M., 2004.
Demushkina E.S. Problemy primenimosti aktsessornosti i veshchnoy zashchity ipoteki v rossiyskom grazhdanskom prave. «Yurisprudentsiya», 2011.
Bazanov I.A. Votchinnyy rezhim v Rossii. Tomsk, 1910.
Bazanov I.A. Proiskhozhdenie sovremenn

Abstract: The object of studies concerns analysis of genesis of source  studies in the sphere of cognition of development of state and law in Russia in XVIII - early XIX centuries in historical and legal spheres of knowledge. The author shows growing attention to the legal acts among the historians, how they revealed and published legal materials, how they started recognizing legislation as one of the most important sources for studying the past.  The author discusses growing scope of attention to sources of law in the historical projection in practical legal studies, and in the forming legal education and science.  Within the frameworks of historical and comparative approaches the author shows the process of defining place and role of legal acts in the studies of historical and political legal processes in Russia. As a result it may be stated that  the period from XVIII to early XIX century in the process of genesis of source studies in history of state and law of Russia was characterized by recognition of role and value of the sources of law, their active involvement in the scientific turnover in the historical studies. In this period of time there are prominent historical works showing the role of legislation as a historical source and actively revealing and publishing legislative classics.  Due to the underdevelopment of legal education and science the Russian legal studies mostly involved practical approach towards the studies of sources of law, when the studies of sources of legal information served the needs of law-making activities, searching for the ways to organize the legislation, public administration, legal, and especially judicial, practice.  Nevertheless, it was the time of genesis of the scientific historical and legal source studies, which was also related to the genesis of professional legal education and legal studies.

Keywords: history of Russia, political and legal history of Russia, source studies, legal sources studies, sources of law, sources of legal cognition, legislation, legislative studies, legal education, legal science

References:
Sm.: Artem'ev A.A. Kratkoe nachertanie rimskikh i rossiyskikh prav s pokazaniem kupno oboikh ravnomerno kak i chinoplozheniya onykh istoriy. M., 1777. S. 2 i dr.
Zagoskin N.P. Kurs istorii russkogo prava. Kazan', 1906. T. 1. S. 23.
Tomsinov V.A. Aleksey Artem'evich Artem'ev // Tomsinov V.A. Rossiyskie pravovedy XVIII-XX vekov. Ocherki zhizni i tvorchestva. M., 2007. T. 1. S. 176.
Sm.: Desnitskiy S.E. 1) Slovo o pryamom i blizhayshem sposobe k naucheniyu yurisprudentsii. M., 1768; 2) Yuridicheskoe rassuzhdenie o pol'ze znaniya otechestvennogo zakonoiskusstva. M., 1778.
Chulkov M.D. Slovar' yuridicheskiy, ili Svod rossiyskikh uzakoneniy, vremennykh uchrezhdeniy, suda i raspravy. M., 1792-1793. Ch. 1-2. (2-e izd. M, 1793-1796).
Pravikov F.D. Pamyatnik iz zakonov, rukovodstvuyushchiy k poznaniyu prikaznogo obryada, sobrannyy po azbuchnomu poryadku. Vladimir, 1798-1804. Ch. 1-4. V 1806-1820 gg. vyshli ch. 5-10, v 1823-1827 gg. ch. 11-17.
Shtrube de Pirmont F.G. Slovo o nachale i peremenakh rossiyskikh zakonov SPb., 1756.
Zagoskin N.P. Istoriya

Abstract: The article concerns the main monuments of Armenian law, which were created in the early modern period in various states, and which predefined to a great extent the development of modern legal, social and political thought.  The merited representatives of the Armenian communities in many countries in the world have created sources (monuments) of law, which reflected the best elements of national legal culture and the achievements of the leading legal systems of the world. Among the most striking and important monuments of Armenian law one may mention the Astrakhan Armenian Judicial Charter, Trap of Ambition (Vorogait Parats) by Shaamir Shaamiryan, which was the draft Constitution of Armeina and acts of the Armenian court in Kamenets-Podolskiy. The author analyzes the contents of these acts, their structure and role in the life of Armenian community.
When writing the article the author used special methods, such as historic legal method, comparative historic method, comparative legal method, formal logical method, systemic method. Appliction of the combination of these methods has allowed for a comprehensive solution in order to achieve the goal of research. The said period of XV - XVIII centuries may be characterized with the large-scale migration of the Armenian people.  The colonies in Russia, India, Ukraine, Poland, Italy and other states played important roles in preservation of the national identity of the Armenians, development of their culture and law.
It probably may be stated, that being an important input into the history of Armenian legal studies, the Judicial Charter of the Astrakhan Armenians of XVIII century is at the same time the monument of Armenian law, reflecting the centuries of friendship between Armenian and Russian peoples. The Judicial Charter of the Astrakhan Armenians in fact was applied as one of the local law sources in Russia, thus, having a worthy place within the system of Russian law in the issues of regulation of the relations in the Armenian colonies in Astrakhan, Mozdok, Kizlyar and other places. The Judicial Charter of the Astrakhan Armenians of 1765 was published in 1967 in Armenian language, but it was never translated or published in a full volume in Russian language. For the analysis of the norms of this Judicial Charter the author translated its text into Russian language. 
Currently most of the scientists recognize the Trap of Ambition (Vorogait Parats) of Shaamir Shaamiryan to be the draft Constitution of the independent Armenian state.  However, we came to the conclusion that this document is both aimed into the future, and includes many issues, allowing to characterize it as a legal mechanism for the organization of the Armenian national liberation movement of the relevant time and place. 
The acts of the court of Kamenets-Podolsk also serve as an important monument of development of the Armenian law. They are the primary sources, as formed in the process of judicial proceedings, and they clearly show the process of application of law in the activities of the judicial body. They reflect the issues of legal regulation of private relations in the Armenian reality of the time. Analysis of these acts allows one to state that Armenian colonies wherever they were organized did not forget their culture and their roots, trying to regulate their life abroad based upon the traditions, law and other principles provided by their ancestors.
 

Keywords: history of Armenian law, history of Russian law, Trap of Ambition, Judicial Charter of the Astrakhan Armenians, Armenian Voit Court, Armenia, Mxit'ar Gos Judicial Charter, Armenians of India, Armenians of Russia, Armenians of Poland

References:
Zurnachyan A.S. Problemy gosudarstva i prava v Sudebnike Smbata Sparapeta // Yuridicheskie nauki: problemy i perspektivy: materialy II mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii.-Perm', 2014.-S. 7-11.
Zurnachyan A.S. Voprosy nasledovaniya po armyanskomu sudebniku Mkhitara Gosha // Al'manakh sovremennoy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2011. № 5(48).-S. 16-18.
Zurnachyan A.S. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe i pravovoe polozhenie armyanskikh zemel' v XVI-nachale XIX vekov // Spetsproekt: analiz nauchnykh dostizheniy. Materialy 6 mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii.-Dnepropetrovsk, 30-31 maya 2011 goda.-S. 115-120.
Zurnachyan A.S. Sistema upravleniya v Vostochnoy Armenii v pervoy polovine 19 veka // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. 2012. № 1(15).-S. 69-73.
Zurnachyan A.S. Nekotorye voprosy regulirovaniya grazhdansko-pravovykh otnosheniy po armyanskomu sudebniku Mkhitara Gosha // Kazanskaya nauka. 2011. № 3.-S. 110-113.
Zurnachyan A.S. Nekotorye voprosy ugolovnogo pr

Abstract: The object of studies concerns the Code of the Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire  on the issue of legal provisions regarding the Russian royal family. The authors show place and role of these norms in defining the legal status of the members of the royal family and its value in the relevant institution of the Russian public law.  Special attention is paid to the analysis of the Institution of Imperial Family as an element of the Code of the Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire of 1832-1892. The methodology of studies is based upon the historical and formal legal approaches, showing the normative basis and contents of the Code of the Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire in part of analysis of the legal position of the royal family. The scientific novelty is due to the analysis of the Code of the Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire of 1832-1892 in the sphere of provisions for the legal status of the members of the royal family. Following the European tradition for special "Family Laws" on relations between the monarch and the members of the royal family, and their legal position, the legal status of a royal family was rather clearly defined in the legislation of the Emperor Paul the I (1797). Based upon these provisions the Code of the Fundamental State Laws of the Russian Empire provided for a special division: Institution on Royal Family.  It provided for a special institution of public law for a royal family, regulating such public law relation as the procedure for acquiring the rights of members of the royal family, establishing family relations as the basis for inheriting the throne, obligations of the Emperor to support rule of law and order in the royal family, obligations of the members of the royal family, and the obligation to be faithful to the ruling Emperor.  The specific features of the family and marriage issues, property and inheritance were also regulated in the Code.

Keywords: history of Russian state, history of Russian law, the Russian Empire, the sources of law, the fundamentals of the form of government, organization of the state government, the Code of Laws, fundamental state laws, royal family, Russian public law

References:
Sm.: Manifest «O preobrazovanii Komissii pogasheniya dolgov». 11 fevralya 1812 g. // PSZRI-1. T. 32. № 24992. § 28.
Sm.: Imennoy ukaz «O vnose v Senat tyazhb ob udel'nykh imeniyakh apellyatsionnym poryadkom i bez podpisaniya apellyatsii na reviziyu». 10 aprelya 1804 g. // PSZRI-1. T. 28. № 21248; Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe mnenie Gosudarstvennogo soveta «O uvedomlenii ministra udelov ot Senata o resheniyakh svoikh po delam ob udel'nykh imeniyakh». 27 yanvarya 1812 g. // PSZRI-1. T. 32. № 24972; Senatskiy ukaz s propisaniem Vysochayshe utverzhdennogo mneniya Gosudarstvennogo soveta «O postuplenii v ispolnenii resheniy sudebnykh mest, otsuzhdayushchikh chto-libo iz deystvitel'nogo vladeniya i vedomstva udel'nogo, na osnovanii vysochayshe utverzhdennogo mneniya Gosudarstvennogo soveta 1812 yanvarya 27». 18 oktyabrya 1827 g. // PSZRI-2. T. 2. № 1480.
«Morganaticheskiy brak – brak gosudarya i poddannoy, vykhod zamuzh gosudaryni ili printsessy krovi ne za chlena odnogo iz tsarstvuyushchikh domov, a za svoego zhe ili inostrannogo poddannogo. Ni v tom, ni v drugom sluchae ne

Abstract: The article shows the provisions in the Basic Laws of the State of 1832-1892 for the main parameters of the Russian positive law. The authors analyze the contents of the Basic Laws regarding consolidation of legal provisions on defining system and types of legislative acts, requirements to the publication of laws, procedures for amendment and the scope of application of norms (temporal, territorial, range of persons). At the sam time the authors analyze the legal sources, providing for the requirements to the positive law in the Basic Laws.  Based upon historical and formal legal methods the authors analyze the sources and contents of the Basic Laws regarding the requirements to legislation. The scientific novelty is due to the fact that the article provides analysis of the Basic State Laws of the Russian Empire of 1832-1892 regarding the parameters of positive law. It is shown that for the first time in the history of the Russian law the legal provisions, which were previously spread in various legal acts, were consolidated and provided as a system of paramters and requirements to the current legislation.

Keywords: history of Russian law, state law of Russia, sources of law, sources of state law, positive law, Basic Laws of the State, subjects of legal regulation, territorial application of laws, temporal application of laws, implementation of legal prescriptions

References:
PSZRI-1. T. 6. № 3534. Gl. 2.
PSZRI-1. T. 31. № 24686. § 259-260.
Sm.: PSZRI-1. T. 38. № 29124. St. 1.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe Polozhenie «O obyazatel'stvakh, zaklyuchaemykh s torgov mezhdu kaznoyu i chastnymi lyud'mi po podryadam, postavkam, po soderzhaniyu obrochnykh statey i prodazham kazennykh dvizhimykh imushchestv». 17 oktyabrya 1830 g. // PSZRI-2. T. 6. Otd. 1. № 4677. St. 2.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy Ustav rekrutskiy. 28 iyunya 1831 g. // PSZRI-2. T. 6. Otd. 1. № 4677. St. 2.
Uchrezhdeniya dlya upravleniya guberniy Vserossiyskoy imperii. 7 noyabrya 1775 g. // PSZRI-1. T. 20. № 14392. St. 101, 405. § 1; Imennoy ukaz Senatu, ob'yavlennyy general prokurorom, «O nablyudenii Senatu, chtoby gubernskie pravleniya i palaty, pri vnesenii v knigu novykh uzakoneniy, vyslushivali napered zaklyucheniya gubernskikh prokurorov o sile i deystvii onykh, skhodstvenno s 1 § 405 stat'i Uchrezhdeniy o guberniyakh». 13 dekabrya 1782 g. // PSZRI-1. T. 21. № 15612.
Sm.: Imennoy ukaz Senatu «O pravakh i obyazannostyakh Senata». 8 sentyabrya 1802 g. // PSZRI-1. T. 27.

Abstract: The article concerns the policy of the Soviet government towards the participants of the White movement and the political emigrants in 1920s-1930s. The author studied the processes of restoration of the Russian citizenship and return of the emigrants to their Motherland. The Soviet government used various means to fight ideological opponents and counterrevolution, but it allowed the amnesty for all the former Russian citizens, who have not committed grievous crimes against it, allowing them to return to their Motherland or to restore their Russian (Soviet) citizenship.  The author showed the process of cooperation between the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs and the Supreme Commissioner of the League of Nations Fridtjof  Nansen on the issues of refugees and repatriations of the "Russian refugees". The author expresses an original (for the modern attitudes) point of view on the problem of "philosophical ship" of 1922. Based upon the combination of historical and legal facts with the use of the scientific evaluation method and based upon the achievements of Russian and foreign historiography, the author attempted to form a picture of historic reality, which is very close to the objective truth.  The legislation of the RSFSR (SSSR) on the issue of citizenship of the "former Russian nationals" in 1920s- 1930s was defined by the revolutionary events in Russia, as well as consequences of the World War and the Civil War.  The policy of the Soviet Government was aimed at fighting counter-revolutionary organizations, who continued anti-Soviet activities and wished to return the property, that they have lost.  It was only towards such persons and entities that the government actively used limitation and deprivation of citizenship rights in order to support its position and to protect itself from external and internal enemies.  But the Soviet state took every effort to keep the citizenship for the Russians, who were willing to take part in the formation of a new society and a new state without exploitation and oppression.

Keywords: return, amnesty, emigrants, the White movement, counter-revolution, power, Bolsheviks, the Soviet Russia, the Nansen passport, the Russian citizenship

References:
«O byvshikh rossiyskikh poddannykh, vyekhavshikh za granitsu do 25 oktyabrya 1917 g. i prinyavshikh inostrannoe grazhdanstvo ili podavshikh zayavleniya o prinyatii ikh v inostrannoe grazhdanstvo». Postanovlenie TsIK i SNK SSSR ot 27 maya 1933 g. // SZ SSSR. 1933. № 34. St. 200.
Kutafin O.E. Rossiyskoe grazhdanstvo. M., 2003. S. 313.
SU RSFSR. 1926. № 80. St. 600.
O lishenii grazhdanstva otdel'nykh lits, prozhivayushchikh za granitsey v kachestve emigrantov i sokhranyayushchikh eshche sovetskie pasporta. Postanovlenie Prezidiuma TsIK SSSR ot 20 fevralya 1932 g. // SZ SSSR. 1932. № 13. St. 70.
Zakon «O grazhdanstve Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh respublik». Prinyat Verkhovnym Sovetom SSSR 19 avgusta 1938 g. // Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR. 1938. № 11.
Sovetskaya yustitsiya. 1934. № 26. S. 24; Postanovlenie Plenuma Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR ot 19 sentyabrya 1934 g. // Sbornik postanovleniy i raz'yasneniy Verkhovnogo Suda SSSR. M., 1936. S. 104–105.
Osnovnye nachala ugolovnogo zakonodatel'stva SSSR ot 31 oktyabrya 1924 g. // SZ SSSR. 1924. № 23. St. 202

Abstract: In this article the author studies historical and legal aspects of the bank deposit contracts and its transformation from the simple storage contract which was known to the lawyers of the ancient Rome to an independent institution of the civil law, as it is now applied.  The author reveals the legal nature of the bank deposit contract at various historical stages of its formation, studying the historical legal models of contract, types and forms of deposit existing in Russia from the times of Tsar Peter the Great to the current time. In his studies the author used general and specific scientific cognition methods. The main method of studies was historical method. In the final part of his article the author offers measures aimed at the improvement of functioning of the credit organizations and guaranteeing protection and preservation of rights and lawful interests of depositors.  In addition, the measures proposed by the author should strengthen credit and financial sector.  The author discusses the need to restructure the credit sphere and to broaden the sector of retail for banking services.

Keywords: bank deposit, storage, keeping, depositum, Amsterdam Bank, pay book, finances, Peter the Great, credit organization, Soviet period

References:
Sovetskoe grazhdanskoe pravo. Uchebnik. T. 2 / Ioffe O.S., Musin V.A., Posse E.A., Potyukov A.G., i dr.; Otv. red. : Ioffe O.S., Tolstoy Yu.K., Cherepakhin B.B. – L. : Izd-vo Leningr. un-ta, 1971. S. 304-305.
Agarkov M.M. Izbrannye trudy po grazhdanskomu pravu : V 2 t. T. II. / M.M. Agarkov. – M. : AO «Tsentr YurInfoR», 2002. – S. 149.
Braginskiy M.I., Vitryanskiy V.V. Dogovornoe pravo. Kniga pyataya : Dogovory o bankovskom vklade, bankovskom schete; bankovskie raschety. Konkurs, dogovory ob igrakh i pari. V 2 t. T. II. / M.I. Braginskiy, V.V. Vitryanskiy. – M. : Statut, 2006. – S. 31.
Shershenevich G.F. Kurs torgovogo prava. T. II : Tovar. Torgovye sdelki. / G.F. Shershenevich. – M. : Statut, 2003. – S. 420.
Shershenevich G.F. Kurs torgovogo prava. T. II : Tovar. Torgovye sdelki. / G.F. Shershenevich. – M. : Statut, 2003. – S. 419.
Karina Meyuse. Russkie gollandtsy. Nachalo i konets frizenfeynskoy kolonii v Sankt-Peterburge 1720-1920. Istoriko-geograficheskiy ocherk. [Per. s goll. I. Bratus']. – S.-Pb. : Simpozium, 1998. – S

Abstract: The article includes analysis of the legislative bases, directions and contents of development of administrative institution of governors in the Caucasian territories of the Russian Empire in the middle of XIX to early XX centuries.  The Imperial legislation of 1856-1859 pursued a goal of creating a local system, which would be similar to the existing ministry system in the central apparatus, while taking into account the local ethnic and religious specificities of the region.  The Chambers were transformed into the Departments, and they were given powers of the Ministries, while the legislative branch was concentrated in temporary division under the auspices of the chief department of the Governor of Caucasus.  The author singles out territorial, regional, social, political, normative and legal factors in the processes. Attention is paid to the legislative regulation of specific features of the official position of the Imperial Governor in this territory of the Empire. The author makes a conclusion on the fact that the state administration practice of Russia in the Imperial period took into account to the territorial and legislative status of a region prior to its inclusion into the Empire.  At the same time, the supreme power of the governor in the Caucasian territories was supported, and he was the head of the administrative hierarchy of the Caucasus, while the contradictory character of this form of territorial administration is noted.

Keywords: Empire, governorship, Russia, state structure, region, bureaucracy, public institutions, administrative policy, reforms, polyethnical society

References:
RGIA. NSB. Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva 1914 g. // Materialy k vyyasneniyu voprosa o predelakh primeneniya v Rossii musul'manskogo prava. Deystvuyushchie uzakoneniya i raz'yasneniya Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata. Gosudarstvennaya Kantselyariya. 1917. S. 164, 170.
PSZRI-2. T. 49. № 53233.
PSZRI-3. T. 3. № 1521.
RGIA. NSB. Zakony o sudoproizvodstve grazhdanskom 1892 g., O sudoproizvodstve po delam inorodtsev v Kavkazskom krae // Materialy k vyyasneniyu voprosa o predelakh primeneniya v Rossii musul'manskogo prava. Deystvuyushchie uzakoneniya i raz'yasneniya Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata. Gosudarstvennaya Kantselyariya. 1917. S. 168.
Shnayder V.G. Rossiya i Severnyy Kavkaz v dorevolyutsionnyy period: osobennosti integratsionnykh protsessov: Monografiya. M., 2005. S. 160.
Matveev V.A. Rossiya i Severnyy Kavkaz: istoricheskie osobennosti formirovaniya gosudarstvennogo edinstva: (vtoraya polovina XIX-nach. XX v.). Rostov na Donu, 2006. S. 15-16.
RGIA. NSB. Materialy k vyyasneniyu voprosa o predelakh primeneniya v Rossii musul'manskogo prava. Deystv

Abstract: The article concerns specific features of legal status of the class of the land owners in the Eastern Armenia, characteristics of their proprietary and non-proprietary rights in the period both before the Eastern Armenia joined the Russian Empire (the first quarter of the XIX century) and after the Armenian lands were included into the Russian Empire. The author analyzes the types of land ownership, such as mulkadar (landed gentry) and tiul, provides their main characteristics, types and legal nature. The changes of the state to which the Armenian lands belonged caused serious changes in its social, economic, political structure and legal system.  The indicator of these changes was the position of the people, including owners of land, land being the main source of production.  The article includes analysis of the legislative acts aimed at defining rights and obligations of landowners within the new government system. The author pays special attention to the legal status of the Armenian church, as one of the largest landowners of the time and an active participant in the political life of Armenia.  The article uses the following general scientific methods: description, analogy, analysis, synthesis, logical and historical modeling.  The author also used a dialectic cognition method in order to analyze various points of view on the development of legal status of the landowners and its elements.  When writing this article the author also used special methods: historical legal method, comparative historical method, comparative legal method, formal logical method, systemic method. The combined application of the said methods allowed to achieve the goals and aims of the study. For the first time the author systematizes all of the legislative acts, archive information and studies on the issue of legal status of landowners in the Eastern Armenia in the XIX century.

Keywords: the Eastern Armenia, mulk, tiul, the Beks, the Agalars, the Meliks , the Armenian Gregorian Church, the Bek commissions, title to land, the Armenians

References:
Kodan S.V., Fevralev S.A. Mestnoe pravo natsional'nykh regionov v pravovoy sisteme Rossiyskoy imperii. M.: Izd-vo NOTA BENE, 2012.
Kodan S.V., Fevralev S.A. Mestnoe grazhdanskoe pravo Gruzii v pravovom regulirovanii na Kavkaze (1800-1850-e gg.) // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-№ 6.
Kodan S.V. Natsional'naya politika i formirovanie territorial'no-zakonodatel'nogo ustroystva Rossiyskoy imperii (1800-1850-e gg.) // Pravo i politika. 2003. № 2.
Zurnachyan A.S. Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe i pravovoe polozhenie armyanskikh zemel' v XVI-nachale XIX vekov // Spetsproekt: analiz nauchnykh dostizheniy. Materialy 6 mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii.-Dnepropetrovsk, 30-31 maya 2011 goda.-S. 115-120.
RGIA. F. 821. Op. 7. D. 283. L.24.
RGIA. F. 821. Op. 7. D. 283. L.51-52.
RGIA. F. 821. Op. 139. D. 84. L.69.
Barsegyan Kh. A. Stranitsa iz is¬torii natsional'no-osvoboditel'noy bo¬r'by armyanskogo naroda // Vest¬nik arkhivov Armenii. 1964, № 3. S. 96-97. (na arm. yaz.).
Tunyan V. G. Patriarshestvo

Abstract: The article based upon the documentary data, diplomatic correspondence and memoirs of German and Soviet diplomats provides the study of revival of the Russian-German diplomatic relations after the 1st World War.  It is centered upon the activities and position of the Head of the German delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference and the first  Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the new Germany in the Soviet Russia - Count Ulrich von Brockdorff Rantzau. He was the one who formed the friendly course of German diplomacy towards Russia (USSR), as provided in the Consular Convention and the Trade Treaties of 1925 and 1926, the Treaty of Alliance between Russia and Germany. The author offers his somewhat original concept of hte events regarding the formation of the relations between Russia and Germany, the policy of the Bolsheviks, who either sold off to German or saved Russia from falling apart and the pieces of its territory being taken away by the imperialist lands. The author shows the process of overcoming the prejudice against the Soviet Bolshevik Russia by the German diplomats.  It was supported by the procedure of Versailles Peace Treaty developed by the victorious Entente states , which was derogatory for the losing parties.  The relations supported by the 1922 Treaty of Rapallo.

Keywords: World War, Soviets, Russia, Germany, Entente, Versailles, Bolsheviks, treaties, diplomats, von Brockdorff Rantzau

References:
Gerbert fon Dirksen. Moskva Tokio London. M.: Olma-Press, 2000. S.72-73.
Spisok sotrudnikov germanskogo posol'stva na 15 oktyabrya 1924 g. // AVP RF. F. 82. Op. 8. Papka 42. D. 13. L. 18.
Sovetsko-germanskie otnosheniya. 1922–1925 gg. Dokumenty i materialy. Ch. 1. M., 1977. S. 76–77.
S narkomom Chicherinym oni stali nastoyashchimi druz'yami, i eta lichnaya druzhba nemalo sposobstvovala prochnosti germano-sovetskikh otnosheniy. Oni obladali skhozhimi lichnymi kachestvami i privychkami, oba byli kholostyakami, lyubili zasizhivat'sya do nochi, besedovat' na raznye istoricheskie, literaturnye i filosofskie temy, ugoshchat'sya khoroshimi likerami i vinami. Besedy velis' na frantsuzskom yazyke, khotya sovetskiy narkom prekrasno vladel i nemetskim yazykom. Sm. podrobnee o tom: O’Konnor T. E. Georgiy Chicherin… S. 137.
Pis'mo posla Germanii v RSFSR U. Brokdorf-Rantsau ministerstvu inostrannykh del Germanii. Moskva, 7 noyabrya 1922 g. // Sovetsko-germanskie otnosheniya. 1922 – 1925 gg. Dokumenty i materialy. Ch. 1. 1922 – 1924 gg. M., 1977. S. 68–69.<

Abstract: The author studies the role of clergy in formation of the social influence institution in the procedure of correction of convicts. From the time when the Philantropic Society was formed, the initiative of clergy towards the convicts, which was previously sporadic and unregulated became systemic and ordered. The representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church took active part in pastoral direction of convicts, formaton of rules for religious rites during the transits, which later had legislative value, organization of education and libraries in prisons.  All of the work of the Church was aimed towards moral reeductaion of convicts by support of their religious beliefs and positive spiritual qualities. By forming the policy of social influence as means of correction of convicts in XIX and early XX century the state attempted to use the moral and spiritual potential of the church for the correction of criminals, as well as for the purpose of their  inner rebirth under the influence of moral norms and repention.

Keywords: correction of convicts, moral influence, criminal punishment, social influence, execution of punishments, spiritual correction, religion, criminal penal law, prison, educative influence

References:
Otchet Glavnogo Tyuremnogo upravleniya za 1905 g. Tyuremnyy vestnik (godovaya podshivka). 1907 g. mart. S.245-[Elektronnyy resurs]-Ofitsial'nyy sayt Elektronno-bibliotechnoy sistemy Knigofond. – Rezhim dostupa. – URL: http://knigafund.ru/books/54279/read (data obrashcheniya 01.10.2013 g.)
Polishchuk N.I., Bazhenov V.V. Popechenie o litsakh, otbyvayushchikh nakazanie: monografiya. – SPb.: Izd-vo Yurid. in-ta (Sankt-Peterburg), 2011. S.5
«I. Dlya ispravleniya molitvosloviy i nazidaniya prestupnikov naznachit', iz oznachennykh v rospisanii pnutov, sleduyushchie etapy: po traktu ot S.-Peterburga do Tobol'skoy granitsy – goroda: Klin, Moskvu i Bogorodsk; po traktu ot Belostoka do Moskvy: Mozhaysk i Moskvu; po traktu ot Moskvy do stantsii Aksayskoy: Moskvu i Serpukhov. – II. Dlya ispolneniya sey obyazannosti naznachit' v Klinu, tamoshnego sobornogo svyashchennika Alekseya Vinogradskago; v Bogorodske, tamoshnego protoiereya Nestora Arkhangel'skago; v Mozhayske, tamoshney Troikoy tserkvi svyashchennika Ionu Donskago; v Serpukhove, tamoshney Raspyatskoy tserkvi svyashchennika Iva

Abstract: The article includes analysis of stages, vectors and contents of the development of the Empire administrative institution in the period since XVIII till early XIX century. The author singles out the tendencies: unification, centralization, bureaucratization, autonomous functioning in some regions within territorial and branch-related implementation levels.  The author then makes a conclusion on practical consideration of existing territorial and legislative statuses of the regions prior to their annexing to the Russian Empire. And it is only in the epoch of Catherine the II that the traditional measures - centralization and central concentration of government - are eased, however, the direction towards support of absolutist state remains. The author evaluates Ministry Departments, which became independent central government bodies in early XIX century as being overly centralized and making government overly official and bureaucratic.  As a result, the lack of clarity in competence of government institutions, as well as the right of Governors General and Governors to address the Monarch directly, lead to misalignment in the functioning of the state mechanism.

Keywords: the Russian Empire, the state institutions, state structure, authonomism, bureaucratization, unification, centralization, region, variety of patterns of life, M.M. Speransky

References:
Alekseev S.A. Russkoe gosudarstvennoe pravo. Konspekt lektsiy. M., 1892 S. 193.
Alekseev S.A. Russkoe gosudarstvennoe… S. 193.
RGIA. F. 1341. Op. 11. Ed. khr. 686. L. 1.
Notovich O.K. Osnovy reform mestnogo… S. 148.
RGIA. F. 1101. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 973. L. 5.
Varadinov N. Istoriya MVD. Ch. 2. Kniga 1. SPb., 1859 g. S. 3.
RGIA. F. 1251. Op. 1. Ch.1 Ed. khr. 33. L. 6.
Kodan S.V. Razvitie i organizatsionno-pravovoe oformlenie instituta gosudarstvennoy sluzhby v Rossii v 1800-1850-e gg. // Sbornik nauchnykh trudov prepodavateley i sotrudnikov filiala Ural'skoy akademii gosudarstvennoy sluzhby v g. Langepase. Vyp. 2. Ekaterinburg, 2005. S. 21.
RGIA. F. 1609. Op. 1. Ed. khr. 1. L. 1-5; F. 1374. Op. 4. Ed. khr. 99. L. 15.
RGIA. F. 1330. Op. 12. Ed. khr. 164. L.14.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv (dalee – RGIA). F. 1374. Op. 3. Ed.khr. 2285. L. 2-7.
Natsional'naya politika Rossii: istoriya i sovremennost'. M., 1997. S. 51.
Kappeler A. Rossiya – mnogonatsional'naya… S. 54.
Dyakin V.S. Natsion

Abstract: The article contains evaluation of the foodstuffs policy as one of the most important elements of the social functions of the state. The author provides a definition of a social function of the state as a direction for its legal, organizational and practical activities, regulating the living standard and the processes of implementation of social and economic right of individual in an amount adequate to the specific stage of development of society and state.  The author provides for the topicality of historical and legal studies of the social function of the state at the current conditions of formation of the social state in the Russian Federation.  Based upon the scientific analysis  of the numerous legislative acts, the author singles out specific features of the legislative guarantees of foodstuffs policy.  In the opinion of the author, the social activities of the local government could only succeed only in the conditions of revision of the entire complex of Russian legislation: civil, tax, financial, etc.  However, it did not happen, and the normative legal acts on local self-government became a foreign substance within the Russian legal system.

Keywords: social function of a state, element of a social function, social and economic rights of an individual, foodstuffs security, foodstuffs policy, social state, social legislation, bourgeois reforms, land self-government, foodstuffs problems

References:
Kodan S.V., Vladimirova G.E. Yuridicheskaya priroda Osnovnykh gosudarstvennykh zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii 1832-1892 gg. izdaniya v otsenke rossiyskikh pravovedov // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-6.-C. 218-253. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.6.765. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_765.htm
S.V. Kodan Sistematizatsiya mestnykh uzakoneniy pribaltiyskikh guberniy Rossiyskoy imperii (1720-1860-e gg.) // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2013.-1.-C. 108-120. DOI: 10.7256/1812 – 8696.2013.01.14.
S. A. Fevralev Politiko-yuridicheskaya priroda mestnogo prava v Rossiyskoy imperii (vtoraya polovina XVII – nachalo XX vv.). // Pravo i politika.-2012.-2.-C. 327-338.
Kodan S.V. SISTEMA ZAKONODATEL'STVA V ROSSII: FORMIROVANIE, RAZVITIE, STANOVLENIE (IX – nachalo XX vv.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-4.-C. 239-293. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.4.436. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_436.html
Kodan S.V., Fevralev S.A. FORMIROVANIE I RAZVITIE MESTNOGO PRAVA V BESSARABII V SOSTAVE ROSSIYSKOY IMPERII (1812-1917 gg.

Abstract: The article concerns conceptual ideas of correlation among politics, law and economics in the civil legislation and judicial procedure at the time of the New Economic Policy. The author analyzes the correlation between the political doctrine of the Bolsheviks with the civil legislation, showing specific manifestations of class policy within the civil legislation system in the Soviet Russia in 1920s. It is proven that politicized law of the Soviet Russia defined class-based approach towards the principles of civil legislation. Due to the class-based approach the motivation by economic stimulae was less efficient, and it influenced the business activities in the private economic sector.  In the absence of any guarantees of private property a stable framework of legal behaviour and attitude to law was formed, and it was mostly a nihilistic one.  The people wished to get by the law, gain profits by unlawful mean, and it lead to conflicts between economic interests of the state and the private capital.  It is stated that throughout the period of the NEP the problem of legislative limitation of private capital was not solved. All of the Decrees of the 1920s included political elements, and it limited the freedom of economic activities. The problem of legal guarantees of proprietary rights as a basis for entrepreneurial activity was also not solved.  It is stated that the institution of civil law liability was mostly class-oriented in the Soviet Russia. That is why, the judicial practice in this sphere was biased towards entrepreneurs, its typical feature was "class-related judicial simplification", which was manifest in decisions and actions of the courts outside the scope of law.  In fact, the law was substituted by political positions, when the courts made politically motivated decisions instead of dealing with the facts of a case. 

Keywords: property, state, economics, law, right, politics, the New Economic Policy, the Code, courts, entrepreneurship

References:
E.V. Kolesnyak. Ob osobennostyakh evolyutsii sudebnoy sistemy v Sovetskom gosudarstve v usloviyakh NEPa. // Pravo i politika. – 2008. – № 5.
V. V. Yaroslavtsev. Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie trudovykh otnosheniy v gody nepa // Pravo i politika. – 2011. – № 8. – S. 104-107.
A.A. Slezin. Ekstremizm v komsomole 1920-kh godov: faktory razvitiya. // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2009. – № 6.
E. P. Kurenysheva. Opyt Stolypinskoy reformy v otsenkakh krest'yan perioda NEPa // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2011. – № 2.
V.V. Nikulin. Sotsial'no-politicheskie i pravovye aspekty korruptsii v period novoy ekonomicheskoy politiki (1920-e gody) // Pravo i politika. – 2010. – № 5.
V.V. Nikulin. Ekonomika NEPa i politicheskie printsipy grazhdanskogo zakonodatel'stva sovetskoy Rossii // Pravo i politika. – 2009. – № 8.
G. A. Kolobova Razvitie rossiyskoy gosudarstvennoy strategii obespecheniya ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti v postsovetskiy period // Natsional'naya bezopasnost'.-2012.-4.-C. 13-21.
Nikulin V.V. Spetsifika gosudarst

Abstract: Inclusion of the Baltic regions into the Muscovy started in 1700 - 1721 during the war with Sweden, and it brought into the Russian legal system a social and territorial area with a complicated system of particular sources of law, reflecting its former inclusion into the Baltic territories of the Livonian Confederation (XIII - XVI centuries), and then into the Swedish Kingdom (Esthland, Livonia). Inclusion of the Kurland into the Russian Empire after the third separation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795 completed the inclusion of the Baltic provinces into the Russian Empire.  The various layers of legal information from the former states of the Baltic provinces did not facilitate integration of the local law into the legal system of the Russian Empire, and it was an obstacle to a normal development of legal practice. The measures taken to clarify the local laws both before and after the territories were included into the Russian Empire in XVIII - first quarter of XIX centuries were not successful.  Systematization of local sources of law in 1930 - mid-1940s was an important stage of formation of local law in the Baltic provinces, and in 1845 the first and second part of the Code of Local Laws of the Baltic provinces became an important stage of it as well.  In 1864 the third part of the Code was adopted, and it included civil law provisions of particular law. In 1840-1860 the criminal and procedural legislation of the Baltic provinces was substituted with the Russian legislation. The said issues became the subject of analysis in this article.

Keywords: the Russian Empire, Russian law, sources of law, law of a state, local law, local legal acts, systematization of legislation, unification law, the law of the Baltics, the law of the Baltic provinces

References:
Rezon A.O grazhdanskom prave v Pribaltiyskikh guberniyakh // Zhurnal grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo prava. 1890. Kn. 1 (yanvar'). S. 64.
Belyaev P.I. Obshcheimperskiy zakon i mestnye Ostzeyskie uzakoneniya // Zhurnal Mini-sterstva yustitsii. 1898. № 9. S. 152.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe mnenie Gosudarstvennogo soveta «O poryadke otchuzhdeniya zemel' pod Baltiyskuyu zheleznuyu dorogu». 16 noyabrya 1870 g. // PSZRI-2. T. 45. Otd. 2. № 48921.
Kassatsionnaya praktika po pribaltiyskomu pravu / Sost. S.V. Zavadskiy // Zhurnal Mi-nisterstva yustitsii. 1910. № 8. S. 230-261; 1912. № 8. S. 255-306; 1914. № 3. S. 272-321; 1915. № 7. S. 206-259.
Nevzorov A.S. Kratkoe izlozhenie kursa mestnogo prava pribaltiyskikh guberniy. – Yur'ev, 1904-1905. Ch. 1-2.
Otd. 2. № 41443. 39. Svod grazhdanskikh uzakoneniy guberniy Pribaltiyskikh (chast' III Svoda mestnykh uza-koneniy guberniy Ostzeyskikh) / Sost. A.M. Nol'ken. – Pg., 1915.
Imennoy ukaz, dannyy Senatu, «O izdanii tretey chasti Svoda mestnykh uzakoneniy guberniy ostzeyskikh» // PSZRI-2. T.
Kasso L.A.

Abstract: When the peoples of Caucasia and Transcaucasia were included into the Russian Empire, the Russian government supported local Georgian law in the sphere of its civil law jurisdiction. The Russian government took measures to translate into Russian and sanction the "Georgian law", such as the Code of Prince Vakhtang, which was officially published by the Directing Senate in 1828. General codification of Russian legislation in 1826-1832 and introduction of the Code of Civil Laws moved the local and central administration towards unification of particular and general Empire law.  On October 20, 1859, Tsak Alexander the II had approved the decision of the Caucasian Committee to substitute the Code of Prince Vakhtang with the general laws of the Empire, and the key provisions of Georgian law, which reflected civil laws specificities of the region, were included into the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire.  From that time on the local Georgian law ceased to exist as an independent source, while it was included into general Russian private law regulation. The article concerns the processes regarding use of Georgian local civil law in the regulation of civil law relations in the Caucasus in 1800s - 1850s.

Keywords: the Russian Empire, Russian law, local law, local laws, the Code of Vakhtang, the Armenian Judicial Code, systematization of legislation, the Code of Laws, Georgia, Caucasus

References:
Imennoy ukaz, dannyy Senatu, «Ob utverzhdenii v Mingrelii navsegda russkogo upravleniya, i o pravakh i preimushchestvakh, daruemykh chlenam byvshego vladel'cheskogo tam doma i ikh potomstvu». 4 yanvarya 1867 g. // PSZRI-2. T. 42. Otd. 1. № 44082.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennye prositel'nye punkty vladetel'nogo knyazya Mingrelii Grigoriya Dadiana «O prinyatii ego s podvlastnymi emu zemlyami v poddanstvo Rossii». 4 iyulya 1804 g. // PSZRI-1. T. 28. № 21382a.
Polnyy svod resheniy Grazhdanskogo kassatsionnogo departamenta Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata. – Ekaterinoslav, 1912. № 100. S. 327.
Imennoy ukaz, ob'yavlennyy Senatu upravlyayushchim Ministerstva yustitsii, «O zamene v Zakavkazskom krae postanovleniy iz Ulozheniya tsarya Vakhtanga obshchimi zakonami imperii». 20 oktyabrya 1859 g. // PSZRI-2. T. 34. Otd. 2. № 34980.
Sbornik resheniy Pravitel'stvuyushchego senata. – SPB, 1864. T. 1. № 346. 2 yanvarya 1850 g.; № 444. 2 marta 1853 g.; № 528. 19 iyunya 1856 g.; SPb, 1865. T. 2. № 497. 17 noyabrya 1848 g.; № 561. 17 iyulya 1850 g.
Frenkel' A.S. Predislovie // Sbor

Abstract: The article contains analysis of legal status of foreigners in the Soviet Russia in 1920s - 1930s. The author provides analysis of domestic legislation, international treaties and special literature, as well as of Russian and foreign archives.  The author then studies the general legal status of foreign citizens and some specific categories, such as workers and peasants, intellectuals (doctors, teachers, engineers, etc.). The author establishes the fact that in the RSFSR the foreign citizens had a wide scope rights, including political rights, such as electoral rights, civil rights, including proprietary, family and marital, labor relations, right to judicial protection. The author also studied special status of the German citizens in the USSR according to the treaty law, regime of their stay, order for entering and leaving the RSFSR and USSR for the foreign and Soviet citizens, the procedure of acquiry of the Soviet citizenship by the foreign nationals.  The author also studies the novelties in the law on citizenship of 1938. The author then makes a conclusion that there was a national regime for the foreigners in Russia at the said period of time. It is reflect in almost full equality in rights provided to the foreigners residing in its territory "for labor purposes" and the citizens themselves. 

Keywords: foreigners, Russia, legal position, regulation, regime of stay, entering and departure, acquiring, Soviet citizenship, novelties, the new law

References:
Iz Germanskogo posol'stva v Moskve v MID. 31 dekabrya 1923 // Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts (PA AA), Bonn, Berlin. R 83849.
Instruktsiya o prinyatii inostrantsev v rossiyskoe grazhdanstvo. Tsirkulyar NKVD RSFSR ot 1 dekabrya 1921 g. // Zakonodatel'stvo i mezhdunarodnye dogovory Soyuza SSR… S. 24–25. Kutafin O. E. Rossiyskoe grazhdanstvo. S. 348.
SU RSFSR. 1918. № 31. St. 405.
SU RSFSR. 1921 № 62. St. 437; Sm. takzhe: Kutafin O. E. Rossiyskoe grazhdanstvo. S. 147.
Traynin I.P. K voprosu o grazhdanstve // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo. 1938. № 5. S.. 63.
Gribovskiy V.M. Gosudarstvennoe ustroystvo i upravlenie Rossiyskoy imperii. Odessa, 1912. S. 36.
Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. T. 1Kh. Zakony o sostoyanii. SPb., 1899. St. 982. Sm. takzhe: Kutafin O.E. Rossiyskoe grazhdanstvo. M., 2003. S. 96.
SU RSFSR. 1917. № 3. St. 31.
SU RSFSR. 1917. № 2. St. 18.
Deklaratsiya trudyashchegosya i ekspluatiruemogo naroda, prinyataya Sh Vserossiyskim S'ezdom Sovetov 25 (12) yanvarya 1918 g. // SU RSFSR. 1918. № 15. St

Abstract: The article includes analysis of theft as a type of crimes against property in Russian villages in second half of XIX and early XX centuries.  Based upon a wide range of archive and ethnographical sources the author discusses the elements of customary legal attitudes of the Russian peasants towards encroachments of property of other persons.  The author uncovers the causes of growth of crime among the peasants, including growing number of thefts in the villages at  the said period.  He also provides for attitudes towards theft, theft from churches, horse theft among the village people.  He studies the forms of non-judicial punishments of criminals by the peasants, specific features of justice for peasants and forms of punishments applied to the criminals by the district courts. The article contains analysis of differences between customary law and provisions of official legislation on responsibility for the theft.

Keywords: peasants, villages, customary law, law, thievery, theft, theft of horses, crime, volost court, punishment

References:
Tenishev V. V. Pravosudie v russkom krest'yanskom bytu. Bryansk: Tip. A.S. Suvorina, 1908. – 164 s.
Tambovskie gubernskie vedomosti. 1884. № 27.
Tagantsev N. S. Russkoe ugolovnoe pravo. Lektsii. Chast' obshchaya. V 2-kh t. T. 1. – M.: Nauka, 1994. – 380 s.
Solov'ev E. T. Samosudy u krest'yan Chistopol'skogo uezda Kazanskoy gubernii // Sbornik narodnykh yuridicheskikh obychaev. – SPb.: Tip. V. Kirshbauma, 1878. T. 1. – S. 15–17.
Sbornik narodnykh yuridicheskikh obychaev. – SPb.: Tip. A.S. Suvorina, 1900. T. 2. – 429 s.
Sbornik materialov dlya izucheniya sel'skoy pozemel'noy obshchiny. Pod red. F. L. Barykova – SPB, 1880. T. 1. – 463 s.
Semenov S. P. Iz istorii odnoy derevni (zapiski volokolamskogo krest'yanina) // Russkaya mysl'. 1902. Kn. 7. – S. 20–37.
Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv. F. 1291.
Russkie krest'yane. Zhizn'. Byt. Nravy. Materialy «Etnograficheskogo byuro knyazya V.N. Tenisheva». – SPb.: «Delovaya poligrafiya», OOO «Navigator». 2005–2011. T. 1–7.
Pr–skiy Al., svyashch. Iz nablyudeniy sel'skogo svyashche

Abstract: The "Little Russia" lands (in 1654- Ukraine  and the provinces taken from Poland;  in 1772-1807 - Belarus and Lithuenia (the Western Provinces) formed a national region with the sources of law, which were rather close to the Russian law.  The 1 and 2 Lithuanian Statutes were in force in it with some specificities.  In addition to them the "Little Russia Law"  was based upon the Magdeburg city law, the privileges of the Polish and Lithuanian kings, etc. The law of the Western provinces was not limited to the Lithuanian Statutes.  The Polish and Lithuaninan legislation were in force there. The attemtps to codify the "Little Russia" sources of law and to make the Code were taken since the fourth quarter of XVIII century. In 1743 a draft of codified law was made, and it was entitled "The Judicial Laws of the People of Little Russia", but it was not sanctioned by the government. The second attempt to codify the laws of the Western provinces took place within the framework of the Code of Laws of hte Russian Empire and the attempts to codify legislations of some provinces in special codes.  The official publication of hte Lithuanian Statute had followed.  In 1830-1838 the 2nd Division of the Chancery of Her Magesty brought up a draft of the Code of Local Laws of the Western Provinces, but this project was not approved by the crown due to political reasons and vast variety of its sources.  The process of unification of the legislations of the Little Russia and the Western provinces reflected the will of the Russian governemnt to dissolve the independency elements in the local governments of these regions and to unify the legislation in accordance with the all-Russian laws.  On January 1, 1831 the by an Order to the Senate  Tsar Nicolas the 1st has terminated the application of the Lithuanian Status in Belarus, and by the Order of June 25, 1840 the Tsar terminated its application throughout the Western province, while specific provisions in the Code of Civil Laws  (Vol.10 of hte Laws of the Russian Emprie of 1842 and 1857) were provided for its regulation.  Some specific provisions of the Lithuanian Statute remained only in Poltava and Chernigov Provinces due to the specific of the civil turnover, and the local law in the region practically ceased to exist.  The article concerns the aspects regarding integration of the people and territories of the Little Russia, Belarus and Lithuanian in the Russian state, which formed the basis for singling out the particular law in the Russian legal system.

Keywords: the Russian Empire, the Russian law, the sources of law, local law, local laws, the Little Russia, Belarus, Lithuania, unification of law, systematization of law

References:
Kodan S.V. Litovskiy statut v kontestve issledovaniya sistematizatsii rossiyskogo zakonodatel'stva // Gictoryya i suchasnasts': Belaruskaya dzyarzhaўnasts' va ўskhodneeўrapeyskim tsyvilizatsyynym kantetse. Zbornik navukovykh prats, prysvechanykh 90-goddzyu z dnya naradzhennya prafesara I. A. Yukho. Minsk, 2012.
Statut Velikogo Knyazhestva Litovskogo s podvedeniem v nadlezhashchikh mestakh ssylki na konstitutsii, prilichnye soderzhaniyu onogo. – SPb., 1811. Ch. 1-2.
Nol'de A.E. Ocherki po istorii kodifikatsii mestnykh grazhdanskikh zakonov pri grafe Speranskom. – SPB., 1906. Vyp. 1. Popytka kodifikatsii litovsko-pol'skago prava. S. 30-86.
Davydovich F. Kratkoe izlozhenie predmetov, vzyatoe iz prav, v Maloy Rossii upotreblyaemykh, po kotoromu sleduet izobrazit' prava, soglasno planu vysochayshe konfirmirovannomu // Chteniya v Imperatorskom obshchestve istorii i drevnostey rossiyskikh pri Moskovskom universitete. – M., 1861. T. 2. S. 69-75.
Ruchnoy slovar', ili kratkoe soderzhanie pol'skikh i litovskikh zakonov, soderzhashchikh rukovodstvo v sudebnykh tyazhbakh vsyako

Abstract: The article contains analysis of legal status of foreigners in the Soviet Russia in 1920s - 1930s. The author provides analysis of domestic legislation, international treaties and special literature, as well as of Russian and foreign archives. The author then studies the general legal status of foreign citizens and some specific categories, such as workers and peasants, intellectuals (doctors, teachers, engineers, etc.). The author establishes the fact that in the RSFSR the foreign citizens had a wide scope rights, including political rights, such as electoral rights, civil rights, including proprietary, family and marital, labor relations, right to judicial protection. The author also studied special status of the German citizens in the USSR according to the treaty law, regime of their stay, order for entering and leaving the RSFSR and USSR for the foreign and Soviet citizens, the procedure of acquiry of the Soviet citizenship by the foreign nationals. The author also studies the novelties in the law on citizenship of 1938. The author then makes a conclusion that there was a national regime for the foreigners in Russia at the said period of time. It is reflect in almost full equality in rights provided to the foreigners residing in its territory "for labor purposes" and the citizens themselves. 

Keywords: civil rights, political rights, workers, regulation, legal status, Russia, foreign citizens, judicial protection, prisoners of war, identity of rights

References:
Lager, Front und Heimat. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in Sowjetrussland 1917 bis 1920. Bd. 2. S. 607.
GATO. F. 3. Op. 13. D. 4349. L. 27 ob.
Ob etom pisal v svoikh vospominaniyakh byvshiy Slavgorodskiy (na Altae) pastor Stach, Jacob: Meine Feuertaufe. Erlebnisse eines evangelischen Diasporapfarrers in Sibirien. St. Gallen, Buchhandlung der evangelischen Gesellschaft. 1924. S. 182–193.
Otchet o poezdke sm.: Gosudarstvennyy arkhiv Novosibirskoy oblasti (GANO). F. P-1. Op. 9. D. 78.
Striegnitz S. Die active Teilnahme ehemaliger deutscher Kriegsgefangener an der Oktoberrevolution und an der Kaempfen des Buergerkrieges 1918–1922 // Zeitschrift fuer Geschichtswissenschaft. № 1. 1960. S. 139.
Golisheva L.A. Organizatsiya natsional'nykh otdelov pri sovetakh na territorii Sibiri (1920–1921 gg.) // Voprosy istorii Sibiri. Tomsk, 1965. S. 165–175.
Uzhe v 1918 g. iz voennoplennykh kommunistov byla sozdana nemetskaya gruppa RKP (b), vkhodivshaya v Federatsiyu inostrannykh kommunisticheskikh grupp pri TsK RKP (b). Ee organizatsii (v

Abstract: Bessarabia was a social and territorial entity within the Russian Empire, where the model of local self government with evident autonomy elements was formed in the Russian state. It influenced the processes of integration of hte Bessarabian law into the system of law of the Russian Empire, and it had two stages of development. On the first stage (1812-1828) the local law in Bessarabia was recognized as an autonomous system of legal norms, and on the second stage (starting from 1828) the legislation was unified in the public law sphere, while the local law remained in the system of civil law, and special laws were passed by the Russian government for this region.  The article concerns the above-mentioned issues.

Keywords: history of Russia, history of law, sources of law, system of law, local law, Bessarabia, Bessarabian law

References:
Resheniya Grazhdanskogo kassatsionnogo depar-tamenta Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata za 1900 g. – Ekaterinoslav, 1911. № 72. S. 164-171.
Polnyy svod resheniy Grazhdanskogo kassatsionnogo departamenta Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata za 1880 g. – Ekaterinoslav, 1905. № 142. S. 406-407;№ 200. S. 640-642.
Polnyy svod resheniy Grazhdanskogo kassatsi-onnogo departamenta Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata za 1882 g. – Ekaterinoslav, 1912. № 129. S. 444-445.
Uchrezhdenie dlya upravleniya Bessarabskoy oblasti, izdannoe 29 fevralya 1828 g. // PSZRI-2. T. 3. № 1834.
Polnyy svod resheniy Grazhdanskogo kassatsionnogo departamenta Pravitel'stvuyushchego Senata za 1876 g. – Ekaterinoslav, 1905. № 500. S. 981-988.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe mnenie Gosudarstvennogo soveta «O pereimenovanii Bessarabskoy oblasti i o uprazdnenii oblastnogo soveta». 23 oktyabrya 1873 g. // PSZRI-2. T. 48. Otd. 2. № 52721; Uchrezhdenie Bessarabskoy gubernii // Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. – SPb., 1857. T. 2. Ch. 2. St. 130.
Polnyy svod resheniy Grazhdanskogo kassatsionnogo depart

Abstract: The author provides a historical legal study on the issue of infanticide and criminal abortions in the rural Russia. Based upon the archive documents and ethnographical sources, he establishes how infanticide was evaluated by the state legislation and customary law ofpeasants, as well as the attitudes towards this type of crime among the Russian villagers.  He establishes the level of spread of child murdering and criminal abortions in the rural areas in late XIX and early XX centuries. He studies methods and motives for infanticides, as well as specific features of criminal cases of this type.  He also analyzes a criminal abortion as a type of "female" crime.  He discusses legislative interpretation of abortion, and reaction of the peasants to such facts, as well as the causes making women abort their pregnancies.  The material includes comparative analysis of the situation in  late XIX and early XX centuries and the current situation.

Keywords: peasants, customary law, criminal law, infanticide, criminal abortion, village, sin, crime motives, unfathered children, punishment

References:
Bezgin V.B. ALKOGOL' V OBYDENNOY ZhIZNI RUSSKOGO SELA (konets XIX-nachalo XX v.) // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-3.-C. 421-453. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.3.549. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_549.html
Bezgin V.B. RUSSKAYa DEREVNYa KONTsA XIX – NAChALA XX VEKA: GRANI KREST'YaNSKOY DEVIANTNOSTI (Chast' 2) // NB: Istoricheskie issledovaniya.-2012.-2.-C. 149-190. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/hr/article_302.html
Bezgin V.B. Krazhi v rossiyskom sele vtoroy poloviny XIX – nachala XX veka // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-6.-C. 285-319. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.6.5112. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_5112.html
Bezgin V.B., Yudin A.N. Krest'yanskaya obshchina i sel'sovet v 1920-e gody // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-2.-C. 119-160. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.2.403. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_403.html
V.B. Bezgin. Imushchestvennye prestupleniya v krest'yanskoy srede: mezhdu zakonom i obychaem. // Pravo i politika. – 2009. – № 4.
V. B. Bezgin, A. N. Yudin. Politika b

Abstract: The article concerns capital punishment as one of the measures of punishment existing in history of Russian law. The author analyzes the period when legislative provisions for capital punishment has appeared, he studies evolution of this institution as well as the possibilities for abolishment of capital punishment in Russia within the framework of civil society formation.  The author analyzes the situation which developed in the Russian Federation after the moratorium for capital punishment was introduced, and he makes a conclusion that this moratorium does not correspond the mindset of most Russian citizens towards judges and humanity.  The author points out the problems regarding capital punishment, and pays attention to many aspects of this problem. The problem of capital punishment is complicated, it has large scope and many layers, it has political, ethical and legal dimensions, and it is one of important elements of international and domestic law.  The discussions on preservation of this type of punishment are ongoing for many centuries, and they are not likely to stop anytime soon.  It is undoubted that  this punishment is the most radical measure of state revenge upon a person, who has violated legal imperatives, as provided by the state, and it is aimed at preservation of moral and legal norms established by the state power. 

Keywords: capital punishment, history of law, crime, punishment, moratorium, history of Russia, criminal law

References:
V Zheneve nachalsya kongress za otmenu smertnoy kazni // Vesti. 2010. 24 fevr. URL: http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=343688&tid=74455
Rossiya budet pozhiznenno kormit' i odevat' prestupnikov, zasluzhivayushchikh smertnoy kazni // Russkiy obozrevatel'. 2009. 19 noyab.
Konstitutsionnyy sud zapretil primenyat' v Rossii smertnuyu kazn'. URL: http://www.lenta.ru/news/2009/11/19/death/
O raz'yasnenii p.5 rezolyutivnoy chasti Postanovleniya Konstitutsionnogo Suda RF ot 2.02.1999 g. № 3-P po delu o proverke konstitutsionnosti polozheniy st.41 i chasti tret'ey st.42 UPK RSFSR.
Starkov O.V., Milyukov S.F. Nakazanie: ugolovno-pravovoy i kriminologicheskiy analiz. SPb., 2001. S. 19.
Ugolovnyy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii :ot 13 iyunya 1996 g. N 63-FZ (red. ot 04.10.2010) // Sobr. zakonodatel'stva Ros. Federatsii. 1996. N 25. St. 2954; Rossiyskaya gazeta. 2010. 6 okt.
O vnesenii izmeneniy i dopolneniy v Ugolovnyy kodeks RSFSR i Ugolovno-protsessual'nyy kodeks RSFSR : federal'n. zakon ot 1 iyulya 1994 g. № 10-FZ (red. ot 18.12.2001). – Do

Abstract: The Grand Principality of Finland was included into the Russian Empire in 1808, and it became the first social and territorial area in the Russian Empire, which recieved an upheld till early XX century complete localization of state and legal system within the framework of the Russian statehood.  Establishing the boundaries of the Muskovy in XI - XVII century and annexion of part of the Finnish lands of the Swedish Kingdom to Russia in XVIII century posed a problem of legal position of Finns as Russian citizens, and the formation of the Grand Principality of Finland posed a problem of local Finnish law within its system. The article is devoted to integration processes, the authors shows sources and changes in the particular law of this national region within the Russian Empire.

Keywords: history of Russia, history of law, system of law, particular law, local law, systematization of legislation, the Kingdom of Sweden, Swedish law, the Principality of Finland, law of Finland

References:
Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy odobrennyy Gosudarstvennym Sovetom i Gosudarstvennoyu Dumoy zakon «O poryadke izdaniya kasayushchikhsya Finlyandii zakonov i postanovleniy obshchegosudarstvennogo znacheniya». 17 iyunya 1910 g. // PSZRI-3. T. 30. Otd. 1. № 33793. Dalee analiziruetsya dannyy akt.
Sm: Sbornik mneniy russkikh professorov gosudarstvennogo prava o prirode otnosheniy Rossii k Finlyandii. SPb., 1910; Kuplevaskiy N.O. Spravka o mneniyakh 25-ti russkikh uchenykh, spetsialistov prava, po voprosu o yuridicheskom polozhenii Finlyandii v sostave Russkoy Imperii. SPb., 1910.
Sm.: Korevo N.N. Predislovie // Seymovyy Ustav dlya Velikogo Knyazhestva Finlyandskogo, Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy 20 iyulya 1906 goda. SPb., 1913. S. 1-2.
Seymovyy Ustav dlya Velikogo Knyazhestva Finlyandskogo, Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy 20 iyulya 1906 goda. SPb., 1913. Sm. takzhe: Sergeevskiy N.S. Finlyandskiy seymovyy ustav 7/20 iyulya 1906 goda // Seymovyy ustav dlya Velikogo knyazhestva Finlyandskogo 7/20 iyulya 1906 goda. SPb., 1907. S. 7-13.
Manifeste «Ob uchrezhdenii Gosudarstvennoy dumy»

Abstract: To the author's opinion, Soviet State had serious reasons to change its policy towards religion because it had obviously failed to overcome the influence of church in general and youth in particular by force. Analyzing the legislation of Soviet authorities, Communist Party and Komsomol since 1923, the author outlines quite a number of methods of extermism prevention both by religious people and ateists. At the same time, the author underlines that the Soviet government did not consider the enforcement of legality as the main purpose of political control. Quite on the contrary, the political control was used for repressions. 

Keywords: history of state, law, religion, youth, Komsomol, Communist Party, Extremism, New Economic Policy, Orthodoxy, Islam

References:
Armageddon. 2001. Kn.11. S.88.
Vasil'eva N. «Doloy popov i shamanov!..» // Ilin. 2001. №2(25). [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://www.sakhaopenworld.org/ilin/2001-2/44.htm (Data obrashcheniya: 28.12.2012)
Trushnovich A.R. Vospominaniya kornilovtsa [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL: http://www.dk1868.ru/history/zap_korn5.htm (Data obrashcheniya: 17.03.2009).
Tam zhe. D.5. L.2.
GARF. F.5407 .Op.1. D.6. L.5.
GARF. F.5407. Op.1. D.12. L.12.
Lebina N. Deyatel'nost' «voinstvuyushchikh bezbozhnikov» i ikh sud'ba //Vopr. istorii. 1996. № 5 – 6. S. 154.
Tam zhe. L.27-30.
RGASPI. F.P-89. Op.4. D.145. L.4.
GARF. F.5407. Op.1. D.2. L.33.
Sm. : Slezin A.A. Rol' soyuza bezbozhnikov v realizatsii gosudarstvennoy politiki v otnoshenii religii (1924-1929 gg.) // Vestnik Kaliningradskogo yuridicheskogo instituta MVD Rossii.2009. № 2(18).S.85-90.
Balantsev A.V. Antireligioznaya deyatel'nost' komsomola (1918-1925 gg.): Dis. … kand. ist. nauk. Tambov, 2008. S.203.
RGASPI. F.M-1. Op.23. D.145. L.17.
Kommunisticheskoe prosveshch

Abstract: The article is devoted to the local law of national regions of the Russian empire from the point of view of their place and role in politics, ideology and legal practice of the Russian State in the process of formation and development of the Russian empire during the second half of XVII - beginning of XX centuries. The author describes the origins of legal particularism during development of the Russian ancient state institution and law, separation of local sources of law during disunity in Old Russia as well as differentiation between national law and local law during creation of the Moscow State and centralization of the legal regulation. Special attention is paid at the role of local law in politics and ideology of the Russian supreme authority during creation and development of the Russian empire as a complex state and legal unit as well as definitions of models and peculiarities of the legal structure of particular national regions from the point of view of legal autonomy. The author also analyzes legal nature of local law as the phenomenon typical for the empire form of organization of the legal space and provides its definition. 

Keywords: local legitimation, Russian legislation, local laws, legal system, sources of law, history of law, Baltic law, law of Baltic provinces

References:
Sm.: Kodan S.V. Vzaimodeystvie natsional'nogo i mezhdunarodnogo prava v Rossiyskoy imperii (XVII – nachalo XX vv.) // Aktual'nye problemy istorii, politiki i prava. – Ekaterinburg, 2011. Vyp. 11. S. 35-37.
Traktat, zaklyuchennyy na kongresse v Nishtate upolnomochennymi ministrami: s rossiyskoy storony – generalom-fel'dtseygmeysterom grafom Bryusom i kantselyarii sovetnikom Ostermanom, a s shvedskoy storony – Lilienshteynom i baronom Shtremfel'tom «O vechnom mire mezhdu oboimi gosudarstvami». 30 avgusta 1721 g. // PSRI-1. T. 6. № 3819.
Vvedenie // Svod mestnykh uzakoneniy guberniy ostzeyskikh. – SPb., 1864. Ch. 3.
Svod mestnykh zakonov zapadnykh guberniy. Proekt. – SPB, 1837.
Kasso L.A. Vizantiyskoe pravo v Bessarabii. – M., 1907. S. 49.
Svod mestnykh uzakoneniy guberniy ostzeyskikh. – SPb., 1845. Dalee po tekstu tsitiruetsya dannyy istochnik.
Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy Ustav grazhdanskogo sudoproizvodstva. 20 noyabrya 1864 g. // PSZRI-2. T. 39. Otd. 2. № 41477. St. 9.
Svod zakonov grazhdanskikh // Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy

Abstract: Based on the analysis of numerous archives, the author of the article describes the attitude of rural population towards local government and its representatives. The author describes how village community assemblies functioned  and made their decisions and how peasants perceived activities performed by elected representatives of rural public administration. The author also describes the nature of rural administration activities as well as attitude of local population towards it. 

Keywords: peasantry, self-government, community, power, community assembly (gathering), court, village headman, crime, volost (district) head, scribe

References:
V. V. Shelokhaev. Stolypinskiy tip modernizatsii Rossii // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2012. – № 3. – S. 34-41.
E. V. Belokurov. Prodovol'stvennaya kampaniya 1901–1902 godov: k voprosu ob organizatsii prodovol'stvennogo dela v Rossii (konets XVIII – nachalo XX veka) // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2012. – № 6. – S. 27-38.
V. B. Bezgin. Samoubiystva krest'yan v rossiyskoy derevne kontsa XIX – nachala XX veka // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2012. – № 1. – S. 69-76.
N. N. Pavlova. «Moskovskiy Manchester»: Bogorodsko-Glukhovskaya manufaktura Morozovykh (1847–1917) // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2011. – № 3. – S. 92-111.
E. P. Kurenysheva. Opyt Stolypinskoy reformy v otsenkakh krest'yan perioda NEPa // Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2011. – № 2.
V.B. Bezgin. Imushchestvennye prestupleniya v krest'yanskoy srede: mezhdu zakonom i obychaem. // Pravo i politika. – 2009. – № 4.
V. B. Bezgin. Vinopitie v pravovykh obychayakh i povsednevnoy zhizni sel'sko

Abstract: This article considers the main issues relating to the existence of and the dynamic changes to political crime in Russia in relation to the legal, doctrinal and societal perception of political crime and its various forms, from Kievan Rus' to the end of the twentieth century. Using historical and legal sources, available statistical data, and various academic publications of both Russian and foreign experts, the author distinguishes two types of political crime - violent political crime and non-violent political crime, both of which are extant in modern Russian society. The qualitative and quantitative indicators of these varieties of political crime are constantly changing. At different times, different qualities of both types of political crime appear and disappear, and the situation can change dramatically, driven by various groups of objective social factors. The organization of political power of government is essential in determining the status of political crime in Russia and its perception in society. The widespread use of electoral technologies in the formation of state and local government is increasing and will lead to the growth of a special kind of political crime - electoral crime.

Keywords: political criminology, political terrorism, political terror, insurrection, mutiny, political criminality, political criminal, political crime, totalitarian criminality, electoral crime

References:
Tarnovskiy E.N. Statisticheskie svedeniya o litsakh, obvinyaemykh v prestupleniyakh gosudarstvennykh // Zhurnal ministerstva yustitsii. – 1905. – №4.
Tarnovskiy E.N. Izmeneniya prestupnosti v razlichnykh obshchestvennykh gruppakh // Yuridicheskiy vestnik. – 1889. – №5.
Tarnovskiy E.N. Statistika prestupnosti lits dvoryanskogo sosloviya // Vestnik prava. – 1890. – №9.
Tard G. Prestupnik i prestuplenie. Sravnitel'naya prestupnost'. Prestupleniya tolpy / Sost. i predisl. V.S. Ovchinskogo. – M., 2004.
Tager A.S. Politicheskaya amnistiya // Vestnik prava. – 1917. – №18.
Tagantsev N.S. Russkoe ugolovnoe pravo. Lektsii. Chast' obshchaya. V 2-kh tomakh. – M., 1994. – T.1.
Sudebnoe razbiratel'stvo po povodu sobytiya 1 marta (Zasedanie osobogo prisutstviya pravitel'stvuyushchego senata dlya suzhdeniya del o gosudarstvennykh prestupleniyakh // Yuridicheskoe obozrenie (Tiflis). – 1881. – №3.
Solov'ev S.M. Istoriya Rossii s drevneyshikh vremen. – M., 1964. – T.13. – Kn.7.
Suvorov A.I. Politicheskiy terrorizm v Rossii XIX – nachala KhKh vekov. Istoki, struktu

Abstract: The author of the article describes formation and development of the law on lottery in the Russian State. The author divides the formation of the law on lottery in Russia into the three historical periods, each of them having its special features and patterns: pre-revolutionary period, Soviet period and modern Russian period. The author describes each historical period in detail and analyzes regulations and standards of legal regulation of lottery activities in our country. The author also makes certain conclusions that characterize legal regulation of lottery in Russia at eah period of its development. 

Keywords: lottery, game, gambling, risk, history, legal regulation, legislation, Russia, state, aleatory

References:
Tam zhe.
Bagno Yu.V. Grazhdansko-pravovoe regulirovanie lotereynogo dogovora // Zakonodatel'stvo. 2004. №4 // SPS «Garant».
Bagno Yu.V. Ukaz. soch.
http://www.economy.gov.ru/minec/about/structure/depgosregulirineconomy/doc20121204_04#
Strel'nikova G.I.Ukaz. soch. S. 29.
Strel'nikova G.I.Ukaz. soch. S. 34.
Sokhan A.V. Pravovoe regulirovanie loterey v RSFSR // Pravo i politika. 2011. №10. S. 1737.
Strel'nikova G.I. Ukaz.soch. S. 25.
Tam zhe. S. 25.
Strel'nikova G.I. Ukaz.soch. S. 26.


Tam zhe. S. 26.
Strel'nikova G.I.Ukaz. soch. S. 28.
Bulkin V.I. Loterei v SSSR // Finansy SSSR. 1979. №8. S. 72.
Strel'nikova G.I. Grazhdansko-pravovoe regulirovanie organizatsii i provedeniya loterey v SSSR. Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Sverdlovsk, 1983. S. 24-25.
Selezneva E.Yu. Denezhno-veshchevaya lotereya kak metod privlecheniya denezhnykh sredstv naseleniya Dal'nevostochnogo regiona v gosbyudzhet v poslevoennye gody // Vologdinskie chteniya. 2007. № 62. S. 93.
Plotnikov K.N. Ocherki istorii byudzheta Sovetskogo

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of legislative initiatives of Russian state authorities for the purpose of minimization of recidivism by means of supervision and control over persons released from places of detention during the period of time since 1844 till 2009. Based on archives and research papers, the author analyzes the stages of formation of post-penitentiary control and its initial purposes and transformations along with the development of the country's political system. It all emphasizes the need in constant preventive measures with persons who are released from places of detention and potentially ready to commit a new crime. 

Keywords: post-penitentiary control, penal institutions, police, administrative supervision, recidivism, supervised persons, criminal liability, reference, corrective labour establishments, militsia

References:
Ob otvetstvennosti za narushenie pravil administrativnogo nadzora: ukaz Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR ot 4.08.1966 g. // Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR. St. 770. – 1966. – Rezhim dostupa: [Konsul'tant plyus]. Zagl. s ekrana
Ukaz Prezidiuma VS SSSR ot 26 iyulya 1966 g. № 5364-VI «Ob administrativnom nadzore organov vnutrennikh del za litsami, osvobozhdennymi iz mest lisheniya svobody». Vedomosti VS SSSR. – № 30. – 27 iyulya 1966. – Ct. 597. Konsul'tant Plyus
P. Z st. 10 Ukaza Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta RSFSR ot 30.09.1965 g. «Ob utverzhdenii Polozheniya o nablyudatel'nykh komissiyakh» (s izm. i dop., vnesennymi Ukazom Prezidiuma VS RSFSR ot 18 iyunya 1986 g. – Vedomosti VS RSFSR, № 26, st.727). // Biblioteka normativno-pravovykh aktov Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. (sayt). URL: http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_6300.htm
Preventsiya (ot pozdne-lat. praeventio – operezhayu, preduprezhdayu; angl. prevention) – preduprezhdenie, predokhranenie, predotvrashchenie. // Vikipedia (sayt). URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wik

Abstract: The author of the article describes historical stages of development of the institution of inter-court assistance for civil cases in the Soviet law. The main factors influencing this process include the internatinal law policy of the Soviet State as well international standards in the sphere of protection of the human rights and freedoms. Methodological method is used as the main method of the research. The first stage of the development of this legal instituate falls on 1917-1921, the second stage - on 1922 - 1928, the third stage - on 1929 - 1941, the fourth stage - on 1945 - 1957, and the final stage of development of inter-court assistance in civil cases falls on 1957 - 1991. The author analyzes the Soviet Union internatinal relations at each stage of the development, its international law obligations and interna Soviet legislation including constitutional, civil, procedural and matrimonial laws as well as laws on notariat and civil registration. 

Keywords: international, legal assistance, civil cases, Soviet law, stages of development

References:
Soglashenie mezhdu SSSR i Frantsiey o peredache sudebnykh i notarial'nykh dokumentov i vypolnenii sudebnykh porucheniy po grazhdanskim i torgovym delam (Moskva, 1938 g.)// Sbornik deystvuyushchikh dogovorov, soglasheniy i konventsiy, zaklyuchennykh SSSR s inostrannymi gosudarstvami. Vyp. IX.-M., 1938.
Obmen notami o poryadke ispolneniya sudebnykh porucheniy mezhdu SSSR i Soedinennymi Shtatami Ameriki (Moskva, 1935 g.) // Sobranie zakonov i rasporyazheniy Raboche-Krest'yanskogo Pravitel'stva SSSR. Otdel vtoroy.-1936.-№ 4.-St. 44.
O poryadke zaklyucheniya i ratifikatsii mezhdunarodnykh dogovorov Soyuza SSR: Postanovlenie TsIK SSSR ot 17 maya 1925 goda// SZ SSSR.-1925.-St.258.
Obmen notami ob ispolnenii sudebnykh porucheniy po grazhdanskim delam na usloviyakh vzaimnosti mezhdu SSSR i Frantsiey (Moskva, 1930 g.) // Ofitsial'no opublikovan ne byl.
Kodeks zakonov o brake, sem'ey i opeke ot 19 noyabrya 1926 goda// SU RSFSR.-1926.-N 82.-St. 612.
Grazhdanskiy protsessual'nyy kodeks R.S.F.S.R.: utv. Postanovleniem VTsIK RSFSR ot 10 iyulya 1923 goda //

Abstract: Throughout XVIII - first quarter of XIX centuries the issue of determination and combination of fundamental laws regarding the position of supreme power in Russia was within the sight of the Russian governerns. The issue was finally solved only in 1832 when the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was passed out. It was solved within the framework of the Fundamental State Laws provisions. However, certain efforts were already put forth towards solving the issue in XVIII and early XIX, especially by the Law Making Commission when it passed the first draft Core Law of the Russian Empire of Gustav Adolf von Rosenkampf in 1804 and defined the basis of legislative activity in the Grounds of Russian Law in 1815. The author of the article describes the first attempts of defining the contents and preparing the draft Fundamental Laws of the Russian Federation by the Law Making Committee in 1790-1820. 

Keywords: History of State, Russian Empire, History of Russia, History of law, core laws, fundamental laws, supreme power, form of government, absolute supremacy, Russian emperor

References:
Osnovaniya rossiyskogo prava // Sistematicheskiy svod sushchestvuyushchikh zakonov Rossiyskoy im-perii s osnovaniyami prava iz onykh izvlechennymi. Izdavaemye Komissiey sostavleniya zakonov. SPb., 1815. T. 1.
Sm.: Rozenkampf G.A. Korennye zakony Rossiyskoy imperii / Vseobshchee ulozhenie dlya Rossiyskoy imperii // Zapiski Russkogo nauchnogo instituta v Belgrade. Belgrad, 1938. Vyp. 15. S. 157-164. Dalee tsitiruetsya dannyy dokument.
Sm.: Makarov A.N. Proekt Osnovnykh zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii 1804 g. (proekt Rozenkampfa) // Zapiski Russkogo nauchnogo instituta v Belgrade. Belgrad, 1938. Vyp. 15. S. 150-156.
Sm.: Imennoy ukaz Senatu «O preobrazovanii Komissii sostavleniya zakonov». 28 fevralya 1804 g. // PSZRI-1. T. 28. № 21186; Doklad Ministerstva yustitsii «O preobrazovanii Komissii sostavleniya zakonov» 28 fevralya 1804 g. // Trudy Komissii sostavleniya zakonov. SPb., 1804. Ch. 1. S. 30-32; Tabl. 1.
Bezborodko A.A. Zapiska «O potrebnostyakh imperii Rossiyskoy». 1799 g. // Konstitutsionnye proekty v Rossii. Dok. № 21.
Sm.: Mak

Abstract: Important elements of the Russian government related to state organization and social management, s.s. form of government, state and law structure and state regime, were legally fixed in the first half of XIX century. Legal fixation of the place and role of the subject in estate stratification of the Russian society was used as the main tool of implementation of a political regime and social management in the Russian empire. The author of the article describes the role and meaning of estate stratification of a society in social management of the Russian empire. The author studies the political and legal context of the problem and shows the legal nature of estates as well as systematizatoin of estate legislation as a part of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The author also analyzes the Code of Laws on Conditions of 1832-1857 in terms of the fundamental principles of the legal status of the main groups of estates. 

Keywords: law history, social structure, organization of government, form of government, state regime, estates, conditions, estate legislation, code of laws, estate law

References:
Dannye privedeny po izdaniyu: Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Izd. 1857 g. T. 9. Zakony o sostoyaniyakh. Khronologicheskiy ukazatel'. S. 11-44. Podschet avtora.
Sm: Svod zakonov o sostoyaniyakh // Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. SPb., 1832. T. 9; Svod zakonov o sostoyaniyakh // Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. SPb., 1842. T. 9; Svod zakonov o sostoyaniyakh // Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. SPb., 1857, T. 9.
Nersesyants V.S. Obshchaya teoriya prava i gosudarstva. M., 1999. S. 244.
Klyuchevskiy V.O. Istoriya sosloviy v Rossii. Lektsii. M., 1887.
Sm.: Ivanova N.A., Zheltova V.P. Soslovnoe obshchestvo Rossiyskoy imperii (XVIII-nachalo XX veka). M., 2009. S. 6-17.
Ustinov V.M. Kratkiy ocherk russkogo gosudarstvennogo stroya. M., 1915. S. 112; Usti-nov V.M., Novitskiy I.B., Gernet M.N. Osnovnye ponyatiya russkogo gosudarstvennogo, grazhdanskogo i ugolovnogo prava. M., 1910. S. 107; Il'in I.A., Ustinov V.M., Novitskiy I.B., Gernet M.N. Osnovy zakonovedeniya. Pg.-M., 1915. S. 216.
Shalland L.A. Russkoe gosudarstvennoe pravo. Yur'ev, 190