Abstract: The subject of the research of the scientific article is a comparative legal analysis of two leading constitutional legal doctrines in the Western tradition of law - the concepts of the constitutional state and the rule of law. The article defines the affiliation of the studied doctrines to the Western tradition of law, reveals the necessary prerequisites for the implementation of the corresponding political and legal ideals.
Particular attention is paid to the contrasting comparison of the doctrines of the constitutional state and the rule of law. The author sees the most significant differences between the doctrines of the constitutional state and the rule of law in their belonging to the political or legal sphere, the object of restriction, attitude to the judiciary and judicial procedure, connection with the philosophy of law, the form of expression of law and domestic or international legal orientation.   
The scientific novelty of the work rests in the fact that the author has undertaken a contrasting comparative legal study of the doctrines of the constitutional state and the rule of law. The article substantiates that the doctrine of the constitutional state belongs to the ideology of the civil law, while the doctrine of the rule of law is the leading constitutional doctrine in the states of common (Anglo-American) law.
In contrast to the continental concept of the constitutional state, the doctrine of the rule of law is organically linked to the specific experience of the political and legal development of England, aimed at establishing a universal, defined, based on a common law order, the limitation of the law, the primary basis of which is the case law of the courts, the current executive power, is considered not only as domestic, but also international legal the concept, and pays special attention to the observance of the procedural form, with which it associates the achievement of the goals of the rule of law.

Keywords: philosophy of law, comparative law, legal order, legal procedure, civil law, legal doctrine, English jurisprudence, constitutional state, Rule of Law, common law

References:
Antonov, M. V. (2015). Theory of state and law: textbook and workshop for academic bachelor's degree. Moscow: Yurayt.
Udartsev, S. F., Temirbekov, Zh. R. (2015). The concepts of “Rule of Law” (“Rule of Law”) and “Rechtsstaat” (“Constitutional State”): a comparative analysis. State and Law, 5, 5–16.
Lazarev, V. V., & Gorobets, V. D. (1994). Theory of the Legal State. In General Theory of Law and State: Textbook. Ed. V. V. Lazarev. Moscow: Yurist.
Alekseev, N. N. (1919). General doctrine of law. A course of lectures delivered at the Tauride University in 1918-1919. Simferopol.
Oksamytny, V. V. (2015). General theory of state and law: a textbook for university students studying in the programme of "Jurisprudence". Moscow: Unity-Dana.
Protasov, V. N., & Protasova, N. V. (2010). Lectures on the general theory of law and the theory of the state. Moscow: Publishing House "Gorodets".
Barenboim, P. (20

Abstract: The subject of this article is theoretical concepts and explanatory models used in legal science to identify the essence of law and legal phenomena, as well as issues of the evolution of methodological knowledge in jurisprudence in modern conditions. Due to the lack of adequate tools in classical jurisprudence for describing and researching the nature of new phenomena of legal reality, as well as in connection with overcoming politically and socially determined methodological limitations, legal science is faced with the need to search and disseminate new methodological approaches. New methodological approaches in the social sciences in general and in jurisprudence in particular do not pretend to establish the absolute truth, their advantage lies in the integration of traditional approaches. When considering the problems of the methodology of modern legal research, the author points out the need to apply new postclassical approaches, including the communicative theory of law. The novelty of the research consists in substantiating the impossibility of the transition of legal science to a qualitatively new level of knowledge of law and legal phenomena, provided that it uses the classical (and to a certain extent outdated) methodological optics. Since legal science develops in the context of the development of scientific knowledge in general and goes through the same stages in its development, at the present stage its development may be associated with the application of integrative concepts of legal understanding. One of the most interesting integrative concepts of legal understanding is the communicative approach, which allows us to give a more complete picture of the law, of all legal institutions, as it introduces legal dogmatics into the context of social communication. The communicative approach offers legal science new tools for understanding law and legal phenomena in their social dimension, which is the basis for using it as a methodological basis for current research in the field of lawmaking and law enforcement.

Keywords: social communication, the communicative concept of law, integrative legal understanding, global challenges, normativism, positivism, criteria of scientific rationality, methodology of science, approaches to legal understanding, jurisprudence

References:
 Kerimov, D.A. (2011). Methodology of law: Subject, functions, problems of philosophy of law. Moscow: SSU Publishing House.
Lapaeva, V.V. (2008). Legal principle of formal equality. Journal of Russian Law, 2, 67–80.
Avdonin, V.S. (2014). Methodological integration of science. METHOD: Moscow yearbook of works from social science disciplines, 4, 12–32.
Spirkin, A.G. (2009). Philosophy: textbook for technical universities. Moscow: Gardariki.
Deleuze, G., Guattari, F. (2009). What is philosophy? Moscow: Academic Project.
Tarasov, N.N. (2001). Methodological problems of legal science. Ekaterinburg.
Polyakov, A.V. (2021). General theory of law: problems of interpretation in the context of the communicative approach. Moscow: Prospekt.
Kuhn, T. (2020). Structure of scientific revolutions. Moscow: Publishing house AST.
Khabrieva, T.Ya. (2019). Cyclic norm

Abstract: The article deals with the problem of a collective subject in the conditions of the spread of digital communications. The classification of collective subjects is a definite problem for legal science. There are social, political, and economic collective entities. A collective entity exists under the following conditions. Firstly, there should be a possibility of constant communication between the members of the team. Secondly, the team conducts one or more types of common activities. Thirdly, the team members participate in the development of directions and ways of future activities. Fourth, they can directly or indirectly influence decisions on the choice of one of the proposed options for future activities. The spread of digital communications significantly increases the connectivity of large teams. There is a possibility of existence of geographically distributed collective entities, whose members are located in different countries. The research method is based on the analysis of changes in the ways of communication between individuals who make up a collective subject. Digital networks allow for discussions (including those protected by cryptography), voting, foresight, the use of digital signatures, and automatic logging of all communication. Compared to telephone communication, digital communications allow the simultaneous participation of hundreds of people (collective chat). The speed of e-mail transmission is thousands of times higher than the speed of written messages. The new tools allow for video conferences with demonstrations of graphic and tabular materials. Voting using secure protocols and digital signatures is possible. There are decision support systems, computer models (digital doubles) of objects that need to be managed to make decisions. All this leads to a significant change in the quality and effectiveness of collective subjects. New types of collective actors (virtual communities) are emerging, which ultimately influence events in the real world. Legal science needs to start studying the processes of digitalization and comprehend their theoretical significance for jurisprudence.

Keywords: collective subject, network community, digital twin, decision support systems, communication, cognitive, implicit knowledge, subject, informatization, digitalization

References:
Samylov, I.V. (2009). The concept and system of collective subjects of law. Bulletin of Perm University. Legal sciences, 4(6), 25-32.
Veliyeva, D.S. (2013). Collective subjects of constitutional rights. Bulletin of the Saratov State Law Academy, 4(93), 205-208.
Kasavin, I.T. (2015). Collective subject as a subject of epistemological analysis. Epistemology and philosophy of science, 46(4), 5-18.
McCarthy, D.E. (1996). Knowledge as Culture: The New Sociology of Knowledge. New York&London: Routledge.
Viale, R. (2012). Methodological Cognitivism. Vol. 1: Mind, Rationality, and Society. Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24743-9
Riesch, H. (2014). Philosophy, history and sociology of science: Interdisciplinary relations and complex social identities. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 48, 30-37. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2014.09.013
Sukharev, M.V. (2008). Ev