Abstract: The subject of the study is certain areas of criminal law policy in the field of protection of fair competition, namely the current state of criminalization of acts restricting fair competition, the signs of which directly or indirectly correspond to violations of the Federal Law "On Protection of Competition", disadvantages of criminalization of such acts, as well as violations of the rules of legislative technique in their design, differentiation of criminal liability for committing such crimes, law enforcement in the field of criminal law counteraction to the restriction of fair competition. The purpose of the work is to identify the problems of criminalization of acts restricting fair competition in their relation to the Federal Law "On Protection of Competition", the shortcomings of differentiation of criminal liability for their commission in the light of official recognition of the need to counter anticompetitive violations as a threat to economic security, and ways to eliminate them. The research methodology is based on general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition - system analysis, logical, comparative, formal dogmatic, legal forecasting, classification method. The novelty lies in the fact that the author: 1) a study of the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation for the content of crimes in it, the signs of which are directly or indirectly related to violations of the prohibitions of the Federal Law "On Protection of Competition", an analysis of this ratio, as well as their reflection in law enforcement; 2) proposals on criminalization of collusion at auctions, depending on the subject of collusion; 3) given analysis of violations of legislative technique in the description of crimes, the signs of which may be associated with violation of the prohibitions of the Federal Law "On Protection of Competition"; 4) it is concluded that new qualifying or especially qualifying signs are included as means of differentiating criminal liability for encroachments on fair competition, the shortcomings of existing sanctions are studied and ways to eliminate them are proposed.
The conclusions are that in order to solve the tasks of countering anti-competitive acts as a threat to economic security, it is necessary to reconsider the approach to criminalizing acts that restrict competition, in particular, by clarifying the signs of their objective side, expanding the grounds for criminal liability for anti-competitive agreements, differentiating responsibility for their commission by clarifying qualifying and especially qualifying signs, improving the sanctions mechanism.

Keywords: differentiation of criminal liability, violations at auction, criminal liability, restriction of competition, anti-competitive crimes, legislative technique, cartel, criminalization, competition protection, anti-competition agreements

References:
Klenova, T.V. (2014). Crimes of office: problems of regulation and application of norms in conditions of competition. Bulletin of SamSU, 11/1(122), 111-117.
Sankov, V.I. (2019). Combating crimes in the field of state and municipal procurement: criminal law and forensic aspect. Criminal law: development strategy in the 21st century: materials of the XVI International. scientific-practical conf. (pp. 237-241). Moscow: RG-Press.
Vyalykh, S.V., & Denisova, A.V. (2015). Problems of distinguishing between anti-competitive concerted actions and agreements (cartels). Economy and Law, 5, 72-85.
Danilovskaya, A.V., & Tenishev, A.P. (2019). On criminal liability for collusion in auctions. Current problems of Russian law, 1(98), 119–131.
Denisova, A.V. (2016). Socially dangerous consequences of the crime provided for in Art. 178 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation “Restriction of competition”.&n

Abstract: Within the framework of this article, the most common crime against a person is considered - the threat of murder or causing serious harm to health. In the course of studying law enforcement practice, a number of problems arise both in the framework of the implementation of the criminal law norm provided for in Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, and in the individualization of criminal legal impact on a person who has made a threat to kill or cause serious harm to health. In this regard, the subject of this study will be: the criminal law norm contained in Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; materials of judicial and investigative practice related to the implementation of the criminal law norm provided for in Article 119 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; works on the theory of criminal law, which investigated controversial issues of criminal law and criminological characteristics of the threat of murder or causing serious harm to health; the ruling of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, statistical data and data from its own sociological research. In this article, general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition were used: system-structural, reduction, deductive method, method of interpretation, formal legal method The novelty of the research lies in the formulation of the author's concepts of "mental health" and "social health" of a particular person who is harmed as a result of making a threat of murder or causing serious harm to health. In order to eliminate contradictions arising in the qualification of a threat of murder or serious harm to health committed using mass media, information and telecommunication networks, including the Internet, the author has developed a classification of the threat of murder or serious harm to health according to a quantitative criterion and the concept of "grounds to fear the threat". For a uniform understanding by citizens and the correct enforcement of the purpose of making a threat to kill or cause serious harm to health, the author's concept of "intimidation" is formulated. The author gives recommendations on more effective application of aggravating and mitigating circumstances for committing a threat of murder or causing serious harm to health.

Keywords: death threat, mental health, social health, The Internet, intimidation, harassment of minors, the presence of a minor, individualization of criminal law impact, aggravating circumstances, circumstances mitigating the punishment

References:
Levin, P. N. (2006). Уголовная ответственность за угрозу убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью [Criminal liability for threatening to kill or cause serious harm to health]: abstract. dis. ... cand. Jurid. sciences': 12.00.08]. Moscow.
Borzenkov, G. N. (2005). Квалификация преступлений против жизни и здоровья [Qualification of crimes against life and health] an educational and practical guide. Moscow: Zertsalo-M.
Zubkova, V. I. (2005). Ответственность за преступления против личности по законодательству России [Responsibility for crimes against the person under the legislation of Russia]. Moscow: Norm.
Ermakova, O. V. (2019) Особенности квалификации угрозы убийством или причинением тяжкого вреда здоровью [Features of the qualification of a threat to kill or cause serious harm to health] The penal enforcement system today: interaction of science and practice: materials of the XIX All-Russian scientific and practical conference, Novokuznetsk, October 30-31, 2019. Ed. by A. G.

Abstract: The subject of this study is the criminal law prohibition of the approval of crimes condemned by the verdict of the International Military Tribunal of the European Axis countries. This act of glorifying of such crimes is an element of the objective side of the corpus delicti provided for in Article 354.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The methodology of the research consists of such methods as formal-legal, logical, systematic, as well as the method of analysis. The author emphasizes the importance of considering the aspects of the qualification of this act in the context of the development of the information society, since due to the active processes of digitalization, the present crime is often committed in the Internet environment. Special attention is paid to such a feature of the subjective side of the crime as its goal: the author argues about the need to consolidate the goal as a constructive feature of the subjective side of the considered corpus delicti. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that this norm is analyzed in relation to the constitutional principle of freedom of speech. The author comes to the conclusion that in this matter it is advisable to be guided by part 3 of Article 55 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, according to which constitutional rights and freedoms can be restricted only to the extent necessary to protect the constitutional foundations and ensure the security of the state.

Keywords: analogy of the law, historical memory, immortal regiment, justification of Nazism, approval of Nazism, freedom of speech, unfinished crime, Nuremberg Tribunal, rehabilitation of Nazism, international military tribunal

References:
Bagandova, L.Z. (2021). Rehabilitation of Nazism: problems of theory and law enforcement. Legal acts and legal contracts: theoretical and practical problems: Collection of articles (p. 1073). Moscow: RSUJ.
Dyachenko, A.V. (2020). The validity of criminalization of the rehabilitation of Nazism in the light of restrictions on the right to freedom of speech. Questions of Russian Justice, 9 (p. 881).
Egorova, N.A. (2015). Rehabilitation of Nazism: criminal law analysis. Criminological Journal of the Baikal State University of Economics and Law, 9, 3 (p. 496).
Kibalnik, A.G., Ivanov A.Y. (2019). Rehabilitation of Nazism as a crime against the peace and security of mankind. Russia, Moscow (p. 59).
Sazonnikova, E.V. (2020). Memory of defenders of the Fatherland and protection of historical truth as constitutional values. Constitutional and Municipal law, 10 (p. 29-32).
Theory of State and law: a course of lectures. (199

Abstract: The article comprehensively examines cybersecurity issues, as well as the origins and principles of hacktivism, and gives their definitions. The tools used by hacktivists in their destructive activities are examined and their classification is presented. The criminal legal characteristics of the types of crimes used by hacktivists when carrying out cyber attacks are determined. The importance and necessity of proper measures to overcome the phenomenon of hacktivism is presented. The existing criminal legal methods of countering manifestations of hacktivism, available in Russian criminal legislation, are analyzed.
Measures to counter IT threats of an organizational and technical nature are proposed. The topic under study requires further collection and processing of empirical material in order to identify new methods of committing cyber attacks on critical infrastructure and developing new approaches to combating this type of crime, ensuring uniform practice. Hacktivism is a new phenomenon in the IT environment. Hacktivism does not imply material benefit from the acts committed, which makes it difficult to classify and differentiate from related groups. Thus, a scientific interpretation and elaboration of a unified conceptual apparatus is required to ensure a uniform practice of identifying and countering this type of socially dangerous acts.
The article concludes that the methods practiced by hacktivists when carrying out cyber attacks are described and have their own qualifications in the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. However, it must be taken into account that attacks are often carried out from the territory of other countries and the groups themselves are transnational. Therefore, to successfully counter these destructive phenomena, it is necessary to develop international cooperation in law enforcement and unify responsibility for such acts. Countering hacktivism requires a comprehensive approach that includes legal, technical and social components.

Keywords: international crime, Corpus delicti, methods of countering IT crimes, crime prevention, IT crimes, hacktivism, cybersecurity, cyberwar, countering cybercrime, criminal law

References:
Smirnov, A. I., Grigoriev, V. R., Kokhtyulina, I. N., Kuroyedov, B. V., & Sandarov, O. V. (2014). Global security in the digital era: stratagems for Russia. A. I. Smirnov, V. R. Grigoriev , I. N. Kokhtyulina B. V. Kuroyedov, O. V. Sandarov. – Moscow: State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation All-Russian Research Institute of Geological, Geophysical and Geochemical Systems.
Puchkov, O. A. (2019). Distinction between the concepts of “information security” and “cybersecurity” in the legislation of the Russian Federation, doctrine and legal practice. Law and State: Theory and Practice, 5(173), 66-69.
Kapto, A. S. (2013). Cyberwar: genesis and doctrinal outlines. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 83(7), 616.
Panarin, I. N. (2003). Information war and elections. I. N. Panarin; I. N. Panarin. Moscow: Gorodets.
Akopov, G. L. (2015). Hacktivism is a threat to information security in the information society. G. L. Akopov. St

Abstract: Law enforcement and judicial practice in Russia has faced a mass of previously non-existent types of fraud. New types of fraud appeared in the field of computer technology and the use of high technologies. Along with this, the development of economic sectors, the credit and financial system, commercial banks, the emergence of new information, banking technologies, technical means of communication have generated organized forms of online fraud. Primitive forms of fraud are being replaced by more sophisticated ones, new technologies are penetrating into our lives, so forms of fraud using chat gpt, that is, neural networks, have appeared. The above circumstances justify the relevance of the research topic. The subject of the study is various types of fraud in the field of computer information and the use of high technologies and the specifics of their commission. The novelty of the topic of the publication is due to the need for a thorough study of new organized forms of online fraud to prevent the commission of such crimes. For the first time, "modification" as a method of computer fraud, a neural network, as a way of committing fraud, was investigated. An attempt has been made to characterize an organized criminal group committing online fraud. Digital traces of organized forms of online fraud have been investigated. The purpose of this publication is to highlight the features of the commission of organized forms of online fraud. Their allocation will help to effectively solve such crimes. The article uses various methods: general dialectical, logical, analysis of regulatory regulation, formal legal, comparative legal. Conclusions: on the basis of theory and law enforcement practice, the key elements of organized forms of online fraud are identified, the key features of organized criminal groups that commit them are characterized, the role of neural networks in the commission of the crimes under consideration is established.

Keywords: digitalization, law enforcement practice, digital traces, organized group, modification, neural network, computer fraud, online fraud, computerization, novella

References:
Drapkin, L.Y. (Ed.). (2012). Criminalistics. Moscow: Yurayt.
Russkevich, E.A., Frolov, M.D. (2020). Fraud in the field of computer information: monograph. Moscow: SIC INFRA-M.
Shevchenko, E.S. (2015). Tactics of individual investigative actions in the investigation of cybercrimes, Law and Law (pp. 128-138). Moscow: Law.
Tropina, T. L. (2006). Computer fraud: issues of qualification and legislative technique. Moscow: SIC.
Babkin, A.V. (Ed.). (2020). Digitalization of economic systems: theory and practice: monograph. St. Petersburg: POLYTECH-PRESS.

Abstract: The subject of the study is legal relations arising in connection with the criminal law and criminological aspects of determining the subject of evidence in criminal proceedings and its establishment. The methodological basis of the study is special methods of cognition (formal legal and comparative-legal), and general, which should include methods such as abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and methods of theoretical research - dialectical, ascent from the abstract to the concrete and logical. The main conclusions of the study are that currently the investigator /inquirer at the pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings carry out activities to collect, verify and evaluate evidence included in the subject of evidence in a criminal case. This activity is carried out through the implementation of investigative and other procedural actions. Having considered the individual problems of collecting evidence by the investigator/inquirer, we come to the conclusion that, for the purposes of improving pre-trial evidence, it is necessary to clearly regulate the legal status of such an action as "obtaining explanations" in the process of considering a crime report (the form of obtaining explanations; procedural rules for obtaining explanations; legal regulation of the status of those persons from whom explanations are received, etc.) Thus, based on the results of the study, it is concluded that it is necessary to improve a number of norms of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and specific changes are proposed.

Keywords: obtaining evidence, verification of evidence, evaluation of evidence, collecting evidence, procedural actions, establishment of the subject of proof, proofs, investigative actions, subject of proof, proving

References:
Petrovsky, Z.M. (2022). The subject of proof in criminal proceedings: concept and content. Bulletin of the Russian Law Academy, 1, 105-110.
Brizhatov, E.A. (2022). Subject and limits of proof in criminal cases: concept, content, problems of definition. Scientific statements, 15(23), 43-46.
Elesina, I.G., Belova, S.N., & Kislova, N.A. (2023). The subject of proof in various categories of criminal cases. State service and personnel, 2, 202-204.
Belkin, A.R. (2017). Theory of proof in criminal proceedings.
Pletnev, V.V. (2012). Essence, purpose and significance of proof. Russian justice, 1, 35-36.
Tokarenko, E.S. (2012). The main signs of investigative actions. Bulletin of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 4(18), 51-54.
Rossinsky, S.B. (2021). Once again about the concept and

Abstract: In this article, the author examines the issues of historical, social and legal conditionality of introducing criminal liability for inciting suicide or assisting suicide in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, analyzes the objective signs of the main offenses, including from the point of view of using legal techniques. A comparative study of methods of inciting suicide (Article 110 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) and inducing or facilitating suicide (110.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) is being carried out. The problems of correct qualification and differentiation of the specified components of crimes are revealed, as a result of which the problems of law enforcement activities are critically assessed. When writing a scientific work, the author used dialectical, logical, statistical, hermeneutic, formal legal, historical and legal research methods. The degree of study of the problems raised in the article is represented by scientific research of such figures of law as Ustinova T.D., Artyushina O.A., Filippova S.V., Eliseeva N.M. and others. Based on the results of the study, the author comes to conclusions about the spontaneous nature of the adoption of legislative amendments to the criminal law, the insufficient elaboration of the provisions in terms of the rules of legal technique. It is concluded that the differentiation of competing elements of criminal acts occurs according to the signs of the objective side, namely, based on the method of committing illegal acts. The novelty of the study is expressed in the author's proposals for reforming and improving the criminal law regulation of the crimes in question. Based on the results of the analysis, the author of this study proposes to reform the existing version of Article 110.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, providing for changes that will make it possible to more effectively apply these provisions of the law in practice.

Keywords: differentiation, legal technique, dangerous games, driving to suicide, suicide, qualification, assistance to suicide, self-murder, involvement, incitement to suicide

References:
Alekseev, S.S. (1982). General theory of law: Course of lectures: In 2 vols. Vol. 2. Moscow.
Artyushina, O.V. (2017). Novels of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on counteracting activities aimed at inciting minors to suicidal behavior. Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 3(29), 85-89. Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/novelly-uk-rf-o-protivodeystvii-deyatelnosti-napravlennoy-na-pobuzhdenie-nesovershennoletnih-k-suitsidalnomu-povedeniyu
Baranov, V.M. (2000). Foreword. Problems of legal technique: Collection of articles. N. Novgorod.
In 2016, the number of child suicides increased by 60 percent. (2017, March 20). Official site of the Russian newspaper. Retrieved from https://rg.ru/2017/03/20/v-2016-godu-kolichestvo-detskih-suicidov-vyroslo-na-60-procentov.html
Military article of April 26, 1715. Retrieved from http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/articul.htm
Glazkova, L.V., &am

Abstract: The object of the study is employees of the internal affairs bodies who commit a crime under Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Receiving a bribe". The author considers the concept of "personality" not only from the point of view of criminology, but also sociology, psychology, which allows to characterize the personality of a criminal not only from a legal point of view. The author examines the characteristics of the criminal's personality, studied by criminologists, as well as the characteristics that the author identifies based on the analysis of existing judicial practice. Special attention in the course of the study is paid to the identification of those characteristics that are inherent in an employee of the internal affairs bodies, as a special subject of the crime under consideration. The main contribution of the research conducted by the author is the compilation of a criminological portrait of the personality of a criminal - an employee of the internal affairs bodies committing a crime under Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Receiving a bribe". The criminological portrait of the criminal's personality is based on empirical data obtained by studying criminal cases in the district courts of the city of St. Petersburg, as well as other regions (using the electronic system of normative and legal acts "Sudakt") in the number of 107 criminal cases in the period from 2017 to 2022. The author confirms the theoretical hypotheses put forward by the author concerning certain characteristics of the criminal personality of an employee of the internal affairs bodies with concrete examples from the investigated criminal cases.

Keywords: court, criminal case, bribe taker, criminological portrait, the identity of the criminal, special subject of the crime, internal affairs bodies, bribery, corruption, police

References:
Efimova, L.S.  (2012). The concept of personality and the conditions of its formation. Scientific notes of the St. Petersburg University of Management and Economics Technologies, 3(38), 40-44.  
Anan'ev, B. G. (2001). Man as an object of knowledge. St. Petersburg: Peter. (The series "Masters of Psychology").
Leont'ev, A. N. (2005). Activity. Conscience. Personality. Moscow: Sense, Academy.
Kovalev, A. G. (1965). Psychology of personality. Second edition, revised and expanded. Moscow: Publishing House "Enlightenment".
Eminov, V.E., &  Antonyan, YU.M. (2015). The identity of the criminal and its formation. Actual problems of Russian law, 1(50), 107-112. 
Karpec, I.I., & Eminov, V.E. (Ed.). (1992) Criminology: Textbook. Moscow.
Antonyan, YU. M., &  Eminov, V.E. (2010). The identity of the criminal. Criminological and psychological research.&n

Abstract: Psychological features of the criminal's personality are important for the subjective side of the crime, and functional features determine the mechanism of the crime. Information about the official himself, as a criminal's personality, about his psychological traits and properties, including worldview and behavior, play a role in determining the subjective side of the crime from the target and motivational sphere, and the functional characteristic, in turn, determines the mechanism of committing an official violent crime, ways of concealing it, features of the mechanism of trace formation and others distinctive features of such crimes. This functional factor of official authority necessarily affects the structural and content specifics of the categorical system of personality and its dynamics. The novelty of the topic of the publication is due to the need to study the formation of the personality of a criminal official. The need to answer the question: "How was the personality of a person who commits official violent crimes formed?" led to the conduct of this study. The purpose of this publication is to determine the formation of the worldview and behavior of an official who commits violent crimes. On the basis of theory and law enforcement practice, the key directions of the worldview and behavior of the person are identified, the process of worldview is described and auxiliary questions are given in the article, the connection between professional deformation and worldview is established by the author and the key directions of behavior of an official are highlighted.

Keywords: victimhood, struggle of motives, evidence of behavior, legal psychology, professional deformation of personality, behavior, worldview, law enforcement practice, official violent crimes, the accused

References:
Sechenov, I.M. (2000). Selected philosophical and psychological works. Monograph. Moscow: Unity-Dana.
Blonsky, P.P. (2000). General characteristics of the behavior of living beings. In the book: Selected psychological works. Moscow: Enlightenment.
Galyautdinov, R.R. (2022). Criminalistic aspects of preliminary investigation and judicial review of criminal cases of official violent crimes committed by law enforcement officers: abstract. dis. ... k-ta yurid. sciences. Rostov-on-Don.
Zuikov, G.N. (1997). Criminalistic teaching about the method of committing a crime. Textbook. Moscow: Legality.
Neznamov, A.I. (2014). Evidence of behavior in criminology. Samara: Samara University Publishing House.
 Galyautdinov R.R. (2021). About some special elements of criminalistic characteristics of official violent crimes. In International Scientific and Practical Forum - round table dedicated to the memory of Koldin V.Ya.: