Abstract: The author of the article analyzes evolution of regulatory and legal environment for building a civil society and traces back theoretical, legal and historical grounds and development trends. The author also describes the legal stages of formation of social associations and organizations closely related to building a civil society and a law-ruled state. This creates an opportunity for further development of legal civil relations and formation of a law-ruled state institution.

Keywords: legal studies, evolution of regulatory and legal framework, legal and historical grounds, stages of formation of social associations and organizations, building a civil society and a law-governed state, law-governed state, state and society, legal framework, legal stages, regulatory framework.

Abstract: The article describes constitutional, legal and political transformations in the last few years, sequential implementation of constitutional ideas in Russian theory and practice and building a new model of federative relations even when there is no understanding of the concepts of ongoing processes and phenomena. It all brings into focus a need in methodological researches of modern Russian federalism. The author also considers theoretical problems of Russian federalism, for instance, combination of centralization and de-centralization principles. Russian federalism is viewed as a new national form of democracy that often fails and is rejected by the majority of administrative class and society.

Keywords: legal studies, federation, federalism, centralization, de-centralization, subjectivity, political region, political elite, federative interests, federative processes.

Abstract: the present stage of development of the criminal legislation bears in itself idea of liberalization and stimulation (motivation) of positive behavior with a view of application of norms of encouragement. Encouragement assumes creation of the certain conditions regulating the relations in which frameworks there is a requirement for positive behavior.

Keywords: encouragement, stimulus, motivation, a positive law, criminal, behavior, compulsion, the state, strongwilled character.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to describe peculiarities of legal regulation in the sphere of restrictions imposed on nuclear energy use. The subject of the research is the current legal regulations in the sphere of nuclear energy use, radiation security and particular standards related to turnover of civil rights objects. Based on the results, the author of the article concludes that a special legal status of nuclear energy use places certain restrictions on exercising of property rights compared to usual civil turnover. Restrictions of the right to perform economic activities in the territory of nuclear energy facilities are applied in order to defend life and health of citizens, to enforce the right to safe environment, to provide physical protection of a nuclear facility and to ensure national defense and state security. Changes in current legislation must reflect the policy in the sphere of radiation security, help to overcome contradictions in legal regulation both at general and special levels, eliminate gaps in interpreting legal regulations of relations in the sphere of nuclear energy use and radioactive waste management. The author of the article also discusses problematic issues related to a serious conflict of law arising when special provisions of legal regulation in the sphere of nuclear energy use are used together with the provisions of civil laws regulating property relations. Sometimes judicial and administrative decisions are even used for illegal takeover of strategic enterprises and manipulation of the ownership right for questioning th legality of enterprise activities. Special attention is paid at peculiarities of treatment of nuclear energy facilities.

Keywords: legal studies, law, ownership, turnover, seizure, limitation, atom, energy, use.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the role of regional political elites in formation of population identity in the Russian Federation constituents. It is noted that a problematic, negative identity makes the political conflicts even worse. The author shows that there is a certain need in forming a unified civil identity as an important condition for regulating ethnopolitical conflicts and modernization of regions in the South of Russia.

Keywords: regional political elites, identity, ethnopoligical conflicts, south of Russia.

Abstract: The article studies attitudes of ancient civilization population towards the institution of property, labor, richness and the role of the state institution in this process. The author analyzes analyzes original works which authors underlines a specific nature of labor in ancient civilizations which can be called the ‘extractive’ type of labor and studies associated conditions for obtaining and distribution of wealth. The author of the article also pays attention at the fact that the production type of labor does not create any dependency of wealth on one’s own skills and physical resources. This creates a need in active involvement of the state institution into control of property and distribution of wealth as well as direct participation of the state institution in organization of labor process. Extractive type of labor creates a special dependency between political power and property institutions, the latter is being governed by the former.

Keywords: studies of law, property, ownership, labor, richness, exchange, law, state, power, coincidence, necessity.

Abstract: The author of this article analyzes the existing definitions and criteria of the ‘fragile’ state. The author also provides examples of defining such a state based on the described criteria. The purpose of the article is to show that there is a certain opportunity to develop particular methods for defining a fragile state. Based on the example of Russia, the author shows how some of such methods can be used. The article contains graphs and tables and provides references to statistic databases.

Keywords: philosophy, fragile, state institution, conflict, government, power, criminal, corruption, security, refusal.

Abstract: The author of the article shows that social studies and therefore social philosophy are the datives of Western European Christian civilization and this is why have such features as rationalism, sociocentricism and a class structure of a society. Many speakers at the Third Russian Philosophical Congress held in 2002 talked about the drawbacks of sociocentricism and mental manipulation and appealed to ethnocentricism. Based on Lev Gumilev’s theory of ethnogenesis the author describes the triune passionarity-ethical structure which, based on the author, must become the unified subject of social studies and social philosophy. Some of the issues studied by social studies must be transferred into fundamental cultural studies.

Keywords: social studies, social philosophy, social reality, passionarity-ethical structure of society, sociocentrism, mental manipulation, ethnocentricism, passionarity energy, subject, sphere of competence, cultural studies.

Abstract: The author of the article describes the main theoretical and methodological approaches to defining the middle class criteria. The author conducts a comparative analysis of approaches to the definition of middle class practiced in different countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia, Western and Eastern Europe and USA. The author defines the general and specific features in all approaches and stresses out the determination criteria of a middle class.

Keywords: social studies, middle class, stratification theory, social stratification, comparative analysis, social differentiation, stratification criteria, theoretical approaches, methodological approaches.

Abstract: The article describes the interpretation of intelligentsia in Russia and abroad and shows forms and conditions of transformation of intelligentsia in a modern society. The role of intelligentsia is described from the point of view of socio-cultural changes and evolution of socio-historical forms of social development. The general condition of all social transformations is human as a creator. In its turn, intelligentsia is a concentrated group of people who directly influence the development of culture, history and society in general. This is why humanism is the main point in interpretation, development and transformation of intelligentsia as a socio-cultural phenomena. As a result of the study, the author shares his views of transformation of socio-cultural values in modern Russia. According to the author, these transformations caused changes in the role, status, place, conditions and forms of development of intelligentsia nowadays. The results of the study create the basis for social forecasts of consolidation and disintegration social processes and define the areas of problems and social tension.

Keywords: philosophy, intelligentsia, culture, society, transformation, spirit, strategy, socio-cultural prerequisites, development, history.

Abstract: The artile contains the results of the author’s analysis of external policy of Turkey in the South Caucasia from 1991 till 2008 – towards Armenia, Azerbadjan and Gerogia, the states that were formed as a result of the USSR collapse but are still under the political influene of Russia. It is noted that after the USSR collapse Turkey began an ative external policy in the South Caucasia and tried to involve young states under its influence and weaken Russia’s positions. Today Turkey views South Caucasia as the sphere of its national interests which contradicts to Russia’s interests.

Keywords: political studies, policies, South Cacuasia, Turkey, external (foreign) policy, internatinal relations, conflict, Russia, regional security, geopolitics.

Abstract: The article investigates different approaches to the problem of civilization development from the standpoint of the national and western philosophy. The author descries the role of values in considering Russian-Eurasian and western mentality from the point of view of ever growing integration. There are still doubts whether the main ideas of the new European philosophy ruined Catholicism or reformed it. But it is for sure that these ideas created the basis for the global material civilization that was based on achievements of science and resulted from the process of unification of world cultures. As for our country, due to its vast territory the statehood was of decisive importance having undermined the church authority. Russia followed the same pattern as in Western Europe that included innovation in the spheres of economics, social and political administration and culture.

Keywords: approach to the problem of the civilization development, sociocultural synthesis of Russia, modernization of Russia, comparative approach.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the bodies of compulsory execution of judgments as one of the most important links of state mechanism, passed a long way of formation and development. One of the significant moments of the Russian history, in particular, on institute of judicial execution, judicial reform of 1922 by which the uniform system of bodies of judicial execution with essentially new organizational beginnings of their activity was actually founded was cardinally affected. It was reflected and in process of formation of personnel structure of judicial performers, and on development to a state policy concerning the last. However this moment didn’t receive due recognition in domestic jurisprudence in this connection, there was a need of carrying out the corresponding research for the purpose of creation of the fullest and authentic historical and legal picture of those years regarding the organization and activity of domestic judicial executive bodies.

Keywords: judicial performer, provincial court, national court, representative of provincial court, district bureau of justice, district executive committee.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the role and place of local sources of Baltic laws in legal policy and development of legal regulation in this particular region. The author describes the process of defining principles of relations between Russian supreme power and legalization of particular legal orders in Baltic region. The author also analyzes the attempts of codification committees to systematize the sources of particular Baltic law in 1720-1820. Special attention is paid at the course of creation of the Code of Local Laws of Baltic Provinces – the first and the only act of systematization of particular legal grounds in national regions of the Russian empire. The first two parts of the Code were passed in 1845 and the third part came into force in 1864. The author also describes the sources, principles and rules of their creation, legal nature, procedures for these laws being viewed and approved by the emperor as well as final implementation of the Code of Local Laws of Baltic Provinces.

Keywords: legal studies, history of state and Russian law, Russian empire, Russian legal state, sources of law, system of law, legislation system, local laws, Code of Local Laws of Baltic Provinces.