Abstract: The article discusses new approaches to managing the social sphere of a Russian society based on contradictions existing in this sphere. The authors believe that without modernizing the management system in the social sphere which would eliminate accumulated contradictions, it would impossible for Russia to catch up with the world tendencies in social development. Public-state management is accepted as a new model. Based on the authors, public- state management would allow not only to stabilize the situation in social sphere but also promote a dynamic development of a society in general.

Keywords: philosophy, social sphere, modernization, social technologies, management efficiency, science and education, culture, social development, social security, social and state management.

Abstract: The present article analyzes the definition and essence of state power from the point of view of the concepts ‘power’ and ‘state institution’. The author of the article offers his own definition of power as a philosophical and general sociological concept. The article also describes the framework of research categories and concepts. The author analyzes and evaluates traditional and modern Russian and foreign concepts of state power. Based on those, the author offers his own concept and definition of state power. The author studies definitions of the system of state power, system of state authorities as a combination of legislative (representative), executive and judicial authorities from the point of view of the concept of separation of powers. The author also studies current branches of state power in the Russian Federation and offers his own definitions of legislative (representative), executive and judicial authorities.

Keywords: study of law, state power, right, authorities, state machinery, judicial authority, executive authority, legislative (representative) authority, mechanism, system.

Abstract: The author provides a definition of ‘compulsory medical treatment’ as a category restricting one’s rights and being of significant importance for a society as a measure of social security and protection.

Keywords: political studies, rights, human, treatment, compulsory (forced), security, protection, society, responsibility, restriction.

Abstract: The article studies consumption behavior from the point of view of the consumption standard as a combination of reproducing consumer practices typical for particular social groups. Consumption is viewed as a social and cultural phenomenon. The central goal of consumption is to use useful properties of goods and services being consumed for the purpose of satisfying one’s personal needs. The author of the article describes a three-stage model of consumer behavior standards. This model reflects the process of formation and interdependence of traditional, constructed and actual consumption standards. The author analyzes definitions of consumption standards existing in modern science. Special attention is paid at the conception of cognitive market within which the consumption standard is formed based on consumption technologies and serves as an intermediate in the process of formation of consumer culture. Based on the above mentioned three-stage model and definitions, the author offers a definition of the consumption standard from the point of view of sociological approach to studying consumption behavior and analyzes the main elements of consumption behavior such as stereotypes, fashion, style life, style and consumption structure, consumption patterns and norms. In conclusion the author outlines specific features of the consumption behavior standard as a social category.

Keywords: consumption standards, consumer behavior, consumption stereotypes, life style, fashion, consumption style, consumption structure, consumptions patterns, cognitive marketing.

Abstract: The author of the article points out how necessary it is to take into account the public opinion in the law making process. Each law in particular and legal order in general are considered by each person through legal sense. The structure of legal sense has three levels defining each individual’s degree of legal sense and legal culture. The main problem here is the deformation of legal sense that can take different forms including law nihilism.

Keywords: law studies, society, legal sense, nihilism, deformation, monitoring, interests, law, right, law making process.

Abstract: The author of the article makes an attempt to describe the process of regulation of international relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author describes some special features of formation of the Kazakh society. Special attention is paid at the role of social institutions like the Assembly of the Nations of Kazakhstan in this process.

Keywords: political studies, Kazakhstan, national security, cultural dialogue, nationalism, religion, Islam, social contract, traditionalism, historical features.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the relationship between human rights activities and implementation of the principle of rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the criminal justice process. The author of the article studies activities performed by the Human Rights Commissioner and implementation of European standards of the human rights protection.

Keywords: law studies, mechanism, security, protection, human rights, victim, violation of law, crime, explanation, guarantees.

Abstract: The article contains a comparative analysis of the main standards of international human rights laws and Russian constitutional legislation. The author evaluates the level of development of the human rights system in the Russian Federation.

Keywords: political studies, Constitution, human rights, Russian Federation, international law, European Convention on Human Rights, death penalty, civil society, federal laws, principles.

Abstract: The article analyzes the main methodological, discursive and ideological issues existing in modern sociological researches of ethnogenesis. Describing the history of sociological interest towards ethnogenesis issues including Post- Modern methodological shift, the author underlines the need in deideologization of ethnosocial researches. Post-modern ideologization shows itself in the influence of political correctness on all levels of social research, from choosing the topic of research to the ‘correct’ formulation of conclusions. The other side of formation of the ideological standard in ethnosocial researches is the general Post-Modern critics underlying that ‘objective’ researches are impossible because existing terminology reflects the dominance of the political dominating group over discriminated ethnic groups. From the point of view of the Post-Modern discourse, ethnogenesis is the term loaded with discursive-conceptual and axiological value and different ethnosocial mythologems. Without deideologization of social discourse, methodological framework of theoretical assumptions, hypothesis and researches of ethnogenesis will never expand.

Keywords: ethnogenesis, methodology, ethnicity, identity, ideology, post-modernism, ethnosociology, ethnos, political correctness, mythologem.

Abstract: The article analyzes the procedure for electing a lawspeaker, the first person in early mediaeval Iceland. The author of the article describes the main ethical requirements for a lawspeaker as well as his main powers and responsibilities. A position of a lawspeaker (lögsogumaðr) in mediaeval Iceland was a bright phenomenon compared to the other social and political development of Scandinavian countries. Formation of state institutions in Denmark, Norway and Sweden was accompanied with the growing power of sea kings and appearing insignia. Iceland was an exception even though it had close relations with the countries of the Western Scandinavian group. At the end of the article the author concludes that dualism was typical for a position of a lawspeaker just like for the state management system of Iceland in general. On one hand, law speakear’s position had certain limitations because was available to all social groups and a lawspeaker was elected only for three years. On the other hand, there was a tendency towards succession of this position within one genus. Secondly, law speakers did not have any legal privileges or preferences. Lawspeakers had to observe the country’s laws and were criminally prosecuted. Adam Bremensky described that combination of rights and responsibilities by saying that “they had no other king except the law”.

Keywords: Iceland, lawspeaker, Middle Ages, Scandinavia, procedure, election, position, ethics, requirements, powers.

Abstract: Most of Russian modern legal provisions about tax crime were formed during the Soviet period. Their further developed was conditioned by changing social and economic living conditions. This is the topic the present article is devoted to.

Keywords: law studies, legislation, formation, development, taxes, levies, responsibility, production, taxpayer, taxation.

Abstract: Economic management in the country-side showed that the right of ownership to the land could not make a land master out of a peasant and create legal grounds for protecting his natural rights. The main reason for that was the absence of a conceptual approach and, consequently, low significance of land use right and its political grounds. Based on the studies of the experience of agricultural land use in the agrarian sector and common practice of state influence on land relations, the author of the article offers such a conception. The main idea is that the agricultural land-use right must prevail over the rights of possession and disposal because the latter two did not provide rational land use and achievement of a sustainable agricultural production. The given conception can be used as the basis for a new state agrarian policy of Russia aimed at covering gaps in agriculture and agro-industrial sector.

Keywords: conception, land use, state institution, politics, regulation, production, efficiency, sustainability, science, law.

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes mechanisms of international legal cooperation of countries in the sphere of prevention of armaments race in outer space. The author describes the status of outer space as partly demilitarized. Special attention is paid at international legal cooperation within the framework of the United Nations Conference on Disarmament Issues. The author proves that the choice of the United Nations Conference on Disarmament Issues to establish international cooperation to prevent armament race in outer space is preferable. The author analyzes suggestions of different countries on what legal and institutional mechanisms have been established to avoid armaments race in outer space since 1985. The author also describes the role of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs as the main international authority for supervisory and lawmaking activities in the sphere of researches and use of outer space including demilitarization of outer space. The author concludes that it is necessary to improve cooperation between the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and Conference on Disarmament Issues to maintain better coordination of activities and decisions made by these two authorities while retaining independence of each authority.

Keywords: international cooperation, cosmic space, demilitarization, deweaponisation, Conference, Office, armaments race, international conference, control mechanisms, coordination.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the conceptual analyzes of possibilities to overcome the global innovation gap through efforts undertaken by the countries, international organizations and a private sector for formation of special targets in international cooperation. On a global scale, innovative development is described as a unity of competence and cooperation. Much attention is paid at describing the global innovation gap as a convergence of different levels of national innovative development. In this regard, the author offers a philosophy of global use of innovations based on justice and equality principles. The author of the article focuses on explication of the idea of priority innovative development which defines the strategy of innovation policy in a whole number of countries. The author of the article also touches upon new aspects of relations between developed and developing countries with reference to global innovation paradigm. In addition, the author suggests to relate harmonization of innovative development and the new world economic order and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. By analyzing existing models of innovative development cooperation, the author concludes that it is necessary to establish a new culture of cooperation between countries in the sphere of building up innovative capacity. The author also offers a concept of global management of innovative development based on the principles of cooperation and trust. The main conclusion made by the author of the article is that only the relations built on trust and partnership can coordinate global innovative and sustainable developments.

Keywords: innovation paradigm, globalization, innovation gap, innovation policy, international relations, international cooperation, innovation breakthrough, sustainable development, world order, trust.

Abstract: The present research covers teachings of a number of Gnostic schools which altogether created a serious opposition to medieval Rome Catholic Church in Europe. The author describes the opposition between Guelphs and Ghibellines not only as part of politics but also as the two forces each of which had an opportunity to establish their legal regimes in Italian countries. The author of the article also considers grounds for rebellions in Milan, Brescia and Rome in XII-XIII centuries. The principles of organization of the Pope’s and Emperor’s powers were the subject of lively discussions reflected in bullas and bans as well as political and legal treaties. The author views consequence of this opposition between Gnostic and Catholic views reflected both on the political map of Europe and European law monuments.

Keywords: law studies, Albigenses, Vavasours, Ghibellines, followers of Arnold of Brescia, Gnosticism, Inquisition, Cathars, papacy, Franciscans.

Abstract: The article is devoted to foreign policy of the Ukraine aimed at retaining the non-aligned status between the European Union and Russia. Despite declared interest in European integration, actual behavior of the Ukraine in the 1990’s – 2000’s is a classical example of balancing between two regional leaders for the purpose of retaining sovereignty and internal power. Nevertheless, the research showed that further efficiency of such policy is not that certain. With the active Eurasian integration in the picture, the Ukraine has to chose between the two integration directions. It is proved that the country is in a difficult situation because all foreign policy decisions as well as refuse from integration will be accompanied with certain losses and expenses which can shake the stability of the present government. Under these conditions, the main goal of Russia and European Union is to develop a policy aimed at long-term involvement of the Ukraine into integration through performing a number of integration conditions.

Keywords: external policy, balancing, realism, regional integration, Eurasian integration, Ukraine, Russia, European Union, choice of foreign policy sovereignty.