Abstract: Russia’s transfer to the innovation-based development as well as covering the technology gap between Russia and advanced countries has become especially important under conditions of overcoming the consequences of the global crisis. The article describes the most important issues of Russia’s innovation development at the current post-crisis stage. It is underlined that in order to solve these issues, we need to maintain an active coordination between the government, business and society as a part of one innovation policy. The author of the article analyzes the Strategy of Innovation Development of the Russian Federation until 2020 ‘Innovative Russia -2020’ which concretizes provisions of the innovation section of the Conception of Long Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation until 2020.

Keywords: political science, innovations, problems, state institution, innovation development, innovation policy, innovation strategy, national innovation system, innovativeness, leadership.

Abstract: The article analyzes the processes of formation of the global technological order as an important focus of the world politics. Much attention is paid at conceptualization of the contents of the global technological order. The author concludes that there is a certain correlation between a just world order and equal relations in the sphere of creation and distribution of technologies over the world.

Keywords: political science, technologies, world order, globalization, innovations, cooperation, development, management, competitive ability, justice.

Abstract: The article describes factors stimulating international law interaction between national and supranational justice authorities. Appearance of supranational justice authorities in a modern world is viewed as the top-priority prerequisites for relationships between justice authorities. Other principles of modern international and European laws such as the principle of direct effect of supranational law, the principle of supremacy of supranational law, legally binding decisions of supranational justice authorities and so on are represented as the grounds for interaction between national and supranational justice authorities.

Keywords: European law, European Union, Council of Europe, justice authorities, supranational judicial guarantee for supranational law, supranational justice authorities, national justice authorities, interaction between justice authorities.

Abstract: The article is devoted to a number of debating points concerning the possibility of compensation for moral injury of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur because of detraction of their business reputation. The author of the article focuses on impossibility of compensation for a reputation injury. The article also casts light on the problem of finding the value of compensation for moral injury.

Keywords: moral injury, compensation for moral injury, entrepreneur, legal entity, reputation injury, non-property damage, individual entrepreneur, value of compensation for moral injury.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issue which has been rarely researches, — a wards a s a s pecial f orm o f encouragement. With the help of data obtained from law, psychology, semiotics and other branches of science, the author describes the typical features of awards and gives the definition of the award. Special attention is paid at the purposes and functions of awards.

Keywords: law, award, encouragement, stimulating, purpose, function, reward, symbol, attribute, welfare.

Abstract: This article describes the results of comparative political analysis of the leading models of international conf lict management performed by the USA and European Union with reference to each other as well as with reference to the most powerful oriental models, Middle East and East Asian. The author also defines the differences and similarities between the Western and Eastern concepts of international conf lict management.

Keywords: political science, pubic security, foreign policy, international relations, political conflicts, international conflict management, psychological technologies, psychological operations, media war, diplomacy.

Abstract: The article analyzes imprisonment as one of the basic forms of punishment in pre-revolutionary Russia. The authors of the article describe transformations of the system of imprisonment at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries. Big part of the article is devoted to the t ypes of prisons, the system of management and everyday life in a prison. The authors also discuss the issue on participation of a society in a control over prisons, status of officers at punitive organizations and the results of the General Prison Instruction 1915.

Keywords: law, prison, convict, punishment, restraint, colony, prisoner, criminal, hard labor (penal law), banishment.

Abstract: This research was conducted with the use of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland’s test modified by T. V. Rumyantseva in 2011. 112 young people aged f rom 18 to 35 and living in the Aginsk Buryat Autonomous District participated in the research. The research helped to define the main personal and social categories of identification of Aga youth, forming factors of ethnic identity, the role of family identification and local (community) identification in a socio-cultural space. The author also describes ethnic specifics of self-identification of the Buryat young people in the context of external socio-economic, political and socio-cultural circumstances. The article shows the relation and interaction between social categories of identity and Buryat traditions of raising a harmonic personality. The results of this research can be used as the basis for an effective dialogue between executive authorities of all levels and the youth, for developing a favorable social environment as well as programs for socio-cultural development of the Aginsk Buryat Autonomous District as a territory holding a special status in the Zabaikalye Territory.

Keywords: ethnicity, identity, youth, Buryats, research, family, traditions, socialization, values.

Abstract: There is a great number of universes which cannot be defined with reference to one another. In this regard, ‘nothing’ in our Universe is an ‘existence’ in another world; this is why universes are silent. Existence and non-existence are not abstract at all. They are related as certainties. Non-existence — nothing exists as a denial of another existence. They interact when the past and the future interact. All items are broken in the present.

Keywords: social studies, existence and non-existence, nothing, definition, numerous universes, categories, participation, non-participation, future and past, interaction.

Abstract: Modern sociology of education raises a question about its involvement into a wider context of sociohumanitarian researches conducted in various branches of knowledge such as anthropology, history, psychology, philosophy and others. Previously, sociology of education was aimed at institutional characteristics of its basic subject but today ontological characteristics become very important, too. The main conclusion is that sociology of education must not only ‘coordinate’ theory and practice, but also define transformations of values and norms in a modern society which eventually resulted in the need in changing the entire system of Russian education. Moreover, it is empathized that the society-centered approach of sociology of education is not quite enough for describing the surrounding world. The main point is that the vector of development of social studies in general and sociology of education in particular is a culture-centered approach which actualizes traditions, values and knowledge connected with the mentality of the culture carrier. The results of this study can be used in practice of sociological researches based on the culture approach. This is one of the key aspects this article is devoted to.

Keywords: sociology (social studies), education, mentality, ontology, pedagogy, knowledge, skills, system, values, norms.

Abstract: Development of mass media and public relations created an opportunity to look at the sport from a new point of view. This article focuses on influence of traditional culture on sports sub-culture as well as functions of this influence in a modern world. The author of the article views sports as one of the forms of reflection of destructive forces in culture.

Keywords: sport, communication, manliness, cultural influence, deviant behavior.

Abstract: The article is devoted to peculiarities of composing academic programs, curriculum plans at one of the most famous madrassases in the Ural Region. It describes its internal structure, purposes and academic goals, disciplines and peculiarities of teaching. Much attention is paid at comparison of peculiarities of teaching at Galia with Gusmania, differences between Jadid maddrassas and traditional (Kadimistic) maddrassases, comparison of Jadid and Kadimistic maddrassases. The article contains description of teaching methods and traditions at madrassases.

Keywords: madrassas, Muslim intelligentsia, academic programs, shakirds, Jadid, new method, Mudaris, imamhatyb, confessional education.

Abstract: The article is devoted to various classifications of political oppositions created by both Western and Russian researches. Due to the fact that Russian opposition did not have an actual institutional enforcement and was beyond the political system or were considerably dependent on he ruling group for a pretty long period of time, one of the main criteria for classification of Russian opposition parties became the degree of loyalty towards the ruling authority (Linz’ typology) and its involvement into the political party. Based on Linz’ characteristics, the author of the article analyzes the party system of modern Russia and relations between various political parties and dominating party before 2000 and after 2000. The article proves that in 2000, when the country got a new leader and policy, party strategies considerably changed, too, and became more loyal towards the ruling authority, losing the support of their traditional votes at the same time. The article also describes the beginning of election campaign for candidates to the State Duma in 2011 and predicts the results of the future elections.

Keywords: politics, opposition, party system, political parties, classification criteria, competition, degree of loyalty, semi-opposition, ruling group.