Abstract: The article concerns the specific features of development of natural law views in Russia in XIX - early XX centuries. The author analyzes the main factors, which facilitated the formation and development of the natural law concept in the Russian legal thinking. The history of development of views of natural law in Russia in the XIX - early XX centuries finds its roots in Christianization of Russia, and its further development is due to the Europeanization of Russia. These factors shall keep their influence in the future as well, however, the issue of expressing authenticity of Russian Orthodox Christian spirituality through all the layers of the Western European philosophical and legal heritage shall gain more and more importance. Evaluating the development of the natural law, one should apply the unity of historical and logical methods of study. This unity may be found in setting the logical model free from accidental historical layers. The logical scheme of development of natural law is applicable to the various historical situations, and it is not related to accidental temporary matters. The historical reconstruction of legal development is required for the logical understanding of its patterns, and logical understanding of the objective historic development of law is also needed to reveal the inner mechanisms of its patterns. Christianity made the Russian life more humanistic, and it brought Russia onto a new moral orbit in the relations among the people and the ideas of due behavior at all of the levels of social relations. Additionally, Christianity facilitated Europeanization of Russia including the mental and moral levels. Europeanization of Russia took place rather slowly and it was opposed by the conservative elements at all levels. In any case Christianization of Russia facilitated the development of natural law views in the Russian history. However, the history of formation and development of the natural law concept was rather long and contradictory.

Keywords: correlation of law and morals, human freedom, law, positive law, moral fundamentals of law, individual person, natural human rights, natural law, development of natural undersanding of law, human dignity

References:
V. V. Blokhin, I. I. Pimenova. Problema transformatsii obshchestvennogo soznaniya intelligentsii na rubezhe 1890-kh godov – nachala KhKh veka // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. – 2013. – № 4. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.4.9207.
Shermukhamedov S.. Tsennyy trud o filosofsko-pravovom uchenii Immanuila Kanta // Pravo i politika. – 2013. – № 9. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/1811-9018.2013.9.2341.
V.V. Ushakov. Russkaya filosofskaya «Gofmaniana» // Filologiya: nauchnye issledovaniya. – 2011. – № 4. – S. 104-107.
Yu.V. Naumov. Religiozno-filosofskie idei naslediya F. Nitsshe i V. Solov'eva (Komparativistskiy analiz). // Filosofiya i kul'tura. – 2011. – № 6. – S. 104-107.
N. N. Zubkov. «Credo» i «cogito» kak istoriko-kul'turnaya problema // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. – 2013. – № 2. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.02.3.
S. L. Chizhkov. Okhranitel'nyy liberalizm B.N. Chicherina i problema sootnosheniya svobody, poryadka i prava. // Pravo i politika. – 2008. – № 10.
R.N. Parkhomenko. "Metafizicheskiy universalizm " Borisa Chicherina //

Abstract: This study is aimed at analysis of law in its two key aspects: as a sphere of knowledge and as a type of social practice. From the standpoint of the traditional aspect of philosophical scientific studies (epistemological studies) the attention is focused at the final product of scientific activity, which is the system of scientific legal knowledge, its structure and genesis. Special attention is paid to the tendencies of development of scientific knowledge, first of all, within its inherent inner logic in relation to social and cultural reality. The structure of legal knowledge from the standpoint of its contents is analyzed in regard with differentiation of scientific research programs and the scientific directions, schools and traditions based on these programs.  The study of specific scientific research programs is based on their nucleus, which includes basic settings, forming the culture of legal reality or their ontology. The main goal of the study is to uncover the main directions of development of law, its structure and correlation with other basic social phenomena, to form and substantiate the philosophical basis for the optimum system of all of the said relations. The author attempted to systematize the views of legal scholars on the nature of law and he offers his own contours towards its understanding.  Special attention is paid to clarifying the contents of natural law and its correlation with the positive law. Novelty of this approach is due to the fact that natural law is discussed through the patterns of physical and social reality. At the same time its correlation with the positive law has a complicated hierarchy and structure.

Keywords: historic aspect of legal understanding, criteria of legal understanding, dualism of the approaches, classification of legal views, patterns, human nature, nature of law, normative approach to law, natural law approach, hierarchy of law

References:
Chestnov I.L. Pravoponimanie v epokhu postmoderna // Pravovedenie. 2002. № 2.
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Teoriya gosudarstva i prava. Uchebnik / Pod red. V.V. Lazareva. M. 1997.
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Tenenbaum V.O. O sushchnosti prava // Pravovedenie. 1

Abstract: The article is devoted to the place and role of comparative analysis in the studies of the heritage of political and legal views of Russian and foreign thinkers. The authors provide a detailed example of comparative analysis and conceptual comparison of the heritage of an extraordinary Russian thinker Daniil Leonidovich Andreev with the  ideal concepts of renowned thinkers of past and present times, such as Thomas Hobbes, Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin, Ivan Antonovich Efremov, Samuel Huntington.  The authors find out analogies and similarities, as well as ideal oppositions.   This approach may be especially successful in interdisciplinary studies in the sphere of humanities, when used in combination with such methods as systemic analysis, hermeneutics, context analysis, biographical approach.  The comparison of political views of renowned thinkers, politicians, constitutional lawyers, and social-political utopianists,  offering their vision of the state formation problems  is of special interest at the time of large-scale social, political and economic changes.

Keywords: great power, Samuel Huntington, Ivan Efremov, Thomas Hobbes, Pitirim Sorokin, Daniil Andreev, comparative analysis, comparative analysis, civil formation, rule-of-law state

References:
Il'in, V.V. Filosofiya: Uchebnik dlya vuzov [Tekst] / V.V. Il'in. – M.: Akademicheskiy Proekt, 1999.-386 s.; Klyuchi ot XXI veka: Sb. statey. – M.: «NeksPrint», 2004.-317 s.
Semenov, V.S. Uroki XX veka i put' v XXI vek: (sotsial'no-filos. analiz i prognoz) [Tekst] / V.S. Semenov. – M.: IFRAN, 2000.-318 s.
Kruchinin, S.V. Analiz globalisticheskikh utopiy kak faktor planirovaniya innovatsionnogo sotsial'no-politicheskogo razvitiya (na primere rabot I.A. Efremova i D.L. Andreeva)// Innovatsionnye protsessy v sovremennoy politike: opyt, problemy, prioritety: Mater. Mezhd. nauch.-prakt. konf, Moskva, 17 dekabrya 2010 g. / Pod obshch. red. V.I. Kamyshanova, O.E. Grishin (otv. red).-M.: Federatsiya mira i soglasiya, 2010.-S. 143-149.
Kruchinin S.V. Politiko-tsivilizatsionnye kontsepty D. Andreeva i S. Khantingtona: komparativnyy diskurs-analiz / S.V. Kruchinin // Pravo i politika. – 2009. – № 9 (117). – S. 1929-1935 (0,7 p.l.).
Kovalkin V.S. Rossiya v novykh geopoliticheskikh realiyakh na poroge KhKh veka [Tekst] / V.S. Kovalkin. – M.: «IMPE-Paa

Abstract: In this article the author uses analysis of views of a renowned American political scientist Samuel Huntington and an authentic Russian thinker Daniil Leonidovich Andreev in order to study conceptual approaches towards character studies and tendencies in the development of relations among nations and states within the framework of modern globalization and inter-ethnical integration of a human community.  The old mechanisms of ethnogenesis fail, and the global community undergoes painful transformations leading to the mutually opposing results, such as processes of integration and unification on one hand, and growing differentiation and separation of societies, revival of religious movements, separatism and fight for autonomy on the other hand.  All of the above is accompanied by both human tragedies and new steps towards modernization of the social structure.  In these conditions the new face of the global community is formed, and the goal of the study is to establish the balance of variously directed social and political events in order to establish the possible ways for the further development of the global community.

Keywords: civilization approach, geopolitical processes, globalization, ethnical identification, Samuel Huntington, Daniil Andreev, change of epochs, civilization, the great power state, inter-ethnic integration

References:
Koren' R.V. Tsivilizatsiya v rakurse etnogeneza kak istochnika kul'tury // NB: Problemy obshchestva i politiki.-2013.-6.-C. 159-192. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0158.2013.6.715. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/pr/article_715.html
O.I. Stavtseva Dialog kul'tur na fone krizisa mul'tikul'turalizma // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2012.-9.-C. 173-179.
Kruchinin S.V., Kruchinin V.N. Kontseptual'nye sopostavleniya politiko-pravovykh vzglyadov na osnove naslediya D. Andreeva i mysliteley proshlogo i nastoyashchego // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-6.-C. 320-350. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.6.775. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_775.html
A.V. Leopa Neobkhodimost' ucheta istoricheskogo opyta v usloviyakh globalizatsii // Filosofiya i kul'tura.-2011.-5.-C. 187-196.
I. V. Kondakov. «Novaya Rus'» i sud'ba chelovechestva: russkaya kul'tura v kontseptsii L. N. Gumileva // Kul'tura i iskusstvo. – 2013. – № 1. – S. 104-107. DOI: 10.7256/2222-1956.2013.01.1
N.P. Gritsenko. Regional'nye politicheskie elity i problemy identichnosti v kontekste etnop

Abstract: The article contains analysis of social justice. Firstly, the author studies the history of this term within the context of formation and development of European law. The author shows that at all of the stages of its development the law had double meaning: it was recognized as a form of social justice, and as abiding laws and guarantees of economic activities.  In the late XX century the third interpretation of law appeared. It provides that the law serves as means for constitution of social life, which causes various problems.  The second part of the article contains analysis of new social formation and two different concepts of social justice: Marxist and conformist.  Based upon the said analysis the author comes to a conclusion that there is no point in concentrating on the problems of social justice. It is more important to understand how sociality is formed, what are its typical development trends,and whether it is possible to forecast the consequences of formation and functioning of a new sociality.

Keywords: justice, sociality, law, development, formation, process, constitution, act, consequences

References:
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Tam zhe. S. 83-84.
Aristotel'. Politika // Soch. v 4 t. T. 4. M., 1983. S. 410.
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Tam zhe. S. 177-178.
Nersesyants V.S. Istoriya idey pravovoy gosudarstvennosti. M., 1993. Str. 15.
Matyukhin A. Gosudarstvo v sfere prava: institutsional'nyy podkhod. Almaty. 2000. S. 241.
Lukasheva E.A. Vystuplenie na Kruglom stole // «Gosudarstvo i pravo», 2002, N 1, S. 24.
Matyukhin A. Gosudarstvo v sfere prava: institutsional'nyy podkhod. S. 248-249.
Tam zhe. S. 316, 276.
Platon. Zakony. Soch. v 4-kh t. T.4. M., 1994. S. 381.
Marks K. Kapital. T. 2. Izdanie vos'moe. M., 1935. S. XII-XVI.
Marks K. Kapital. T.1. M., 1978. S. 10.
Tam zhe. Str. 772, 773.
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Latynina Yu.

Abstract: The article is devoted a difficult issue which is, on one hand, well studied in law but, on the other hand, still remains the central problem in social and humanitarian studies. This is the question about interpretation and definition of state institution. The main purpose of this article is to shift from a famous definition of state institution as a political and legal social organization to axiological and conceptual definition of state institution and statehood. The main emphasis is made on viewing this problem from the point of view of philosophy and legal studies. It is in the first place very important for methodology, because it allows to describe a self-sufficient heuristic approach to studying state institution and statehood. 

Keywords: State institution, Philosophy of state, Philosophy of Statehood, Statehood, Constitution, Value, System of values, Power, Relations of power, Post-Modernism

References:
Parkhomenko R.N. B. Chicherin o prave i printsipe razdeleniya vlastey // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-1.-C. 251-284. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.1.395. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_395.html
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Aksiologicheskoe osoznanie idei rossiyskoy gosudarstvennosti v kontekste natsional'nogo kharaktera // NB: Filosofskie issledovaniya.-2013.-12.-C. 135-194. DOI: 10.7256/2306-0174.2013.12.9902. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/fr/article_9902.html
Popov E.A., Bobina G.S. Sotsial'no-pravovye fenomeny i ikh osmyslenie v tsennostno-normativnoy sisteme rossiyskogo obshchestva // Politika i Obshchestvo.-2014.-1.-C. 4-10. DOI:
Uvarov A.A. O roli gosudarstva v formirovanii grazhdanskogo obshchestva // NB: Voprosy prava i politiki.-2013.-7.-C. 1-40. DOI: 10.7256/2305-9699.2013.7.8782. URL: http://www.e-notabene.ru/lr/article_8782.html
E. A. Popov. Kul'turnaya sreda sovremennogo munitsipal'nogo razvitiya // Politika i Obshchestvo. – 2012. – № 1. – S. 104-107
Grudtsyna L.Yu., Petrov S.M. Vlast' i gr

Abstract: The article is devoted to the ideas of a famous Russian political philosopher and jurist Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin (1828 - 1904) about state, civil society, definition of law and separation of powers. Today, when researchers talk about Boris Chicherin's philosophical legacy, they usually stress out that Chicherin was one of the founders of Russian legal science. Chichern wrote a number of works directly or indirectly connected with the issues of law, politics, history and theory of state. The cornerstone of his philosophy of law was the conception of human as a free personality. Chicherin political credo was the union between the liberal state and strong power - this is what Chichern viewed as the particular feature of the Russian State. For Chicherin legal order in a state was very important. Such legal order must limit the sphere of political power in all its form, either it is a democratic republic or monarchy. Chichern warned against the despotism of crowd and believed the principle of the ruling majority as the excuse of dictatorship. However, based on A. Valitsky, this Chicherin's position was not contradictory to political liberalism. Chicherin could have been described as a 'typical liberal of the epoch when liberalism and democracy were not inseparable and could even oppose to one another'. 

Keywords: Chicherin, law, separation of powers, Locke, liberalism, freedom, stae, legal studies, law, philosophy

References:
Chicherin B. Rossiya nakanune dvadtsatogo stoletiya. Berlin, 1900. 180 s.
Chicherin B. Opyty po istorii russkogo prava. M., 1858. 389 s.
Chicherin B. O narodnom predstavitel'stve (Doktorskaya dissertatsiya). M., 1866. 552 s.
Chicherin B. Istoriya politicheskikh ucheniy. SPb., 2008. T. 2. 752 c.
Prilenskiy V. Opyt issledovaniya mirovozzreniya rannikh russkikh liberalov. Ch. 1. M., 1995. 312 s.
Polyakov A. Politiko-pravovoe uchenie Chicherina // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
Osipov I. Filosofiya russkogo liberalizma (XIX – nachalo XX v.). SPb., 1996. 192 s.
Osipov I. Patriarkh russkoy gosudarstvennoy nauki. // Chicherin B. Filosofiya prava. SPb., 1998.
Kokorev A. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: biografiya. Tambov, 2010. 148 s.
Evlampiev I. Glavnyy trud B.N. Chicherina: entsiklopediya pravovoy i politicheskoy mysli // Chicherin B. Istoriya politicheskikh ucheniy. SPb., 2008. T. 2.
Valitskiy A. Filosofiya prava russkogo liberalizma. M., 2012. 567 c.
Chicherin B. Sobstvennost' i gosudarstvo. Ch. 1, 2. SPb., 2005. 824 s.<

Abstract: The author of the article stresses out that the formation and developmet of political and legal views of the Eurasianism classics (N. Alekseev, L. Karsavin, N. Trubetskoy, P. Savitsky and etc.) were based, first of all, on social, historical and spiritual atmosphere created by the emigration period when Eurasianism was formed, and secondly, on political and ideological influence of their predecessors. In this regard, the author of the article analyzes views by slavophiles such as N. Danilevsky, K. Leontiev, P. Novgorodtsev, L. Petrazycki as well as foreign philosophers such as Edmund Husserl,  Max Scheler, lawyers  Léon Duguit, A. Reinach and others. The author describes the main contraditions in Eurasianism followers that did not let thm to create an original political and legal doctrine. The main reason of such contradictions, based on the authr, was the gap between their relativistic and universal aspirations. 

Keywords: Petrazycki's theory, Slavophilism, legal responsibility, legal structure, ideocracy, Eurasianism, geopolitics, axiology, phenomenology, value

References:
Naibolee vazhnoy po dannomu voprosu predstavlyaetsya stat'ya L.P. Karsavina «Fenomenologiya revolyutsii», opublikovannaya v 5-om «Evraziyskom Vremennike» v 1927 g. Takzhe sleduet upomyanut' stat'yu P.P. Suvchinskogo «K preodoleniyu revolyutsii» (1923).
Na politiko-pravovuyu tematiku pisali sleduyushchie avtory, traditsionno otnosimye k evraziystvu: N.N. Alekseev (1879-1964), N.A. Dunaev (1895-1931), V.N. Il'in (1891-1974), L.P. Karsavin (1882-1952) i K.A. Chkheidze (1897-1974).
Istoriki podcherkivali: sostoyanie predfashistskoy Italii imenovalos' «faktizmom», v chest' poslednego prem'era-ministra dofashistskoy Italii L. Fakta. Podobnaya igra slov peredaet chastotu, s kotoroy menyalis' pravyashchie ideologii i kabinety pravitel'stv: "...“rekord” pobilo zdes', kak izvestno, ministerstvo Errio, kotoroe v iyule 1926 g., stoyalo u “vlasti”…2 dnya". Pushkarev S.G. O parlamentarizme // Evraziyskaya khronika. Vyp. VIII. Parizh, 1927. S. 45-46.
Formal'nym platsdarmom zarozhdeniya evraziystva v 1921 g. stala Bolgariya: v Sofii byl opublikovan pervyy koll