Abstract: In this article, the nature and forms of political relations, their connection to political life and their significance for political development, are studied. Revealing political activity as the precondition of political relations, the author substantiates the conclusion that, in their nature, political relations are a form of political life which constitutes the functional basis of the political organism. The most important forms of political relations which correlate and supplement each other are represented by governance and opposition. Being the base forms of political relations within a democratic government, they serve as the most important functions of the political organism. They exist in mutual connection and are compulsory for the political process to exist. Other forms of political relations exist along with them, complicating the political organism. Defining political relations allows us to formulate the universal political developmentconsistency, which is formed by their interactions.

Keywords: Political science, politics, political activity, political authority, political relations, political organism, political life, governance, opposition, political system

Abstract: The article examines the issues of food security, which do not recede, but escalateas the society develops. Issues of production, distribution, trade and consumption of food are quite pressing in many countries across the globe. The author substantiates the necessity for solving this issue via investing into food security. On the example of Russian regions, the author demonstrates the importance of capital investment into food security.

Keywords: Sociology, food, population, famine, government support, programs, production, consumption, investment, region

Abstract: Resistance towards a centralized power is one of the most prominent trends in the history of U.S. political thought. The necessity for this resistance, however, isn’t always promoted by the more “progressive” and revolutionary schools of thought.The debate over tyranny and civilian resistance is no less significant for followers of the more conservative views on the society and the state in the U.S.This research studies the people’s militia movement (militia), the representatives of which oppose the increase of central government’s power, and support the classic republic tradition. The ideology of the people’s militia is closely connected to antique and medieval views of the individual and their place in society’s political structure, which were left behind in the modern liberal political discourse. Without overstepping the borders of Constitution, the militia supporters empathize on the lost social order, which they think is still possible to rediscover. The militia movement represents a deeply conservative layer of political and cultural consciousness of the U.S.

Keywords: Political science, militia, antifederalists, paleoconservatism, Constitution, rebellion, tyranny, USA, tradition

Abstract: There are several scientific theories regarding the democratic reformation process in the Near East. Some authors consider this process perfectly logical and within the world democratization trend, others state that the Near East region has itsown defining traits and special mentality of the population, which isn’t familiar with this particular approach.Let us examine several theories.

Keywords: Political science, politics, society, democracy, democratization, security, liberalism, colour revolutions

Abstract: Ethnic identity plays a very important role in Dagestan. Today, a common, or shared Dagestan identity is developing, however, for an average Dagestani, their personal ethnic group identification has significant importance. Land issues and issues of inter-Islamic dialogue are also prominent. Highlander migration to the plains has transferred land disputes into interethnic relations plane. The unclear legal status of lands of the plains also tends to draw republic authorities into conflict, which results in their reputation as supporters of immigrants. The situation is further complicated by frictions between two main religious currents: Sufism and the Salafi movement. Another big problem is the radicalization of Islamic youth, who often voice their protests in a religious form. Many of the modern problems of the republic of Dagestan manifest as ethnic tensions.

Keywords: Political science, Dagestan, identity, ethnos, conflict, Sufism, Salafism, dialogue, Islam, youth

Abstract: The article discusses three main topics: history and particular traits of social engineering, the example of the “Donor” social project, as well as methodology of typological research and development. The author accents that the two main flaws of social projects are yet to be overcome. One of such flaws is low project-conformity: social projects are often either utopical, or are substituted with social manifests, concepts, programs, their social parameters being misinterpreted and dropped out. The probability of a social project’s success is significantly increased, if following conditions are met: administrative support of the social project is provided; the project is well-funded; an able team is assembled, including methodologists who can optimize the project’s realization. The “Donor” project exemplifies this. The second half of the article analyzes a contemporary situation, which dictates a necessity for developing new concepts for architecture and construction typology.The author debates the definition of type and its transformation in the current period of time, as well as strategy for constructing a new typology. The author formulates a dilemma – building a typology of objects of architecture, or a typology of forms of human behavior in urban environment – with which the author’s preferences lie.

Keywords: philosophy, typology, type, conditions, situations, norm, realization, project, institute, system

Abstract: One of the urgent problems of modern science is the evaluation of quality of life of the population. In sociology, quality of life is a number of factors which reflect subjective and objective perceptions of being, the level of satisfaction with life and the level of prosperity. Since this definition is extremely broad and multi-facetted, it is associated with sociological categories, which cover all aspects of social life.

Keywords: Sociology, quality, life, population, monotown, Russia, indicator, factors, goods, satisfaction

Abstract: This article analyzes the geopolitical, social and economical aspects of Russian foreign policy at the example of the Eurasian Economic Union, and characterizes world community trends under the influence of the process of forming a new world order. The author states that a new push towards changing the global paradigm was given before the 2007-2008 economiccrisis. The crisis shook the utopic belief of the victorious liberalism in a crisis-less development in global post-industrial world.

Keywords: Political science, national security, politics, society, modernization, federalism, Russia, integration, post-Soviet space, national interests

Abstract: The article explores the specifics of employment of people with disabilities – disability-based differentiation and societal stagnation. People with disabilities are a significant part of Russia’s low-income population – they’re often numbered among the poorest groups, and often suffer from housing shortages, inaccessibility of public transport and medical care. Their employment opportunities are limited, and other sources of income are scarcely available. Today’s “inß ationary” growth of economy results in social stagnation. A layer of people emerges that cannot afford quality food, housing and other goods.This group of people, while not exactly a part of the poorest categories, are still very far from middle class. If quality education is made available to them, this will provide them with a chance to enter the more prestigious parts of the labour market. Russian Federation’s laws do not permit disabled people from entering any professions.

Keywords: Political science, labour, politics, society, people with disabilities, employment, state, law, conflict, social technologies

Abstract: The article analyzes the actions of Bulgarian authorities in Macedonia in 1916-1918, which were largely driven by the idea of “Great Bulgaria”. The author demonstrates that the clashing interests of the Balkan countries pushed them to similar “ethnic cleansing” policies which were justified by the necessity of national unification. Aggressive policy of “bulgarization” of Macedonia was the extension of the “serbization” policy which took place prior to that. The fact is that Serbia and Bulgaria used the same methods to achieve a similar goal – to solidify their claim on Macedonia.

Keywords: History, national relations, Balkans, ethnic cleansing, Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, World War I, Occupation, the Hauge convention

Abstract: The article analyzes the role and influence of globalization on the political and religious interaction processes within society and explores the forms of such interaction. The author concludes that the globalization/ localization dynamic has contributed to the forming of politization of religion topoi. The author formulates the differences in the political-religious environment of Western and Eastern societies, and analyzes the activity of religious political parties.

Keywords: Political science, politization of religion, modernization, globalization/localization, confessional destructions, migration process, conglomeration, deterritorization of religion, national-Christian topos, multiculturalism topos.

Abstract: The current agricultural policy of the state is largely declarative-only. It is based on outdated empirical constructs which prevent its successful realization. The article offers new principles for implementing the modern agricultural policies in Russia, which would ensure a positive dynamic in the agricultural sector of the economy. Such principles include: competency, realistic possibility of implementation, implementation control, degree of possible control.

Keywords: political science, agricultural, production, state, regulation, policy, competency, principles, implementation

Abstract: Jürgen Habermas (born in 1929), a famous German philosopher, devoted much of his attention to freedom and democracy in his works. According to his beliefs, the forming of public opinion becomes possible not in the form of compromise, but in the form of open public discussion, focused on rational acceptance of rules within the system of common interests and values. The subjects of Law are not their own property, nor they are isolated parts of a whole - the people, but individuals who achieve moral acceptance of each other during the process of communication, which ensures social integration of autonomous individuals. Speaking of the personal freedom of an individual, Habermas doesn’t only mean a consensus between different interests, but the correlation of ethnic self-identification and legal justice.

Keywords: Political science, freedom, democracy, French revolution, Habermas, liberalism, Law, right, sovereignty, equality, people

Abstract: The publication is prepared within the Russian Humanitarian Science Fund science project ¹13-03-00383 «Source evaluation in history of state and Law in Russia (IX-early XX centuries) ». The issue of informational base of study of Law and state in its historical projection was, and is one of the key issues in legal history.The choice of sources for research is defined by the object of research, reflects the particular traits of this research and ensures its results. Thestudy of history of law and state sources originated in XVIII century in the works of Russian historians. During this century, sources of Law were being studied for the purpose of systematization of Law. During the first quarter of XIX century, general history research contributed substantially towards the discovery and development of the base for source studies for Law and state. At the same time, as the legal education and science developed, historical source study emerges in Russian jurisprudence. Theoretical and methodological basis for source studies, which were laid into research of Russian legists, present significant interest for modern research in this area. The article demonstrates the process of emergence and forming of source studies within the history of Law and state discipline in Russia in XVIII-early XIX centuries.

Keywords: Jurisprudence, history of Law and state, source studies of history of Law and state, legal science, legal history, methodology of source studies, sources of Law, legal monument, sources of legal science, published Law.

Abstract: The House of Lords of the British Parliament has been combining both, Legislative and Judicial authority for a very long time, which does not agree with the conventional views on democracy, and contradicts the principle of separation of powers, and the article focuses on the legal and historical preconditions for this development. Analyzing the main stages of historical growth of judicial prerogative of the Lords, the author also explores the factors which dictated the necessity of legal consolidation of such prerogative. The Constitutional Reform Act of 2005 deserves close attention, because its enactment resulted in factual reformation of Lords of Appeal into a new structural element of the British judicial system – the Supreme Court.

Keywords: History, Great Britain, Peers, precedent, Law, appeals, reforms, Conservative party, Labour party, modernization