Abstract: The category domaine reserve, or "domestic jurisdiction", appeared as a means of restricting the right of international organizations or individual States to interfere in the decisions, or the consequences of decisions, taken by a State. The principle of State sovereignty is increasingly realized as a condition essential for the establishment of effective law and order in the world: More and more often the norms of international law are realized at the national level. One of the examples of this is the sphere of economic interests of States. A State takes a decision and international law fi xes this fact, or the decision is taken at an international level and then the State fulfi lls the norm of international law in its internal system in accordance with its own obligations.

Keywords: domaine reserve, principle, State sovereignty, effective law, norms, international law, internal system, domestic jurisdiction, national level, international level.

Abstract: This article reviews the problems associated with development of the UN norms that address the issues of forming a citizenship institution in its modern concept. It examines the questions of correlation between the universal norms of UN and the national legislation of countries in the area of regulating a person’s right to citizenship and all its aspects. The author notes that the international conventions carry a more or less recommending character in this regard. Various conventions developed within UN and pertaining to the status of the citizens, foreigners, and stateless persons are being analyzed. The method of studying the correlation of the norms of international conventions in the area of human rights and national law allows conducting a complex review of the problems of collaboration of the two branches of law. As a conclusion, the author asserts the significance of not only particular UN conventions in the sphere of the citizenship institution, but also the entirety of the international legal documents of this universal organization in the area of human rights.

Keywords: State, population, citizenship, choice of citizenship, freedom, security, regionalism, cooperation, equality.

Abstract: This article reviews the question of the international legal status of the Caspian Sea, which is fi rst and foremost the question of the ownership of the waters and the resources within. In addition to everything else, it is the question of national security of each of the Caspian states. It is the reason why the discussion of this topic has endured for more than a century. But if before the last word belonged to the power, today the highest signifi cance lies in the economic gain. The international legal status of the Caspian Sea became the key aspect of the foreign policy of the Caspian fi ve for over 20 years. The littoral states currently put forth all possible efforts in order to resolve this drawn out problem. Despite that this agreement has been proposed as a multilateral agreement and as a declaration, but ultimately remained as a convention on the defi nition of the international legal status. The main purpose was: to delimit sea borders, rights and responsibilities of the littoral states and therefore, divide the reach mineral deposits of the Caspian Sea. The author came to the conclusion that as it currently stands the question of the project of an agreement on the international legal status of the Caspian Sea is yet to be resolved. Acceptance of the Convention is expected to take place during the fi fth summit of the heads of the Caspian states, which is planned to be held in Kazakhstan. Thus multilateral document will fi nally solve the age old question: is the Caspian a sea or a lake?!

Keywords: Caspian Sea, Convention, legal status, project, summit, Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, territory.

Abstract: This article reviews the questions that emerge during the use of the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil to reveal the identity of the beneficiary hiding behind the corporate shield of an offshore company. It makes an assessment of the legality of using foreign jurisdiction in structuring a business on Russia’s soil, and the specificity of determining the final beneficiary. A special attention is given to the use of offshore companies as titular and operational legal entities while they are being formed not for the purpose of conducting business themselves, or service the activity of another legal entity. Considering that the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil was developed at a court level, the article makes an accent on reviewing specific court cases. The author evaluates the participation of offshore companies in the Russian civil commerce and public ownership of the assets of offshore companies based on the legislation of an offshore jurisdiction.

Keywords: Corporate veil, corporation, piercing the corporate veil, corporate shield, diligence, misuse of law, circumvention of law, offshore jurisdiction, private international law.

Abstract: The main thesis of this article is the statement about the activation of the cooperation, interconnection, and cross-inf luence of the constitutional and international law at the present time. The author analyses the key directions of such cooperation and comes to the conclusion that one of its major factors is the social solidarity, and there is an urgent need to strengthen it on a global scale. The need for international solidarity is increased by the process of globalization as one of the indicative aspects of the postindustrial society; it is warranted by the fact that under the conditions of globalization the countries and nations become ever more interconnected and interdependent. It is mostly due to the fact that the development of international cooperation has gained the form of a transnational constitutionalism that such cooperation became very effective in the way of providing a lasting peaceful coexistence of the majority of humanity, elevation of the standard of living, including among developing countries, and advancement of humanity on the road to strengthening the rights and dignity of a person. Of course, the solution to these problems is yet to be fully worked out.

Keywords: International law, constitutional law, social solidarity, internationalization of constitutional law, transnational constitutionalism, international collaboration, solidarity, national economy, globalization, interdependence.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the laws associated with the international cooperation of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation. The author notes that such cooperation is carried out in the following four ways: participation in development of international agreements; direct execution of international agreements on mutual legal assistance in criminal and other matters; signing and execution of agreements on legal assistance and cooperation between the customs authorities of various countries; cooperation of customs authorities through intergovernmental authorities. The following conclusions are made: international cooperation should be viewed as one of the functions of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation as stipulated by the customs legislation (Customs Code of the Customs Union, Federal law “On Customs Regulation in the Russian Federation”); international cooperation of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation is carried out in four ways.

Keywords: Functions of the customs authorities, customs legislation, Customs Code, Customs Union, Federal law, Russian Federation, international cooperation, customs regulation, international agreements.

Abstract: This article reviews a number of legal measures aimed at the more effective international legal defense of the constitutional rights and liberties of individuals in Russia. The proposed measures pertain not only to the solutions of problems associated with improvements to the domestic mechanisms of protection of the human rights and liberties, but also improvements to the actual work of the European Court of Human Rights. The author suggests the following measures concerning the ECtHR: the improvements of the procedure of ECtHR in order to shorten the term of a trial; improvements to the structural branches and functions of the ECtHR itself; strengthening of the coordination and control mechanism of the European Convention on Human Rights; regular informing of the representatives various branches of Russia’s government authorities on the rulings of the ECtHR. The author also proposes a number of measures on a national level: specific measures on improving the work of different branches of the government of the Russian Federation; measures on improvements to the legislation and other normative acts that pertain to implementation of the ECtHR rulings.

Keywords: International law, national law, protection of human rights, constitutional right, legal defense, European Court, European Council, national legislation, case law.

Abstract: Weaknesses in the implementation of fi nancial supervision, the extensive harmonization of banking laws and the fi nancial and eurozone crises have forced the EU Member States to reform fi nancial supervision. In 2011 the EU introduced a new fi nancial supervision system, and in September 2012 proposals for establishing a Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) were revealed.The present article seeks to analyse the changes, problems and possibilities for improvement of the new fi nancial supervision system and to give a brief account of potential long-term prospects. Author argues that the competence for European-wide supervision of credit institutions along with all the necessary rights to information and of intervention is still lacking. At the same time, author points out that as a new piece of regulation, it meets the need for further integration in Europe and it will also be better able to meet the challenges of global competition.

Keywords: Banking union, ESFS, ESRB, ESM, fi nancial, debt crisis, reform, regulation, SRM and SSM, System Banking Supervision.

Abstract: This article reviews the possibilities of the Common Economic Space (CES) that is being formed by Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus as an instrument of counteracting the “external forces” for the purpose of protecting the interests of its members within the system of international competition of nations and their alliances. It reveals the possibilities, opportunities and difficulties associated with the functioning of the CES as an environment for the forming of a unified regional reserve currency with the Russian ruble as such currency. The author comes to a conclusion that in order for a currency of a particular country to gain the status of the regional reserve currency, it is necessary for this country (the issuer) to demonstrate such level of economic growth that it would be able to become the main consumer of the products and services manufactured in the neighboring countries; invest into the assets of the partnering nations; ensure an acceptable profitability of the assets denominated in their currency. The further strengthening of the ruble and growth in the number of operations involving ruble on the global market is closely tied to how active Russia will be in the fight for democratization of the global financial structure. This will also contribute to the strengthening of the ruble within the post-Soviet territory and their alliances.

Keywords: Common Economic Space, global reserve currency, national reserve currency, ruble, global market, issuer, global economy.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the analysis of development of the EU legislation in the area of intellectual property as a ref lection of general trends of transformation of the legal regulation of intellectual rights into the digital age. A special attention is given to the aspects of innovational economy. The author notes that there is a strengthening of the protection of the right holders’ interests. At the same time the interactive nature of the digital economy and the spread of new ways of acquiring knowledge present the law of intellectual property with a task of providing a free access to content. The author concludes that the uniqueness of the EU legislation consists in the fact that it combines the characteristics of international law and independent legal system. The described consistent trends of development of the European law show the forming of prerequisites for a change in the paradigm of regulation of intellectual rights.

Keywords: Intellectual rights, intellectual property, EU legislation, market economy, innovation economy, information technologies, human capital, access to information, legal paradigm, f lexible regulations.

Abstract: In this review the author evaluates the research results of the mechanism for implementing the norms of international criminal law into the national criminal legislation, conducted from the position of comparative jurisprudence. In this case the author compared the content, methods, techniques, subjects, and specific aspects of implementation of the criminal legal norms of international law into the national criminal legislation of Russia, UK, Canada, USA, France, Germany, and Finland; in other words, the countries that are part of the Anglo-Saxon, Romano-Germanic, and Scandinavian families of the legal systems. An analysis is made on the author’s approach towards the notion of implementation and related concepts (transformation, reception, conversion, and others); determination of the nature of the international criminal law and its place within the system of legal branches; assessment of the effect of the principles of the international criminal law on the process of implementation; current models of implementation and the criteria for defining their distinctive features. Characterization is given to the aspects of authority of subjects that execute the process of implementation of the international legal norms into the domestic criminal legislation, including the practice of implementation in the UK, Canada, France, Germany, and other countries.

Keywords: Implementation, peer review, international law, legislation, criminal law, crime, transformation, criminal policy, convention.

Abstract: This review analyzes the results of the research on the jurisdictional conf licts that emerge during investigations and trials of transnational acts of crime. It characterizes the aspects of the work of the territorial and other principles including legal process of extradition. Emphasis is made on the models that would be useful for regulation of the jurisdictional conf licts within the EU and other countries. The author demonstrates that the current acts of the European Parliament and the international conventions on the fight against transnational and organized crimes leave a lot of questions unaddressed with regards to resolution of competential conf licts pertaining to investigations of crimes and punishment of those who committed crimes across several countries. The book being reviewed analyzes international legal prerequisites of implementing the criminal law in the fight against transnational criminality; collisions of national criminal law; ability to resolve conf licts; constitutional foundations; aspects of the norms of criminal law; model projects of regulating the mechanism for resolving jurisdictional conf licts.

Keywords: Convention, constitution, conf lict, jurisdiction, criminality, law, criminal law, criminal prosecution, trial.