Abstract: When studying the behavior of American farmers the century before last, a French social scientist Alexis de Tocqueville suddenly discovered that many of the farmers had certain standard patterns established in their minds and those standards looked like the results of propaganda. However, literature usually read by those farmers did not propagate those attitudes (‘illusions’). Where did they come from? How were they established? The author of the article tries to discover the process of these illusions being established. Rationalist suppositions traditionally used for discovering the truth does not help in this case. There is a need in new mechanisms of human spiritual life that would explain this phenomenon. Nietzsche assumed that such misconceptions or spiritual cliches are needed by human, this is in human psychology. At the same time, Nietzsche believed that the ‘recipient’ of propaganda only learnt those ideological standards but did not create them. But in that case ‘illusions’ lived in human mind ‘on their own’ and even replicated (it was not by accident that Tocqueville paid attention at replication of similar beliefs and attitudes). So how are such attitudes and beliefs actually formed?

Keywords: psychology, mythology, propaganda, prejudice, spiritual cliche, manipulation, ideology, rationality, wrong beliefs.

Abstract: This article presents the author’s attempt to view virtual space as the space formed on the basis of the Descartes’ division of the mental and extended substances. Mental substance shown in the form of diagrams in the virtual space is nothing else but the mirror of the social world. This ‘virtual’ side of human is shown in his ‘self’. There is a famous Freud’s formula that ‘Self’ is the Other. This raises a question: what else is there in a human besides his ‘self’? Based on the author of the article, this is where the sense of reality is hidden. At the same time, if this sense of reality is only some kind of enclosure to subjective feelings and experience, Kant’s ‘thing in itself’, then human is completely ruled by the non-human and accidental occurrences. On the other hand, these accidental occurrences create the basis for one to feel real. Reality is like a black spot of the other world, sometime it lies at the bottom of the unconscious, sometimes, according to Badiou’s theory, it is concentrated in the event. In both cases it is inaccessible for human and human is unable to go beyond the borders of his ‘self’ and get the feeling of his true existence. A wish is represented as an initially split structure of the ‘self’ or cogito. Human is unable to experience the true event of his existence as it is and often distorts it. Yet, if we try to view this event as subjective and take a subject (human) as someone who can actually avoid such distortions, we can make an assumption that there is subjectivity without ‘self’, subjectivity presented through a wish expressed not by the means of the Other’s schematic image, but by the means of seeing himself as the Other and unstructured Self. This creates many opportunities for understanding the experience and mystical concepts of such philosophers as Soloviev, Bulgakov and Trubnikov and psychoanalytical insights of Jung and Laing. On the other side of the Self there is an endless godly subjectivity that, at the same time, remains solely human.

Keywords: psychology, cyber-space, virtual, self, event, dualism, the Other, reality, a wish.

Abstract: The article is devoted to Nikolay Berdyaev’s (1874 – 1948) concepts of freedom and theanthropism. The philosopher believed in creative abilities bringing human out of all other natural world and leading him to self-rescue. Creative activity allows human to exceed the bounds of the world of need and enter the kingdom of freedom. However, based on Berdyaev it is not the determinism of the natural world that is the main enemy of personal freedom – it is objectivization that is the main hinder on his way to freedom. Earlier Berdyaev said about the duality of human nature and existence of the two worlds in human – the inner (subjective) world and the outer (objective) world. In his definition of freedom as a metaphysical beginning Berdayev based, in the first place, on the irrational tradition and intuitivism in Bergson’s traditions. This is why in order to understand and provide a definition the phenomenon of freedom, it is necessary to do it not from the point of view of the rational tradition, but based on our soul and internal experience. Only in this case we can understand Berdyaev’s saying that the problem of freedom is the problem of one’s creativity. In his early works Berdyaev interpreted ontology as monadology and believed that existence had nothing negative in it. In his later works Berdyaev started to oppose freedom and existence and existence was interpreted as the ‘fallen world’. At the same time, freedom is above the natural world and God – freedom lies in the ‘non-existence’ that has a higher status than God himself.

Keywords: psychology, freedom, Berdyaev, philosophy, theanthropism, metaphysics, Russia, human, society, Slavophiles.

Abstract: The article studies the philosophical and psychological phenomenon of success in social activity. In particular, the author defines sufficient grounds for psychology and philosophy of success of music conducting. The author studies such moments in conductor’s activity as mass hypnosis, crowd contagion and just and successful management. In the first part of the article ‘Audience as the purpose and grounds of success’, the author shows that the crowd is naturally an aggressive and destructing social formation. A crowd can be 1) naturally formed or 2) forced to form. When studying the positive features of crowds, the author saw that aggression and destructiveness of crowds were neutralized in pa in music groups. In particular, choirs have an amazing feature of self-relaxation. People there are tolerant towards each other because 1) they are engaged in singing together b) they are equal. Besides those external features, a conductor also has two internal, personal methods of managing groups of people: a) hypnosis b) psychological ‘contagion’. A conductor becomes successful if he uses the aforesaid methods of management. The second part of the article ‘Requiem as special semantics of success’ is devoted to the opposition of the two existential issues – love and death. Based on the study, tragedy is especially popular and beneficial in show business and modern musical art. Combining ontological, philosophical truth and an attempt to look outside the borders of existence, the genre of requiem can bring a human to existential insight and understanding of his personal life. Working with the genre of requiem, a conductor can actually achieve excellence and become a brilliant leader of a music group. Thus, this is for the first time ever that conductor’s activity is viewed not from the point of view of musical art or cultural research but psychological and philosophicalcultural approach. Such terms as mass activity, psychology of crowd and leader’s successful management are also discussed. The author offers a new term ‘requiemability’ for describing one form of the grounds for success on stage.

Keywords: psychology, success, management, mass, requiem, death, love, music conductor, leader, music.

Abstract: The author of this article bases his studies on the analysis of Jacques Lacan’s views presented in his Mirror stage and views of his follower Françoise Dolto. Having assimilated Dolto’s hypothesis that a child has the unconscious image of his body before his identification during the Mirror stage, the author tries to find relevant prerequisites and means in Lacan’s concept. Thus, the author provides a more profound insight into the stage of mental development before the Mirror one. In particular, the author describes mechanisms and peculiarities of formation of the primary narcissism preceding narcissism during the Mirror stage. The research is original because the author studies one’s body identification, Ego and Super Ego during the Mirror stage. It allows the author to describe the structure of associated mental process and extends the borders of determinism of formation of neurosis and other mental diseases (such as childhood schizophrenia that is the basis of the author’s research).

Keywords: psychology, unconscious, Mirror stage, narcissism, Lacan, Litterae, libido, Freud, child, development.

Abstract: In this chapter Bullington offers his definition of holistic health, provides evaluation of different approaches to health (including traditional Chinese medicine) and studies the compliance of these approaches to the definition of health according to the World Health Organization. Bullington also describes views of a French philosopher, follower of the phenomenological school Merleau-Ponty and denies the reductive domination of the illness model.

Keywords: psychology, holism, holistic health, phenomenology, Merleau-Ponty, bio-medicine, whole person, psychosomatics, balance, Chinese medicine.

Abstract: The article presents a theoretical review of Germina Hug-Helmut’s psychoanalytical works. Germina Hug-Helmut was one of the founders of foreign child psychoanalysis. At the beginning of XX century a researcher of child psyche Germina Hug-Helmut (1871–1924) actively developed Freud’s views on psychoanalytical work with children. She discovered many peculiarities about child psychoanalysis before Anna Freud and Melanie Klein but her works were undeservedly forgotten for almost a hundred of years. Based on Western historians who study modern psychoanalysis, Germin Hug-Helmun was the first author of articles and books on the theory and methods of child psychoanalysis. Yet, her works are still not known among Russian researchers of psychoanalysis. Most of her books and articles were published in international journals and almost all her works had a foreword written by Freud who supported Germina Hut-Helmut’s researches.

Keywords: psychology, child psychoanalysis, theory of psychosexuality, play therapy, Viennese psychoanalytical society, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, child dreams, child fantasies, setting in child psychotherapy.

Abstract: When writing this article, the author set a goal to study and analyze traditional views of foreign scientists on the causes of development of sanogenic thinking. Today the theory of development of sanogenic thinking in children and teenagers becomes a priority so it is very important to understand associated reasons and triggering events. The article is interesting because within the framework of studying sanogenic thinking, the author of the article describes and briefly analyzes the main schools of foreign psychology: interactionism, neobehaviorism, freudism, post-freudism and individual psychology. The author also views the theories of attachment and developmental deprivation. As a result, the author concludes that foreign psychology has the three main directions: psychiatric, psychological and socialpsychological. Each of these explains the influence of family as a social institution on development of child thinking. It can be also stated that the style of family up-brining can form both sanogenic and pategenic thinking in a child.

Keywords: psychology, thinking, family, pathogenic, sanogenic, up-bringing, Freudism, neobehaviorism, theory, development.

Abstract: The author of the article aims at holistic comprehension of modern psychology from the point of view of history of psychology and history of culture. The author also provides grounds for such methodological approach to psychology and shows possibilities of analyzing psychological data from the point of view of the unity of culture and cultural development. The author offers different levels of cultural-historical (cultural research, social science), methodological and psychotechnical analysis of historical and modern schools of psychology. Based on the system analysis of different schools of psychology, the author shows how it is possible to configure different approaches and build new connections between psychological science and practice. The author also proves the importance of such a methodological approach for building new efficient systems of teaching psychology.

Keywords: psychology, psychotechnics, holistic, psychotechnical analysis, primary psychotechnics, secondary psychotechnics, psychotechnical system, cultural studies, social science, methodology.

Abstract: The review of Ruth Benedict’s book ‘The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture’ provides an analysis of her conception of cultural diversity in the world. This book is published as a part of the program that has being implemented by a famous cultural scientist and editor Svetlana Yakovlevna Levit for many years. Thanks to her, we get to know how culture influences personality and how different values develop in history. An Antique person, for example, was used to spending his earnings on his needs. The more you make, the more benefits and goods you get. He would be certainly puzzled by the idea to put aside money for the ‘black day’. The ones who did put aside money felt rather uncomfortable and experience a neurotic situation. Lenders constantly felt the influence of general cultural traditions of those times that disapproved of ‘thinking life ahead’. However, today a young person would feel nervous just for the opposite reasons. Would we consider someone normal if he says he feels the appearance of an animal and even show certain signs on his body proving it? However, it is quite natural in bushman’s culture, although a European would certainly feel neurotic in such a situation. For Japanese men the tradition of harakari is an affair of honor. The one who could not do it, would be scorned. But in Orthodox culture such a deed would be considered as a death of one’s soul. Marriage agreements became quite popular in the West but they are still not that adopted in Russia. The thought of concluding a marriage contract when having a church marriage is believed to be blasphemous. An Archaic man taking to his deceased grandfather would seem a psychotic to modern people. But it was considered to be the norm in ancient cultures. A Jewish would feel joyful about lending money at a big interest rage, while a Russian would only fee sorrow and remorseful about it. This is the cultural diversity Svetlana Yakovlevna Levit’s editor’s program is telling us about.

Keywords: psychology, law, virtue, ethnopsychology, society, culture, shame, guilt, moral, anthropology.