Abstract: The relevance of referring to the history of establishment of postgraduate education as the scientific personnel training system is substantiated by the attempts of its reforming at the present stage. The object of this research is the establishment of postgraduate education as the system for preparing scientific personnel in the Soviet Union during the late 1920’s – 1930’s. The subject is the legal acts and regulatory documents aimed at maintaining the organization process of the system of postgraduate education. The goal of this work lies in determining the key stages in establishment of postgraduate education in the 1930’s and the role of state-legal mechanism of implementation of this process. The author examines the basic acts and documents that affecter the organization of the system of postgraduate education and the establishment of is regulatory framework; analyzes the documents aimed at resolution of procedural questions regarding the functionality of postgraduate education; considers the legal framework of performance assessment of the scientific personnel and supervision of scientific personnel training through postgraduate education. Methodological apparatus contains the historical-chronological method, analysis and synthesis of the legal and regulatory framework, historiographical analysis, exploration of the published and archival sources. The authors determine the key stages in organization process of preparing the scientific personnel through postgraduate education in the Soviet Union during the 1930’s; trends and mechanism of the legal and regulatory framework of this process during the three different periods (1929-1933; 1934-1938; and 1939-1941). The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the development of postgraduate education within the indicated chronological context has not been previously a separate subject of research.

Abstract: The object of this article is the motivation of electoral behavior of the Russian voters, while the subject is the motivation of absentee electoral behavior. The influential factors in terms of the subject of research are the following: level of trust to the political institutions and procedures; impact of institutional changes in the electoral process; abilities to affect the situation in the country through the democratic procedures (elections); influence of the Russian political culture; trends of destruction and archaization of the political consciousness of Russian society (hypothesis). The main method of this work consists in the secondary analysis of data of Russian Public Opinion Research Center (WCIOM), Levada Center, Research Holding Romir, results of the 2015 online polls of Penza Regions, etc. Among the main conclusions are the following: fixation of the cumulative negative trends of absenteeism on the background of the growing alienation of society and authorities, actualization of irrational models of electoral behavior, indifferent attitude to political process and democratic procedures in mass consciousness, trends towards archaization of political consciousness and lack of assurance in the conceptual value of democracy, absence of orientation of a Russian voter towards the new information and communication technologies that develop the active forms for expanding the civil participation in administration, as well as control mechanisms over the government institutions.