Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of the establishment and development of sociology as a science and academic discipline in Russia; transformation of sociology as a science; application of competency-based approach in determination of the content of sociology as an academic discipline and learning methods. The author examines the initial period of establishment of sociology as a science, development of sociology within the Soviet and post-Soviet society, inclusion of sociology into educational process of the Russian universities as a field of study or major, as well as the conversion of sociological knowledge. The scientific novelty lies in assertion of need for differentiation of the content of sociology as a science and scientific discipline. The content of sociology as a science is formed under the influence of logics of the structuring of scientific knowledge, as well as factors of its conversion; it is determined by the educational standard that contains the list of social competencies essential for a graduate of a specific major in order to be in demand at the job market. A conclusion is made that the content of sociology as an academic discipline must correlate with the specificity of major of a university graduate; the specificity of language of presentation of the scientific and academic knowledge substantiates the need for transformation of sociology as a science into the academic discipline.

Abstract: The subject of this research is the dependence of the Unified State Examination results in the system of school education from the level of socioeconomic development of the regions. The study demonstrated that the accommodation of education requirements of the students is affected not only by the level of socioeconomic development of the region, but also other factors, among which are the natural, climatic, demographic, social and national specificities of regional development, extended infrastructure, and system of education in general. Inequality in presence and level of development of the indicated factors leads to inequality of accommodation of educational requirements of the schoolers, youth, and older generation in the regions. The alignment of the level of regional development as the basis for ensuring equality of educational opportunities for the population is the task of the state educational policy of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty is defined by application of the complex methodology in analyzing the correlations between the indexes of satisfaction of educational requirements (based on the results of unified exam) and socioeconomic capabilities of the Russian regions, attraction of the ethno-sociological material that characterizes the peculiarities of ethnocultural and ethnopsychological development of ethnic groups populating the autonomies of the Russian Federation, comparing these regions with the central part of Russia.