The instrumental case of nouns through the prism of adverbialization and pronominalization

Shigurov Viktor Vasil'evich ORCID: 0000-0002-0765-0482 Doctor of Philology Professor, Department of Russian Language, National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University 430010, Russia, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Serova str., 3, sq. 12 shigurov@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Shigurova Tat'yana Alekseevna ORCID: 0000-0002-4898-6484 Doctor of Cultural Studies Professor; Department of Cultural Studies and Library and Information Resources; National Research Mordovian State University named after N. P. Ogarev 430010, Russia, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Serova str., 3, sq. 12 shigurova_tatyana@mail.ru

1. Introductory remarks

In modern Russian, words and word forms designed for economical transmission of capacious and multidimensional information have become widespread ^{[6; 9, pp. 380-390; 14]}. The appearance of such units is largely due to the effect of the mechanism of transposition of linguistic units in the field of parts of speech and semantic-syntactic categories of predicatives and introductory modal words and expressions. In this regard, the study of the nature and functioning of the mechanism of partial transposition is very relevant for theoretical grammar. The study of this mechanism allows for a deeper understanding of many issues related to the interaction of grammar and vocabulary in syncretic structures at different stages of substantiation, adjectivation, adverbialization, prepositionalization, etc. (see, for example.: ^{[1; 3; 5; 19, pp. 313-350]}). As a result of stepwise transpositions of linguistic units, peripheral and hybrid formations are formed, combining in one or another proportion and combinatorics the signs of interacting classes of words (see, for example: ^{[15, pp. 434-439]}). A.M. Peshkovsky wrote: "... As a person can be both smart and blond at the same time, so a word can to be both an adjective and a pronoun ("such"), and a verb, and a numeral ("triple"), and an adjective, and a subject word ("stone"), and a noun, and a qualitative word ("whiteness"), etc." ^{[16, pp. 47-48]}. It is impossible to comprehend syncretic structures of this type on the principle of "either ... or": there are both here, but in different proportions. The situation is complicated by the fact that a word can be in the zone of simultaneous interaction, not two, but three or even four classes and impersonal predicative and introductory modal semantic and syntactic categories, which allows us to talk about the intersection of transpositional processes of predication, adverbialization, interjection, etc. (see, for example: ^{[22, p. 34-43; 23, pp. 23-34]}). The question of the intersection of the processes of adverbialization and pronominalization of the forms of the creative case of nouns is one of the issues that are almost not touched upon in Russian grammar, which makes our research relevant. The novelty of the approach is determined by the use of the oppositional analysis technique, which allows to identify different stages and signs of the adverbial and pronominal transposition of substantive word forms. The purpose of the work is a comprehensive study of the main lines and depth of interaction of the transpositional processes of adverbialization and pronominalization of the uncomplicated forms of the creative case of nouns. The object of analysis is word forms that have been transposed to one degree or another into adverbs and pronouns-numerals. The subject of consideration is the stages, signs and the limit of their adverbialization and pronominalization. The research material is typical contexts of the use of nouns that have undergone to one degree or another adverbial and pronominal transposition from the "National Corpus of the Russian Language" (hereinafter: [NKRYA]) ^[12]. Access mode: https://ruscorpora.ru /, as well as the authors' own examples of the article. To solve the tasks set in the work, such research methods as structural-semantic and lexicographic analysis, the oppositional method, elements of distributive, transformational and component analysis, and linguistic experiment were used. The methodological basis of the study was the work of domestic and Western authors on various aspects of the theory of transposition, conversion, derivation, transformation (see, for example: ^{[2; 8, pp. 5-11; 10, pp. 9-25; 18; 20, pp. 25-38; 26, pp. 13-26; 27; 28]}). The research experience in this field and the authors of the article were also taken into account (see, for example: ^{[25, pp. 5072-5976; 29, pp. 177-191]}).

2. Research results and discussion

As a result of the study of the adverbialization of the forms of the creative case of nouns without prepositions into the class of adverbs, it was found that this type of transposition can intersect with pronominalization and modalation. As a result, special hybrid structures are formed that are in the zone of influence of different parts of speech (noun, adverb, pronoun) and the interparticle semantic and syntactic category of introductory modal units. Cf., for example, pronominal-numeral (1) and introductory-modal types of use (2) adverbialized forms of the creative case of nouns:

(1) The people were in order (≈ '))))));

(2) Aren't you an artist by any chance? (≈ 'слсл)))))).

In this article, we will talk about combining the processes of adverbialization and pronominalization, in which word forms such as in bulk, in order, in places are involved.

The adverbialization of these word forms can have a twofold nature. Firstly, it can be a purely grammatical (functional) type of transposition of linguistic units into adverbs, occurring within the original substantive lexemes (in bulk, in places). Secondly, such an adverbialization, being functionally semantic, can lead to a violation of the identity of substantive lexemes and the formation of new, adverbial units of the language on the basis of the forms of the creative singular case (in full, in order). As a result of the adverbialization of substantive word forms in bulk, in a jam, in order, quantitative adverbs of measure and degree were formed, and as a result of the adverbialization of the substantive word form in places, a spatial adverb used to localize the location of the object. Cf., for example, the contexts of the use of partial homonyms – noun order (3) and adverb order (4):

(3) Probably, he also needed Fingers for this – to be told: look, I can think not only about work, not only about profit, but also about a person. I can neglect the order for the sake of a person. I can concede for the sake of a person [A. Buzuluksky. Fingers // "Volga", 2014][NKRYA];

(4) It seems that Shuvalov is already pretty fed up with this story of almost three years in length [A. Labykin. Monopoly fast and furious // "Expert", 2014] [NKRYA].

Taking into account the intersection of the processes of adverbialization and pronominalization in the structure of word forms such as bulk, chock, in order, three typical contexts of their use can be distinguished. In this regard, it is indicative, for example, to compare the types of use of the word form in bulk.

Firstly, these are the contexts of the actual substantive use in bulk:

(5) Behind a high pile of decorations, in a window under the ceiling, a heavy shadow was turning, sealing everything in black. Shapko. The scourge // "Volga", 2011] [NKRYA]; To the credit of mental sobriety, oh, Cyril, he did not detain his son for long at a high altitude, where he was lifted up by secret parental ambition, smoldering under a stifling pile of need and disappointment [Yu. Nagibin. The Fugitive (1977)] [NKRYA]; Manya went to bed early, like a peasant, but this time she stood for a long time behind a pile of logs near the club... [P. Proskurin. Fate. The first book. Adam's root (1993)] [NKRYA]; I did not notice when and how I found myself under a pile of logs thrown over a ditch [K. Sparrows. My friend Momich (1965)] [NKRYA]; In the bazaar, next to the zinc-lined lockers, next to the bulk of flounder and pink sultanka, small waves splashed and the sides of the scow creaked [K. Paustovsky. A tale of life. Restless Youth (1954)] [NKRYA].

Secondly, these are the contexts of the actual adverbial use in bulk with the meaning of ’a respectable pile' in the function of a subsubstantial attribute or circumstance of a mode of action (sometimes with a touch of measure and degree) with verbs such as load, load, lie, wallow to denote an action associated with a variety of objects. The word bulk itself is formed by the method of zero suffixation from the cumulative verb to pile, denoting the achievement of a final significant number of results, objects with repeated implementation of the action. For example:

(6) The guys were outraged by the small availability of bags: they would send potatoes to the city, in them, and not pile them up in heaps for loading in bulk, so that they die on the way [A. Azolsky. Lopushok // "New World", 1998] [NKRYA]; Letters were flying. They were raked into a pile, loaded in bulk. Tens of thousands of letters [In. Kataev. Time, go ahead! (1931-1932)] [NKRYA]; The guys were outraged by the small presence of bags: they would send potatoes to the city, in them, and not pile them up in heaps for loading in bulk, so that they die on the way [A. Azolsky. Lopushok // "New World", 1998] [NKRYA]; Knocked out the frames, threw out ficuses, pots, aquariums – all this was lying in bulk all over the yard, and everything crunched and rang underfoot [Yu. Cossacks. From the story "Two Nights" ("Separation of souls") (1960-1970)] [NKRYA]; Next to the bulk, a mountain, there were bales with confiscation [Gray F. Green. Ketopolis – Whales and Armadillos (2001)] [NKRYA].

Thirdly, these are the contexts of the pronominal-numeral use of the adverbialized substantive word form in bulk in the syncretic predicate function-circumstances of measure and degree or circumstances of measure and degree (with verbal predicates with the meaning of the presence, appearance of something like to have, to appear). These are colloquial constructions with the genitive case of the name, denoting an indefinite large number of objects, such as some objects in bulk, i.e. a lot:

(7) A story can be written about anything. There are lots of stories. Let's take any profession [p. Dovlatov. Nature Reserve (1983)] [NKRYA]; On the Lower Amur, where sturgeons and Kaluga are in bulk, underground workshops existed in every village a long time ago, they prepared excellent caviar ... [L. Naumova. The writer's last book // "Far East", 2019] [NKRYA]; Old Soviet was thrown away, they bought everything imported ... "Shuttles" immediately brought everything: kettles, telephones, furniture... refrigerators… From somewhere, everything appeared in bulk [p. Alexievich. Second-hand time // "Friendship of peoples", 2013] [NKRYA].

In contexts of type (7), there is an intersection of adverbial and pronominal transposition in the structure of the word form in bulk. However, the degree of its adverbialization and pronominalization varies. If the transition of the noun bulk in the form of the creative case (bulk) into a quantitative adverb can be considered complete (within the original substantive lexeme), then the transition of the same adverbialized word form into the category of pronouns-numerals is represented only by the initial stage, in connection with which a special type of hybrid formations arises. The nuclear non-substantive adverb also reveals only some movement in order, or, in other words, takes the first step towards indefinite pronouns-there are several numerals of the type (new books).

A similar situation can be observed with the substantive word forms droplet and crumb, which have also undergone the processes of "completed" adverbialization (however, unlike in bulk, which violates the identity of the original lexemes – droplet and crumb) and "initial" pronominalization. Cf. the contexts of the proper substantive (8), adverbial (9) and adverbial-pronominal use of the word form drop (10):

(8) Its marble-white petals arched, and in the middle of the flower appeared a yellow-gold bowl, at the bottom of which, on blue soft stamens, lay a small red grain, like a drop of blood [A. Miloradov. Little Bird of God // "Science and Religion", 2010] [NKRYA];

(9) If he had been a little better, he would not have started an affair on the side [i.e. Tronina. Never Say Forever (2004)] [NKRYA];

(10) Dear audience, have a little patience! A miracle is about to happen before your eyes! [D. Kolodan, Karina Shainyan. Eclipse (2007)] [NKRYA].

As for the transpositional process of adverbializing a word form in bulk, it is represented in typical contexts by four stages (stages): a) the stage of nuclear nouns in the function of object complement (11); b) the stage of peripheral nouns in the function of the circumstance of an image or mode of action with a possible shade of measure and degree used with adjectival and/or substantive distributors (12); c) the stage of intermediate substantive-adverbial formations used without dependent words in a syncretic function additions and circumstances of the mode of action (13) and d) by the stage of singly used peripheral adverbs that do not violate the semantic identity of the original substantive lexeme in the function of an inconsistent definition and circumstance of the image or mode of action (with a possible shade of measure and degree) (14):

(11) The passengers were greatly frightened by the huge bulk of the slid snow;

(12) The bones lay in solid bulk. They were black from carbolic acid on top, but when they were stirred, they turned white, yellow, cream [Yu. Dombrowski. Faculty of Unnecessary Things, part 1 (1978)] [NKRJ]; Literally on top of each other, in solid bulk, mangled tanks, guns, armored personnel carriers, cars [K. Vanshenkin. The Story of the Lost Photo Album (1973)] [NKRYA];

(13) He was afraid to perish in the big warm hands of the village, to suffocate in the sheepskin air of humble people defeating the enemy not with rage, but in bulk [A. Platonov. Chevengur (1929)] [NKRYA];

(14) For some reason, I opened the locker under the TV. There were a lot of videotapes [About. Divas. The young and strong will survive (1998)] [NKRYA]; We often went out into nature most of the yard, and the woman Nonna drove us in bulk in her car, and behind in a taxi followed Circachev with his company and with a girl Twig [B. Vakhtin. Three stories with three epilogues / Pilot Tyutchev, test pilot (1959-1964)] [NKRYA]; Trunks in bulk, one on one, thick, heavy, stale from time, and bony branches thrown up in convulsions ... [V. Tendryakov. Nakhodka (1965)] [NKRYA]; By the light of the moon, I saw that all of it to the top of the sides was loaded directly in bulk, like firewood, with fresh fish [p. Golitsyn. Notes of a bespogonnik (1946-1976)] [NKRYA]; Let red-headed aspen, white, redheads stick out in bulk from the basket. Evdokimov. Levitan (1940) The fourth match explained to Vekshin the abundance of paper in the chest, clean and damaged, these carelessly scratched sheets, crammed there in bulk, as it was raked off the table. Leonov, the thief. Part 3 (1927/1959)] [NKRYA]; Give me your hand and know: I didn't come at you in bulk [A. Chapygin. Razin Stepan (1927)] [NKRYA].

The processes of adverbialization and pronominalization of word forms of the bulk type, occurring in the semantic zone of the original lexeme bulk, are associated, on the one hand, with a gradual (at different stages of adverbialization) weakening and loss of noun characters, and on the other hand, with the acquisition of signs of adverbs and – with pronominal use - pronouns–numerals.

As a result of the grammatical adverbialization proper at the stage of peripheral adverbs (typical context: Things were lying in bulk all over the yard), the word form in bulk lost the main categorical features of nouns – the general grammatical semantics of the subject; categories of gender, number and case; variability in numbers and cases; complement function, compatibility with distributors of the adjectival and substantive types, the rank values of common nouns, inanimate and abstract nouns, the categorical inflection status of the morpheme is om. On the other hand, the same word form has partial signs of adverb: categorical semantics of the sign of the sign, immutability, the primary function of the circumstance (image or mode of action with a possible shade of measure and degree); adjunction as a way of verbal subordination with the main component of the phrase.

In typical contexts like Things were in bulk, the adverbialized word form in bulk in the pronominal-numeral function represents the first stage of pronominalization, which is manifested in the appearance of the categorical meaning of the pronoun-numeral, namely the semantics of pointing to an indefinite set of objects; compatibility with the controlled form of the genitive case of a noun denoting "considered" objects (Books in bulk; There were still a lot of books in the car); the function of the main component of a syntactically inarticulate phrase acting as a subject or complement (A lot of books left at home) or in a predicative-circumstantial function (Books in bulk). Cf. a typical pronoun is a numeral: There are several new boots; Several books were lying on the windowsill. Unlike the pronoun-numeral several, the adverbialized word form in bulk in pronominal-numeral use does not incline and is not syntactically associated with the dependent noun in the way of agreement in the forms of case and number; cf.: several books (management of the forms of the genitive plural) and several books (agreement in the forms of the creative case and plural). She also does not have the ability to point to an indefinite set of anything, regardless of the situational norm; cf.: There were several books and there were a lot of Books, i.e. more than a certain norm. It differs in bulk from a few also by the absence of inflections in the morphemic structure of the word.

The formation of the order is also characterized by substantive (15), adverbial (16) and adverbial-pronominal-numeral (17) types of use; cf.:

(15) The reservoir was a type of reservoir. We admired nature and the German order [p. Noses. The rooks have flown away (2005)] [In VAIN]; Previous writers treated people with special attention, take Dostoevsky at least: a stingy and precise touch – and it seems that the image is ready. Modern people neglect this order [e. Chizhova. Lavra // "Zvezda", 2002] [NKRYA];

(16) Cutting through the pitch-black night with the timid light of hand lanterns, the brigade walked along the bank of a mountain river until midnight, secretly hoping to see Stepan resurrected by a miracle, and when people had no physical strength left to search for, they silently ate at a smoldering hot campfire with an order of greasy canned porridge that had already become boring to everyone, having smoked stinky into the night, with a caustic "Prima", they scattered to rest in gable army tents [L. Sermyagin. Taimen // "Far East", 2019][NKRYA]; Sunrises, sunsets, smoke of bonfires, a girl who first came to "Hamlet" – he was pretty tired of all this, it was not that, not that, not that [e. Popov. The true story of the "Green Musicians" (1997)] [NKRYA]; Of course, he was well known everywhere, and the last time he was seen, he was pretty tipsy [M. Prishvin. The Grey Owl (1938)] [NKRYA]; Suddenly a thick, thick merchant fell into the Wedge, having drunk a lot [Vl. A. Gilyarovsky. Slum people / Kolesov (1887)] [NKRYA];

(17) The reception room was small, and there were a lot of artists, but they were immaterial beings, and therefore an infinitely large number of them could fit on one square meter: The angels entered into each other. Revich. Assault week // "Chemistry and Life", 1965] [NKRYA]; We went straight to the Ilmen, and there were a lot of people there, and everything hit the latest [P. Bazhov. The Sunstone (1941)] [NKRYA].

However, unlike in bulk, the substantive word form is transformed by order not into a peripheral, but into a nuclear adverb, which functions outside the semantic zone of the original substantive lexeme order (see also: ^{[13, p. 108]}).

Cf. lexical and grammatical homonyms in sentences:

(18) But everything in this single spacious room was pleasantly struck by cleanliness and order. Kataev. My Diamond Crown (1975-1977)] [NKRYA] (noun);

(19) The sun was warming up when I finished developing the sketch, which later served as the basis for the painting, and pushed aside the easel to take a last look at the lake. Efremov. Mountain Spirit Lake (1942-1943)] [NKRYA] (non-substantive adverb).

The pronominal-numeral type of use of an adverbialized noun occurs in the pre- and postposition in relation to the controlled genitive case of a name denoting indefinite-considered objects; cf.:

(20) They had a lot of gold with Panteley [p. Bazhov. Snake Trail (1939)] [NKRYA]; And at state-owned factories at that time, the Germans were sitting in order [P. Bazhov. About the main thief. The Tale of the Degtyarsky miner (1941)] [NKRYA];

(21) Khripushin with bullishness, in which there was, however, an order of uncertainty ... – the result to which his whole confused and ridiculous life came [Yu. Dombrowski. The Faculty of Unnecessary Things, part 2 (1978)] [NKRYA]; There were still a lot of people in the dining room, but everyone was scattered and who was where. [Yu. Dombrovsky. The Birth of a mouse (1951-1956)] [NKRYA].

The adverb is genetically linked to the creative case of a noun that is not used in modern Russian. Therefore, it has two types of usage – the adverbial proper and the pronominal.

With proper adverbial use, the chock implements the meaning of 'very tight, tight’ :

(22) On a cold blizzard evening, after a tedious march, the regiment stopped here to rest and somehow warm up. The fighters crowded into the surviving huts. Tytskikh. Through three wars // "The Far East", 2019] [NKRYA]; And he makes films, the halls are packed at the premieres, congratulations, laudatory articles [A. Nyman. Cradle (2012) // "October", 2013][NKRYA]; F.'s tours are going on at the New Summer Theater with unprecedented success. Chaliapin. The hall is always packed. The singer impresses listeners with the power of his voice and artistry. Aksenov. The Love of Electricity (1969)] [NKRYA];

In the pronominal-numeral function, the adverb indicates an indeterminately large number of objects, a lot, a lot:

(23) So, on each floor there is a corridor one and a half meters wide, and on both sides there are rooms opening into this corridor, stretching along their bunks, and in the rooms of people, children and belongings there is a jam [A. Appel. Sandwiches with red caviar (1990-2000)] [NKRYA]; It happened at the Mozhaisky Academy, there were a lot of people [M. Bunny. In our region // Zvezda, 2002]; When Zencipper came to Africa, the hall was already packed with people [Yu. Buida. The city of executioners // "Banner", 2003] [NKRYA]; I bought a ticket, I go into the hall, and there are a lot of people there, all the seats are occupied [F. Krivin. The area of the village of Starokopytovka (1985)] [NKRYA].

The adverbialized forms of the creative case of nouns in bulk, in bulk, in order in pronominal and numeral use (24) functionally converge with words of different parts of speech used to denote an indefinite set of objects, namely with nouns (sea, ocean, abyss, abyss, cloud) (25), adjectives (fully) (26), numerals (ten, one hundred, one thousand, one million) (27), adverbs (a lot, a little, a little) (28), verbs (fill up, enough / enough) (29) (see about them, for example: ^{[24, pp. 32-138]}). For example:

(24) But when I was twenty years old, my grandmother says, I remember we were on the train, there were a lot of people and I had to stand all the way [M. Paley. Commemoration (1987)] [NKRYA]; There were a lot of unfamiliar faces here – many guests must have arrived from Moscow – but there were also a couple of famous faces: the artist Chugunov and the photographer Kalyukin [P. Krusanov. Bag of Light // "October", 2013] [NKRYA]; The Durnevs no longer caused Tanya any trouble – they now had a lot of their own problems [D. Yemets. Tanya Grotter and the Magic Double Bass (2002)] [NKRYA];

(25) Sing, sing again, Meiran. Bragi is also an ocean. And you see: I, your Stepan, am becoming your orange garden, blooming in Persia. Kamensky. Stepan Razin (1928)] [NKRYA]; Here the wave coming from the 4th corps merged with our wave. A cloud of people were waiting for the train. The train has arrived [In. Shklovsky. A Sentimental Journey (1923)]; Yes, it's a pity that you weren't there; there were a lot of guests, a thousand people, music, generals, and I danced... [L. N. Tolstoy. Boyhood (1854)] [NKRYA];

(26) The site near the station, as always in the evening, is full of young guys [V. Aksenov. Star ticket // "Yunost", 1961] [NKRYA]; "Yes, the road is difficult,– Andreev said. – And the landing is difficult, there is no train station, trains from the Caucasus are going past us in transit to Balashov, they are full of people, military, military" [V. Grossman. Life and Destiny, Part 3 (1960)] [NKRYA];

(27) "The car has nothing to do with it at all." She repeated a hundred times, –buy new chairs. Last week, he almost fell down himself" [A. Gelasimov. You Can (2001)] [FOR NOTHING]; I've seen the fountain on TV a million times, but "live" is something! [A. Salutsky. Mute alarm // "Moscow", 2019] [NKRYA];

(28) There are many young people here, under the age of thirty, who know each other briefly. Rasputin. A new profession (1998)] [NKRYA]; There are few guests, these are, as always, those responsible for something, completing something in the chosen ritual [V. Rasputin. A new profession (1998)] [NKRYA];

(29) They live cleanly, everything glitters, carpets are everywhere, and there is a lot of food. [F. Abramov. The house (1973-1978)] [NKRYA]; The Huseynovs have enough money for children, grandchildren and four more generations in depth [V. Tokareva. Own truth // "New World", 2002] [NKRYA].

For comparison, we present word forms correlating with them of different partial attribution – noun (30), adjective (31), numeral (32), adverb (33), verb (34), but not subject to the transpositional process of pronominalization:

(30) Ahead, the foaming surf broke on the reefs and bubbled around the rocks, around as far as the eye could reach, a bluish, whitish, ghostly silvery, distant and in this inconceivable distance, the ocean was no longer distinguishable from the sky: the horizon no longer existed [B. Khazanov. The Corsair (2000)] [NKRYA];

(31) The market is big. There are plenty of apartments. There are a lot of buyers [A. Hair. Real Estate (2000) // "New World", 2001] [NKRYA];

(32) One afternoon, a neighbor, an old woman Kuznetsova, came in and asked for a loan of one hundred rubles to pay the milkmaid. Victoria. Own truth // "New World", 2002] [NKRYA];

(33) Dima cannot read minds, but he feels them, so although Elvira did not say a word throughout the whole journey, it seems to him that they talked a lot and well, because, like her, he constantly changed his thoughts, although he did not understand what he was thinking, he breathed after all, he also feels – and not only breathing, he always knows exactly what his heartbeat is, he sees what his eyes become from whether he looks at blue, yellow or brown in general – and understands that this hypersensitivity of self-perception, pleasant now, can become for him, the source of many painful experiences in old age, but old age is far away — or, most likely, never [A. Slapovsky. The death of the guitarist (1994-1995)] [NKRYA];

(34) "That's where you bargain! Life has gone, so hers! – N-n-a, famously does not lie quietly, either falls down, or rolls, or crumbles on the hair ... – ...And get the moose into the den! – said Uncle Vanya, who had long since given up hunting, because he had grown accustomed to the rafting picket. – And he, the owner, surfaced from there! I'm shooting from the left barrel! It's coming!" [V. Astafyev. The Last Bow (1968-1991)] [NKRYA].

An indefinite set of objects transmitted by means of pronominalizing word forms of different parts of speech can be differentiated depending on its relation to a certain situational norm. As a result, there may be many, a) corresponding to the norm (there are still enough materials); b) not reaching the norm, less than the norm (There are few good specialists); c) exceeding the norm, more than the norm (There are many interesting books). Hybrids of the type in bulk, in bulk, in order indicate an amount exceeding the situational norm. They are opposed to a group of adverbialized forms of the accusative case of nouns a drop, a little bit with the meaning of an indeterminately small number that does not reach the norm.

In the study of N.Y. Shvedova "Pronoun and meaning. The class of Russian pronouns and the semantic spaces they open" ^{[21, pp. 120-124]} shows the possibilities of multi-level explication of an indefinite set, which includes: a) actually an indefinite multiplicity (several times, about a hundred, you won't understand how many, etc.); b) an indefinite-large set (many, many, a lot, though a dime a dozen, etc.); c) an indefinite-small set (a little, a little, the cat cried, etc.). We also note the possibility of a different interpretation of words with the semantics of an indefinite set, according to which it is considered that this is a special sub-category of indefinite-quantitative numerals formed as a result of numbering (and not pronominalization) linguistic units of different parts of speech – nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs (see: ^{[4, pp. 262-263; 7, pp. 369, 378; 11, pp. 141; 17, pp. 573]}).

Adverbial and pronominal transposition in the Russian language is also subject to the substantive word form in places, used for indefinite localization of an object in the form of a dot. It comes close in meaning to an indefinite pronoun-an adverb in some places, also used for spatial localization of the subject. Cf.:

(36) In places, mirror spots of swamp water glittered in the sun [I. A. Efremov. The Bay of Rainbow Jets (1944)] [NKRYA] (≈ '--where, in some places’);

(35) Among this greenery of last year, new flowers of white snowdrop and purple, small and fragrant flowers of wolf's bast were seen in some places. Prishvin. The Storeroom of the Sun (1945)] [NKRYA].

3. Conclusion

The conducted research indicates that nouns in the form of the creative case of the singular (in bulk, in order, in order) and plural (in places) are able to be transposed into definitively quantitative and circumstantially spatial adverbs, as well as into indefinite pronouns-numerals. The degree of adverbialization varies among them: some of them are grammatically transformed into adverbs without going beyond the semantic zone of the original lexemes, others violate the semantic identity of the original lexemes, representing not only grammatical, but also lexical homonyms. The degree and nature of the pronominalization of adverbialized word forms also varies. Formations of the chock-full type, in order, being nuclear adverbs, are only at the first stage of transition to pronouns-numerals; the peripheral non-substantive adverb explicates the core zone of indefinite pronouns-adverbs in places.

Gratitude.

The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Academy of Sciences within the framework of scientific project No. 24-28-00674 "Study of adverbialization as a type of stepwise transposition of substantive word forms in the system of parts of speech of the Russian language".