Nasonov, S.A. Genesis and evolution of the model of judicial proceedings for trials by jury in Russia: from the Charter of Criminal Judicial Proceedings of 1864 to the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation

Abstract: In the 2nd half of the XIX century the legislatively provided judiciary model in Russia was of combined (mixed) character. It combined the elements of Anglo-American and Continental models of judiciary. In its lengthy development one may single out three stages: the model of proceedings for trial by jury under the Charter of Criminal Judicial Proceedings of 1864; the model of criminal proceedings under the Criminal Procedural Code of the RSFSR (ed. Law of 16.07.1993); model of criminal judicial proceedings under the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation of 2001. Analysis of the proceedings in the court trials by jury under the Charter of Criminal Judicial Proceedings of 1864 shows, that it includes elements of the Anglo-American system (the adversary system, institution of the instructing speech, etc.) and the elements of the Continental model (the system of posing several questions, division of the judicial investigation and oral arguments of the parties, etc.). The comparative analysis of the models of trial by jury according to the Charter of Criminal Judicial Proceedings of 1864, the Criminal Procedural Code of the RSFSR and the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation allows to draw two conclusions. Firstly, the models of trial by jury in the Criminal Procedural Code of the RSFSR and the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation provide for reception of the model of judicial proceedings of the Charter. The similar features include the structure of judicial hearing (quantity, contents and sequence of stages), system of posing the questions to the jurors, requirements to the contents of the instruction speech of the chairman, qualities of the verdict of the jurors, etc. The differences are due to the new contents of some modern principles of criminal judicial proceedings (for example, the requirement for single situation of possible disagreement of a presiding judge with the verdict of jurors. Secondly, the problems appearing at all the three stages of evolution of the trial by jury in Russia are also the same. The study of the experience of their solution allows to optimize the current legislative regulation and the practice of the proceedings in the Russian court in trial by jury and to define the vector for its further development.

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